ABSTRACT The increase in demand for agricultural products due to the growing population led to excessive inputs of pesticides in the agriculture field which resulted in contamination of the environmental segments of life i.e. air, water, and soil. Chlorpyrifos is one of the most extensively used broad-spectrum organophosphate insecticides. The usage and broad-spectrum applicability of chlorpyrifos lead to widespread contamination in the environment and serious damage to non-target organisms. Moreover, metabolites of chlorpyrifos i.e. chlorpyrifos-oxon and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol are found to be more toxic than its parent compound. This review emphasizes on various toxic effects of chlorpyrifos and its metabolites on living organisms. The efforts put to develop the efficient methods for the degradation of the insecticide in soil and water i.e. photocatalytic, biodegradation, electrochemical and others have been discussed. Analytical techniques used for the study of degraded products and various intermediates formed during degradation under different conditions are summarized. It also includes the general pathway for the degradation of chlorpyrifos. The review will help in the development of tools for degradation and mineralization of organophosphate pesticides by knowing the mechanism of degradation and applicability of the developed process at a large scale.

Polyvinylpyrrolidone Oxime (PVPO) was synthesized and studied for mild steel (MS) corrosion inhibition in 1 M H2SO4, at different concentrations and temperatures. The corrosion inhibition efficiency was studied using weight loss method, polarization technique, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and quantum chemical calculations. The results from weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization and EIS showed that the inhibition efficiency (I. E.) increased with gradual increments in the inhibitor concentration, and decreased at higher temperatures. The polarization study also revealed that PVPO acted as a mixed type inhibitor, and Langmuir adsorption isotherm fitted well for the adsorption behavior. The highest corrosion efficiency was found to be 88.39%, with a concentration of 1000 ppm, and a temperature of 303 K. The corrosion inhibition mechanism has been further proposed, including the support from the theoretical study. SEM images also verified the MS surface smoothening in PVPO presence, and, hence, it has shown to be a good corrosion inhibitor.

A situation analysis was undertaken to assess impediments to health impact assessment (HIA) in the South-East Asia Region of WHO (SEARO). The countries of the region were assessed on the policy framework and procedures for HIA, existing infrastructure required to support HIA, the capacity for undertaking HIA, and the potential for intersectoral collaboration. The findings show that environmental impact assessment (EIA) is being used implicitly as a substitute for HIA, which is not explicitly or routinely conducted in virtually all countries of the Region. Therefore, policy, infrastructure, capacity, and intersectoral collaboration need strengthening for the routine implementation of HIA.

Se emprendió un análisis de la situación para evaluar los obstáculos a la evaluación del impacto sanitario (EIS) en la Región de Asia Sudoriental (SEARO) de la OMS. Los países de la SEARO fueron evaluados en lo relativo al marco de política y los procedimientos de EIS, la infraestructura existente necesaria en apoyo de la EIS, la capacidad de emprender EIS y el potencial de colaboración intersectorial. Los resultados indican que la evaluación del impacto ambiental (EIA) se está utilizando tácitamente en sustitución de la EIS, que no se lleva a cabo explícita o sistemáticamente en casi ningún país de la Región. Por consiguiente, es necesario reforzar la política, la infraestructura, la capacidad y la colaboración intersectorial para aplicar sistemáticamente la EIS.

Une analyse de situation a été entreprise pour évaluer les obstacles à la réalisation d'études d'impact sur la santé dans la Région OMS de l'Asie du Sud-Est (SEARO). Ont été examinés pour les différents pays de cette Région le cadre politique et les procédures pour la réalisation d'études d'impact sur la santé, l'infrastructure existante nécessaire pour appuyer de telles études, la capacité à entreprendre des études d'impact et le potentiel de collaboration intersectorielle. Il est ressorti de cette analyse que les études d'impact sur l'hygiène du milieu remplaçaient en fait implicitement les études d'impact sur la santé qui n'étaient expressément ou systématiquement effectuées dans pratiquement aucun des pays de la Région. Il est donc nécessaire de renforcer le cadre politique, l'infrastructure, la capacité et la collaboration intersectorielle pour pouvoir effectuer couramment des études d'impact sur la santé.