ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the intake and ruminal parameters of goats fed diets supplemented with vegetable oils. Four rumen-cannulated Saanen goats were allocated to four treatments, which consisted of a control diet and diets with the inclusion of 30 g of canola, sunflower, or soybean oils per kilogram of diet dry matter (DM). The experiment lasted 40 days, which were divided into four 10-day periods. Forage intake was estimated using chromium oxide as an external marker, and supplement intake was determined as the difference between the daily amount supplied and orts. Rumen fermentation parameters were evaluated from samples of rumen fluid collected every 2 h, for 12 h. Rumen pH and short-chain fatty acid and ammonia nitrogen concentrations were measured. There was no effect of lipid supplementation on DM intake. Ether extract intake was highest in the treatments with oil inclusion, and the highest acid detergent fiber intake was obtained with the diet containing canola oil. The pH was highest in the group fed soybean oil and responded quadratically to the collection times. Total short-chain fatty acid and acetic acid concentrations also responded quadratically to the collection times. Propionic and butyric acid concentrations and acetic:propionic acid ratio showed a cubic behavior with the increasing collection times. Canola, sunflower, or soybean oils can be included at 30 g/kg of the diet DM as a strategy to increase the energy density of goat diets.

ABSTRACT: Ensiling corn for longer periods is a strategy used to increase rumen bacteria access to starch. In fact, when corn is ensiled for insufficient periods, starch digestibility decreases, as evidenced by excreted starch. This study investigates the effects of corn silage ensiling time on starch digestibility of dairy cows through fecal starch analysis. The trial was conducted during the spring of 2013 and the fall of 2014 on twenty dairy herds located in the state of Paraná, southern Brazil. Total mixed ration (TMR), whole-plant corn silage (WPCS) and fecal samples were collected for determination of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), lignin and starch. Apparent total tract starch digestibility (ATTSD) was calculated using equations developed by Fredin et al. (2014) and Bal et al. (1997). Data were analyzed using the CORR, REG and GLM procedures of SAS. Spring and fall WPCS were ensiled for 260 and 132 days, respectively (p < 0.01). There was no difference (p > 0.05) in ATTSD-Fredin from season to season though there was a trend (p = 0.11) towards greater ATTSD-Bal for spring samples. ATTSD-Bal was positively correlated with ensiling days (r = 0.31). Starch digestibility was not negatively affected by WPCS harvesting maturity. Differences in post-ruminal starch digestion, variation between farms in DM intake and diets, limitations of the equations, influence of uncontrolled factors, and the small number of experimental units might have contributed to the absence of significant results. Overall, Bal et al. (1997) equation was more efficient in distinguishing ATTSD from different ensiling periods.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a composição química e o perfil de ácidos graxos do leite de vacas F1 Holandês/Zebu, em diferentes períodos de lactação, ao receber diferentes níveis de fornecimento da dieta em percentagem de peso corporal. Foram utilizadas 60 vacas, com cinco níveis de oferta da dieta e três períodos de lactação. Os níveis de oferta não influenciaram a produção de leite corrigida a 3,5% de gordura (12,25 kg por dia). Também não houve efeito dos níveis de oferta, nos diferentes períodos de lactação, sobre os teores de gordura (3,34%), proteína (3,41%), lactose (4,60%), sólidos totais (12,0%), extrato seco desengordurado (8,80%) e nitrogênio urético (14,5 mg dL-1), nem sobre a contagem de células somáticas (89,98 mL-1). À medida que os níveis de oferta foram reduzidos, o somatório dos ácidos graxos saturados do leite diminuiu em até 9,15% e o dos monoinsaturados aumentou em até 25,28%. A restrição alimentar de vacas F1 Holandês/Zebu não altera a composição química do leite, mas melhora a qualidade da sua gordura, ao reduzir os teores de ácidos graxos saturados, aumentar os dos ácidos graxos monoinsaturados e dos ácidos graxos desejáveis em até 54%, e elevar a relação dos ácidos graxos hipo e hipercolesterolêmicos em até 168,97%.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the chemical composition and fatty acid profile of milk from F1 Holstein/Zebu cows in different lactation periods, when receiving different levels of dietary supply in percentage of body weight. Sixty cows were evaluated, with five levels of dietary supply and three lactation periods. The levels of dietary supply had no effect on the production of milk corrected to 3.5% fat (12.25 kg per day). There was also no effect of dietary supply levels, in the different lactation periods, on contents of fat (3.34%), protein (3.41%), lactose (4.60%), total solids (12.0%), defatted dry extract (8.80%), and urinary nitrogen (14.5 mg dL-1), nor on somatic cell count (89.98 mL-1). As the dietary supply level was reduced, the sum of saturated fatty acids in milk was decreased in up to 9.15% and that of monounsaturated fatty acids was increased in up to 25.28%. Feed restriction does not alter the chemical composition of milk, but improves its quality of fat by reducing saturated fatty acid content, increasing the concentration of monounsaturated and desirable fatty acids in up to 54%, and increasing the hypo- and hypercholesterolemic fatty acid ratio in up to 168.97%.

ABSTRACT: The system of differential equations proposed by Oltjen et al. [1986, named Davis Growth Model (DGM)] to represent cattle growth has been parameterized with data from Bos taurus (British) and Bos indicus (Nellore) breeds. The DGM has been successfully used for simulation and decision support in the United States. However, the effect of about 30 years of genetic improvement and the use of different breeds may affect the model parameter values, which also may need to be re-estimated for crossbred animals. The aim of this study was to estimate parameter values and confidence intervals for the DGM with growth and body composition data from Zebu crossbred animals. Confidence intervals and asymptotic distribution were generated through nonparametric bootstrap with data from a field experiment conducted in Brazil. The parameters showed normal probability distribution for most scenarios. The rate constant for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis had a minimum increase of 156 % and the maximum of 389 %, compared to the original values and the maintenance requirement had a minimum increase of 126 % and maximum of 160 % compared to the original values. Lower limits of 95 % confidence intervals for the parameters related to maintenance and protein accretion rates were higher than the original estimates of the DGM, evidencing genetic differences of the Zebu crossbred animals in relation to the original DGM parameters.

Zebu cattle fed high concentrate diets may present inconsistent performance due to the occurrence of metabolic disorders, like acidosis. The isolated use of ionophores and virginiamycin in high grain diets can improve animal performance and reduce the incidence of such disorders, but recent studies suggested that their combination may have an additive effect. Thus, 72 Nellore steers, 389 ± 15 kg initial body weight (BW), were confined and fed for 79 days to evaluate the combination of virginiamycin and salinomycin on performance and carcass traits. Animals were allocated to a randomized complete block design by BW, in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments, with two concentrate levels (73 and 91 %) and two virginiamycin levels (0 and 15 mg kg-1), and salinomycin (13 mg kg-1) included in all diets. The interaction was not significant (p > 0.05). Dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), gain-to-feed ratio (G:F), starch consumed, and fecal starch content were higher (p < 0.05) for the 91 % concentrate treatment. These animals also had higher (p < 0.05) hot carcass weight and dressing percentage. Virginiamycin-treated animals showed lower DMI, but ADG and G:F did not differ (p > 0.05) between treatments. Starch consumed and estimated dietary net energy for maintenance (NEm) and gain (NEg) were higher (p < 0.05) for virginiamycin-treated animals, with no substantial effects on carcass traits. The inclusion of virginiamycin in finishing diets containing salinomycin reduced DMI while maintaining ADG and improving NEm and NEg, suggesting an additive effect of virginiamycin and ionophores, but without affecting carcass quality.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of addition of different levels of cottonseed (0, 14.35, 27.51 and 34.09 kg/100 kg) in the diet of Nellore steers on the meat characteristics. Thirty-six steers (average initial body weight of 333.50 and average age of 20 months) were kept in feedlot stalls for 94 days, each stall with three animals. The experiment was a completely randomized design with four treatments and nine replications. The values of protein, fixed mineral residue, shear force, lipid oxidation, meat color and fat color were similar among the treatments. The increase of the cottonseed levels in the diet reduced the amount of intramuscular fat and increased the moisture content in the meat linearly. Meat aroma and flavor were negatively influenced when cottonseed addition was greater than 27.51 and 34.09 kg/100 kg of the diet, respectively. Cottonseed diet did not modify the concentration of conjugated linoleic acid, saturated fatty acids or total unsaturated fatty acids, but linearly reduced the concentration of monounsaturated fatty acids in the meat.

The objective of this study was to determine the best level of oil licuri concentrate on dairy cows. The best level was determined through an analysis of the milk's chemical composition and fatty acid profile. Sixteen lactating cows from the Holstein × Zebu cross breed kept on Tanzania grass pastures were divided into four 4 × 4 Latin squares, which were formed by four experimental periods of 21 days. The 21-day experimental periods were divided into 17 days for adaptation and four days for collection. Cows received three kg of concentrate per day, at the time of milking. Treatments consisted of four types of feed containing the following levels: 0, 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5% inclusion of dry matter (DM) licuri oil concentrate. The licuri oil levels changed the fatty acids' profile with a linear increase in the short-chain fatty acid and medium and linearly reduced the concentration of LCFA. The highest level of licuri oil was 4.5% of DM concentrate, which changed the composition of milk through an increase in the percentage of fat and total solids. This result is of prominent notice to the dairy industry.

Foram utilizados 24 bovinos machos castrados, pertencentes a quatro grupos genéticos (⅝Charolês (CH) ⅜Nelore (NE); ⅝NE ⅜CH; ¾ CH ¼ NE e ¾ NE ¼ CH) e duas idades (jovem e superjovem), mantidos com dieta composta de silagem de milho e concentrado, com relação volumoso:concentrado de 50:50. As carcaças, após o abate, foram identificadas e resfriadas retirando-se um bife da porção do músculo Longissimus dorsi, que foi seco em estufa, moído, identificado e armazenado para extração dos lipídeos e determinação dos ácidos graxos, realizada em cromatógrafo a gás. Não houve interação significativa categoria × grupo genético para marmoreio, espessura de gordura e relação músculo:gordura, utilizados como co-variáveis. O total de ácidos graxos trans18 nos animais superjovens foi maior (2,46%) que nos jovens (1,87%). A maioria dos ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (75%) e de cadeia média (91,7%) não foi influenciada pelo grupo genético. Os valores de ácido linoléico conjugado (CLA) não diferiram entre os grupos genéticos. Animais com predominância Nelore apresentaram maior grau de saturação nos ácidos graxos (média de 54,7%) em comparação aos de predominância Charolês (média de 49,5%). A relação de ácidos graxos insaturados/saturados nos animais Charolês foi maior que nos animais Nelore.

For the conduction of this work, 24 males from four different genetic groups (⅝Charolais (CH) ⅜Nellore (NE); ⅝NE ⅜CH; ¾CH ¼NE e ¾NE ¼CH) and two ages: steers and young steers were used. The animals received a diet composed of corn silage and concentrate with roughage:concentrate ratio of 50:50. After slaughter, the carcasses were identified and⅝ chilled. A steak from the longissimus muscle was collected and dried in stove, grounded, identified and stored for lipid extraction. The fatty acids (FA) determination was performed through gas chromatograph. No significant interaction was observed between category and genetic groups and marbling, fat thickness, muscle:fat ratio, used as co-variables. The total trans18 FA was higher (2.46%) for young steers in relation to steers (1.87%). Most short-chain (75%) and medium-chain (91.7%) FA were not influenced by the genetic group. CLA values did not differ between CH-NE crossbred animals. Animals with NE predominance showed higher saturated FA (average of 54.7%) in relation to CH animals (average of 49.5%). In relation to the unsaturated/saturated ratio, higher value was observed for CH animals.

Objetivou-se neste estudo avaliar a composição corporal e as exigências para crescimento de bovinos de quatro grupos genéticos em confinamento. Utilizou-se a metodologia de abate comparativo, com delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos: Nelore (NE), ½ Aberdeen Angus + ½ Nelore (AN), ½ Canchim + ½ Nelore (CN) e ½ Simental + ½ Nelore (SN). Quarenta e sete animais castrados, com média de 22 meses de idade e peso em jejum de 310 kg, foram confinados por 101 dias. A dieta experimental continha 13,34% de proteína bruta (PB) e 71,81% de nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT). A composição do corte da 9ª-10ª-11ª costelas foi utilizada para estimar a composição do corpo vazio. Bovinos AN (428 kg) e SN (410 kg) não diferiram quanto ao peso final de corpo vazio, que foi semelhante também entre os animais CN, NE e SN (389, 390 e 410 kg, respectivamente). Animais AN tiveram maior proporção de gordura no corte das costelas, porém menor proporção de músculo. A menor porcentagem de ossos no corte das costelas foi observada nos animais da raça Nelore. Os grupos AN e SN tiveram maior proporção de extrato etéreo (EE) e menor porcentagem de água no corpo vazio no momento do abate. Animais AN, NE e SN não diferiram quanto à taxa de deposição de energia (6,06, 5,20 e 5,80 Mcal/dia, respectivamente). O grupo AN não diferiu dos grupos CN e SN quanto à proporção de EE na composição do ganho de peso do corpo vazio. Bovinos SN apresentaram maior exigência de proteína (0,164 kg/kg de ganho de peso vazio - GPV) e os animais AN e CN, o menor valor (0,140 e 0,142 kg/kg de GPV, respectivamente). Animais AN tiveram a maior exigência líquida de energia para ganho (4,685 Mcal/kg de GPVz).

The body composition and protein and energy requirements for growth of steers of four genetic groups finished in feedlot were evaluated in this experiment. comparative slaughter method was used in a completely randomly experimental design, with four treatments: Nellore (NE), ½ Aberdeen Angus + ½ Nellore (AN), ½ Canchim + ½ Nellore (CN) e ½ Simmental + ½ Nellore (SN). Forty-seven steers averaging 310 kg initial shrunk body weight (SBW) and 22 months were fed during 101 days in a feedlot. Diet on feedlot had the following composition: crude protein, 13.34%; rumen degradable protein, 9.35%; and total digestible nutrients, 71.81% (estimated value). Composition of the 9th-10th-11th ribs was used to calculate empty body composition. No significant differences were found between AN (428 kg) and SN (410 kg) in final empty body weight (EBW), and similarly among CN, NE and SN (389, 390 and 410 kg, respectively), but EBW of AN steers was greater than that of CN and NE cattle. AN steers had higher amount of fat percentage on rib cut. However, less proportion of muscle was observed in the AN group and less bone percentage at the rib cut of the Nelore breed. AN and SN groups had the largest concentration of ether extract and the smallest amount of water percentage on the empty body at slaughter. Steers of AN, NE and SN groups were similar in rate of energy deposition (6.06, 5.20 and 5.80 Mcal/day, respectively). There was no difference among AN and CN cattle on ether extract in empty body weight gain. Simmental × Nelore demonstrated the greatest requirements of protein (0.164 kg/kg of EWG), and AN and CN cattle (0.140 and 0.142 kg/kg of EWG, respectively), the smallest. Angus × Nelore animals required the greatest net energy for gain (4.685 Mcal/kg of EWG).

Regimes alimentares alteram a taxa de crescimento muscular, e podem impactar o sistema proteolítico envolvido no amaciamento da carne durante maturação. O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar a existência de reflexo do regime alimentar sobre crescimento animal e muscular, e o impacto na fragmentação miofibrilar pós-morte. Os regimes foram: 1) Consumo ad libitum por 11 d (Al/2); 2) Restrição alimentar (60% energia de mantença - NEm) por 11 d (Rt/2); 3) Ad libitum por 22 d (Al); 4) Ad libitum por 4 d e restrição alimentar (60% NEm) por 18 d (Rt); 5) Ad libitum por 19 d e 3 d de jejum (Ft); 6) Restrição alimentar (60% NEm) por 11 d e ad libitum até 22 d (Ral). Os regimes Al/2 e Rt/2 apresentaram diferenças no peso de intestino (19,3 ± 1,1 e 15,8 ± 1,9 g, respectivamente; P < 0,07). Nos 22 d, o regime Al resultou em intestinos mais pesados (P < 0,07; 21,8 ± 3,8). Além disso, os animais do regime Ral tiveram maiores pesos de intestino (19,9 ± 1,5) comparados com Rt (16,6 ± 1,6) ou Ft (12,8 ± 1,9). A relação intestino/peso vivo foi menor (P < 0,05) para Ft (6,3%) comparado com Al (8,4%) e com Ral (9,2%), mas foi similar ao Rt (7,6%). O peso do fígado (g) nos animais do regime Ral (9,5 ± 1,1) não diferiu do regime Al (10,7 ± 2,5) ou Rt (8,5 ± 1,1), sendo que os dois últimos foram diferentes (P < 0,05). Houve efeito da restrição alimentar sobre a degradação da proteína muscular verificada pelo Índice de Fragmentação miofibrilar (MFI). Os animais de Rt, Ft ou Ral mostraram os menores valores de MFI 0d (42 ± 1,9; 40 ± 2,7; 40 ± 3,6; respectivamente) e MFI 5d (77 ± 2,7; 74 ± 3,0; 74 ± 2,9; respectivamente) comparados com Al onde os índices foram 54 ± 3,0 e 82 ± 3,3, respectivamente. Embora os animais que experimentaram alguma restrição alimentar tenham apresentado menor MFI 5d, as sua taxas de fragmentação pós-morte foram maiores. Restrição alimentar alterou a degradação da proteína miofibrilar, refletida na menor extensão da fragmentação das miofibrilas.

Feed regimens alter muscle growth rate, hence they might impact the proteolytic system involved in tenderization during meat conditioning. The aim of this project was to verify the effects of feed restriction regimens on muscular and animal growth and their impact on postmortem myofibrillar fragmentation. The regimens were: 1) Feeding ad libitum for 11 d (Al/2); 2) Feed restriction (60% of Net Energy for maintenance - NEm) for 11 d (Rt/2); 3) Ad libitum for 22 d (Al); 4) Ad libitum for 4 d and feed restriction (60% NEm) for 18 d (Rt); 5) Ad libitum for 19 d and 3 d of fast (Ft); 6) Feed restriction (60% NEm) for 11 d and ad libitum until 22 d (Ral). The regimens Al/2 and Rt/2 had different intestine weights (19.3 ± 1.1 and 15.8 ± 1.9 g, respectively; P < 0.07). At 22 d, Al animals had higher (P < 0.07) intestine weight (21.8 ± 3.8). Moreover, Ral animals had heavier intestine (19.9 ± 1.5) as compared to Rt (16.6 ± 1.6) or Ft (12.8 ± 1.9). The intestine/live weight percentage ratio was lower (P < 0.05) for Ft (6.3%) as compared to Al (8.4%) and to Ral (9.2%), but it was similar to Rt (7.6%). Liver weight (g) in the Ral (9.5 ± 1.1) did not differ from Al (10.7 ± 2.5) or Rt (8.5 ± 1.1), although the two latter were different (P < 0.05). There was an effect of feed restriction over muscle protein degradation verified by Myofibrillar Fragmentation Index (MFI). The animals at Rt, Ft or Ral showed the lowest MFI 0d (42 ± 1.9; 40 ± 2.7; 40 ± 3.6; respectively) and MFI 5d (77 ± 2.7; 74 ± 3.0; 74 ± 2.9; respectively) as compared to Al, whose indexes were 54 ± 3.0 and 82 ± 3.3. Even though the MFI 5d were lower for the restricted animals, the rates of fragmentation postmortem were higher. Feed restriction altered myofibrillar protein degradation, reflected in lower extended fragmentation of the myofibrils.

O presente trabalho objetivou a determinação do perfil lipídico de ovos integrais desidratados, bem como de gemas desidratadas, a fim de enfatizar seu conteúdo de ácidos graxos de configuração trans. A fração lipídica das amostras foi extraída com hexano/isopropanol e, a seguir, metilada. Os ácidos graxos foram identificados via cromatografia gasosa. Constatou-se que a natureza lipídica dos ovos tem caráter predominantemente insaturado: 63,65% dos lipídios totais nos ovos integrais e 62,63% nas gemas. Além disso, foram identificados apenas traços de gorduras trans (0,24% nos ovos integrais e 0,27% nas gemas).

The objective of this work was to determine fatty acids composition in dehydrated eggs and egg yolks emphasizing its contents of trans fatty acids. The fatty acids fraction of the samples was extracted with hexane/isopropanol (3:2) and then methylated. The profile of the fatty acids was identified by gas chromatography with predominant evidence of insaturated character: 63.65 and 62.63% of the lipids were unsatureted in the eggs and in the egg yolks, respectively. Traces of trans fatty were also identified (0.24% in the hole eggs and 0.27% in the egg yolks).

N-alcanos têm sido usados como marcadores internos em ensaios de digestibilidade com ruminantes e não-ruminantes por mais de 20 anos. Neste estudo dois ensaios foram conduzidos para avaliar: 1) a taxa de liberação de alcanos de cápsulas de liberação controlada inseridas no rúmen de novilhos fistulados em pastejo ou mantidos em gaiolas de metabolismo e; 2) o uso de n-alcanos para estimar o consumo voluntário de forragem dos novilhos mantidos em gaiolas de metabolismo. Seis novilhos Nelore, fistulados no rúmen foram colocados individualmente em gaiolas de metabolismo e alimentados com dietas variando a relação forragem:concentrado (80:20, 60:40 e 40:60, respectivamente). A silagem de milho foi a única fonte de forragem. No ensaio de pastejo, os animais foram avaliados sob três regimes de alimentação (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu sem ou com suplementação com concentrado na proporção de 0,3 ou 0,6% do peso vivo, PV). A taxa de liberação de n-alcanos (mg d-1) foi medida multiplicando-se a distância percorrida pelo êmbolo da cápsula (mm d-1) após 3, 7, 10, 13 e 17 dias de inserção no rúmen, pela concentração de alcanos dos tabletes das cápsulas (mg mm-1). Houve um efeito de dia (P < 0,05) sobre a taxa de liberação para os animais em gaiolas de metabolismo e em pastejo. Contudo, não houve efeito (P > 0,05) do regime de alimentação ou da interação regime da alimentação x dia da medida. Os valores foram 6,9 e 14,8% menores do que o proposto pelo fabricante para o C32 quando os animais foram mantidos em gaiolas de metabolismo e pastejo, respectivamente. Os valores para o C36 foram 15,9 e 23,1% menores para os animais em gaiolas de metabolismo e pastejo, respectivamente. A liberação média do C32 dentro do rúmen foi 372 e 341 mg d-1 para os animais em gaiolas de metabolismo e pastejo, respectivamente. Não houve diferença na taxa de liberação entre os animais em gaiolas de metabolismo e em pastejo e a regressão linear usando os dois conjuntos de dados resultou em uma taxa de liberação de 345 mg dia-1 do C32. Os consumos estimados de forragem usando o par C33:C32 de alcanos não diferiu dos consumos observados para os animais em gaiolas de metabolismo. Estes resultados indicam que as cápsulas de liberação controlada podem ser utilizadas para estimar o consumo de forragem em animais estabulados mas a taxa de liberação e a concentração de alcanos nas cápsulas devem ser medidas para gerar predições mais exatas.

N-alkanes have been used as internal markers in digestibility trials with ruminants and non-ruminants for more than 20 years. In this study, two trials were conducted under different feeding regimes to (i) evaluate the release rate of n-alkanes of controlled-release capsules in the rumen of rumen-cannulated steers either grazing or restrained in metabolic stalls and (ii) estimate voluntary forage intake of the same steers in metabolic stalls. Six rumen-cannulated Nelore steers were allocated to individual metabolic stalls and were fed diets with varying forage to concentrate ratios (80:20, 60:40, and 40:60; respectively). Corn silage was the only forage source. In the grazing trial, the same steers were evaluated under three feeding managements (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu unsupplemented or supplemented with either 0.3% or 0.6% of live weight of a concentrate). The release rate of the n-alkanes (mg d-1) was measured by multiplying the distance (mm d-1) the capsule plunger travelled after 3, 7, 10, 13, and 17 d of rumen infusion to the n-alkanes concentration of capsule tablets (mg mm-1). There was an effect of day of measurement (P < 0.05) on the release rate of animals restrained in metabolic stalls and grazing. However, no effect (P > 0.05) of feeding management or feeding management x day of measurement interaction was observed. Values averaged 6.9 and 14.8%, lower than proposed by the manufacturer for the C32, when animals were restrained in metabolic stalls and at grazing, respectively. Similarly, the values of C36 were 15.9 and 23.1% lower for those animals in metabolic stalls and grazing, respectively. The average release rate of C32 into the rumen was 372 and 341 mg d-1 for animals restrained in metabolic stalls and grazing, respectively. There was no difference in the release rate between feeding regimes (P > 0.05). The regression of the pooled data indicated an average release rate of 345 mg d-1. Estimated values of voluntary forage intake using the pair of C33:C32 n-alkanes using the animals restrained in metabolic stalls was not different from those effectively measured (P > 0.05). These findings indicated that n-alkanes capsules can be used to estimate forage intake of stall-fed animals, but concentration of n-alkanes in capsules and the release rate has to be measured before dosing animals to accurately predict intake.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar os efeitos do milho grão seco ou úmido e dos sais de cálcio de ácidos graxos no desempenho e nas características de carcaça de novilhos Nelore confinados na fase de terminação. Quarenta e oito animais com peso inicial de 431 ± 29,8 kg foram alimentados durante 70 dias com uma das seguintes dietas: MGS - dieta basal composta de silagem de milho (40%), milho grão seco (48,4%), farelo de soja (7,6%), uréia, sufato de amônia, cloreto de potássio, sal mineral, rúmen tamponante e rumensina (4%); MGU - dieta basal, com substituição do MGS por milho grão úmido; MGS-SCAG - dieta basal contendo 45% de MGS e 4% de sais de cálcio de ácidos graxos; MGU-SCAG - dieta basal com 45% de milho grão úmido e 4% de sais de cálcio de ácidos graxos. O ganho médio diário não foi influenciado pelo tipo de grão de milho, no entanto, a ingestão de MS pelos animais da dieta MGU foi menor que naqueles alimentados com a dieta MGS e resultou em maior eficiência alimentar para a dieta MGU. O maior número de protozoários ciliados ruminais foi observado nos animais alimentados com a dieta MGU. O rendimento de carcaça, a gordura renal pélvica e inguinal e a espessura de gordura subcutânea foram maiores nos animais alimentados com a dieta MGS. O ganho de peso médio diário também não diferiu entre os animais tratados ou não com SCAG, no entanto, a ingestão de MS foi maior nos animais alimentados com a dieta SCAG. Não houve influência sobre a eficiência alimentar. O número de protozoários ruminais foi menor nos animais alimentados com as dietas contendo SCAG, no entanto, as características de carcaça não foram influenciadas por essa dieta.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of dry corn grain or high moisture corn and calcium salts of fat acids on the performance and carcass traits of feedlot fed Nellore steers on finishing phase. Forty eight animals with 431 ± 29.8kg of initial mean body weight were fed during 70 days, with one of the four diets: MGS - basal diet containing corn silage (40%), dry corn grain (48.4%), soybean meal (7.6%), urea, amonium sulphate, mineral salt, limestone and monensin (4%); MGU - basal diet with high moisture corn replacing MGS; MGS-SCAG basal diet with 45% of MGU and 4% of calcium salts of fatty acids; MGU-SCAG - basal diet with 45% of MGS and 4% of calcium salts of fatty acids. The average daily gain was not affected by grain type. However, dry matter intake of animals of MGU treatment was smaller than MGS treatment, with a greater feed efficiency for MGU treatment. A greater number of ruminal ciliate protozoa was found in MGU treatments. Dressing percentage, renal, pelvic and inguinal fat and backfat thickness were greater in animals fed MGS diet. Average daily gain was not different between animals fed with or without SCAG, although, dry matter intake was greater in diets with SCAG, with no effect on feed efficiency. Protozoa number was smaller in diets containing SCAG and carcass traits were not affected by SCAG.

Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de diferentes níveis de IGF-I sobre os indicadores de atividade celular hepática e intestinal em bezerros recém-nascidos, 42 vacas holandesas gestantes foram aleatoriamente distribuídas em dois grupos. O grupo rbST recebeu hormônio de crescimento (500 mg rbST) e o grupo controle recebeu injeção de vitamina E. As aplicações se iniciaram aos 35 dias pré-parto e foram repetidas a cada 14 dias até o parto. Os recém-nascidos foram distribuídos aleatoriamente nas seguintes idades de abate: após o nascimento e sem a ingestão de colostro; e 2 e 7 dias de vida com ingestão de colostro das respectivas mães. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em estrutura fatorial 2 x 3, correspondendo aos grupos das mães e às idades dos bezerros. Amostras do fígado, do jejuno e do íleo foram coletadas. Os bezerros do grupo rbST apresentaram, no jejuno, menores níveis de DNA e proteína aos 7 dias de vida, enquanto a concentração de proteína nesse grupo aumentou aos 2 dias de vida. Esse efeito também foi observado na relação proteína/RNA. No grupo controle, o aumento de proteína foi verificado no 7º dia. Os indicadores de atividade celular analisados sugerem que o IGF-I adicional no colostro de vacas tratadas com rbST teve participação na maturação celular intestinal dos bezerros, sendo determinante no comportamento da primeira geração de enterócitos.

With the objective of evaluating different levels of IGF-I on the hepatical and intestinal indicators of cellular activity in newborn calves, 42 pregnant Holstein cows were randomly assigned to two groups: a) control: injection of vitamin E or b) rbST: injection of growth hormone (rbST). Injections started 35 days pre-partum and were repeated every 14 days until parturition. Newborn calves were randomly assigned to a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments (two mother groups and three different ages). After slaughter, samples from liver, jejunum and ileum were collected. Calves from rbST group showed lower levels of DNA and protein in jejunum at seven days of age, while protein concentration increased at two days of age. Similar response was observed for the ratio of protein/RNA in jejunum. In the control group, the increase in protein concentration was observed in the seventh day of age. The indicators of cellular activity measured in this trial suggested that greater IGF-I concentration in colostrum of rbST treated cows promoted intestinal cellular maturation by affecting behavior of first generation enterocytes.

A gordura do leite de 12 vacas lactantes 7/8 Holandês-Gir foi utilizada para avaliar o efeito de diferentes dietas sobre o perfil dos ácidos graxos (AG) e o conteúdo de ácido linoléico conjugado (CLA) no leite. Os tratamentos consistiram de concentrados formulados com milho (MI) ou sua total substituição por farelo de trigo (FT) ou por polpa cítrica (PC), associados ou não a óleo de soja (0 e 2,25%). A análise cromatográfica indicou que mais de 95% dos ácidos graxos (AG) foram recuperados. Não foi verificada interação significativa da presença de óleo e fonte de carboidratos em qualquer variável avaliada, à exceção das concentrações de trans-10 C18:1 e da proporção de trans-10 C18:1 e trans-11 C18:1 nos totais trans- C18:1 do leite. A fonte de carboidrato utilizada não influenciou o perfil de ácidos graxos do leite ou o teor de CLA. A inclusão de óleo de soja aumentou em 35% os AG insaturados do leite e reduziu em 14% os AG saturados, principalmente os de cadeia curta (9,66 vs 7,59 g/100 g) e os de cadeia média (51,80 vs 40,86 g/100 g). As dietas com óleo promoveram aumento dos AG de cadeia longa (32,17 vs 46,47 g/100 g), principalmente C18:0 (9,44 vs 13,63 g/100 g), C18:1 (20,28 vs 29,74 g/100 g) e C18:2 (2,16 vs 2,92 g/100 g). A concentração de CLA cis-9 trans-11 C18:2 foi aumentada em 230% (0,46 vs 1,06 g/100 g) na presença de óleo. A concentração dos AG cis e trans-C18:1 também foi aumentada; trans-11 C18:1 foi o principal isômero trans, embora a concentração de trans-10 C18:1 tenha se elevado de 0,28 para 1,11 g/100 g na presença de óleo, sendo influenciada pela fonte de carboidrato. Os tratamentos MI, FT e PC resultaram em conteúdos deste isômero semelhantes na gordura do leite, mas, na presença de óleo, as fontes MI e FT proporcionaram valores muito superiores aos obtidos com PC, indicando diferentes rotas de biohidrogenação.

Milk fat from 12 7/8 crossbred Holstein-Zebu lactating dairy cows was used to evaluate the effect of different diets on milk fatty acid (FA) profile and milk CLA content. Cows were fed concentrate containing corn (CR), wheat bran (WB), or dried citrus pulp (CP) supplemented or not with soybean oil. Chromatographic analysis showed a FA recovery greater than 95%. With the exception of milk content of trans-10 C18:1 and proportions of trans-10 C18:1 and trans-11 C18:1 on total milk trans- C18:1, the interaction soybean oil x carbohydrate source was not significant for the remaining measured variables. Overall, carbohydrate source did not affect the milk FA profile or CLA content in this trial. Supplementation with soybean oil increased unsaturated FA by 35% and decreased saturated FA by 14%, mainly short chain FA (9.66 vs. 7.59 g/100 g) and medium chain FA (51.80 vs. 40.86 g/100 g). Soybean oil increased long chain FA (32.17 vs. 46.47 g/100 g), mainly C18:0 (9.44 vs. 13.63 g/100 g), C18:1 (20.28 vs. 29.74 g/100 g) and C18:2 (2.16 vs. 2.92 g/100 g). Feeding soybean oil increased the concentration of cis-9 trans-11 C18:2 CLA by 230% (0.46 vs. 1.06 g/100 g). In addition, the content of cis and trans-C18:1isomers was also increased. Although the trans-11 C18:1 isomer was the most important, concentration of trans-10 C18:1 increased from 0.28 to 1.11 g/100g in oil supplemented-diets being affected by the carbohydrate source. Milk from cows fed CR, WB, and CP showed similar content of trans-10 C18:1. However, in diets with oil supplementation both CR and WB resulted in greater content of trans-10 C18:1 than CP diet suggesting different biohydrogenation pathways.