Abstract Food safety is enhanced by the use of antimicrobials that prevent or delay spoilage and ensure widespread use of pesticides with drawbacks such as increased costs, concerns about food residues and toxins. This study evaluated the production capacity of antimicrobial proteins by two Enterococcus strains (Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus hirae). After the cultures of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus hirae in BHI agar medium, the antimicrobial compounds of the strains were purified by dialyzing, and the amount of produced protein was determined by a Lowry test. Further, SDS-PAGE electrophoresis was used to estimate molecular weight. The well-diffusion method was used to test the antimicrobial properties of the compounds studied. Before and after dialysis, factors related to protein activity were determined. Additionally, compounds were evaluated for their minimum inhibitory concentrations. The results show that the most antimicrobial effect of antimicrobial species on the Bacillus cereus and more antimicrobial effects on the hirae species on Staphylococcus aureus.

Abstract In this research, the quality properties of persimmon were predicted using artificial intellect techniques. The persimmon samples were transferred to a computer vision lab, room temperature of 24 °C and 22% RH. The samples were divided into three groups for temperature treatment. They were kept at three temperature levels of 5 °C, 15 °C, and 24°C (control group) for 72 hours. The sample was then placed at room temperature and was imaged every second day for a 14 day period. After imaging, each sample underwent destructive tests to determine their quality attributes, including sugar content, firmness, and pH. The results indicate that the neural network's predicted values of acidity, firmness, and sugar of persimmon were not statistically significant differences from their actual values. In predicting the acidity of persimmon, the sugar RMSE is more than the two factors of firmness and acidity. For this reason, the accuracy of firmness and acidity is higher than sugar. MAPE is 10.11, 20.81, and 6.03 for acidity, firmness, and sugar, respectively. The model for sugar indicates a high difference between the actual values and the predicted values.

Abstract Infrared waves have found a special place in the food industry as one of the new sources of heat production. Infrared heating technology transfers large amounts of energy to the environment or material being processed in a short time. Also improves the quality of the product and makes the product produced by this method have a higher quality than the product produced by traditional methods. Applying modern methods of heating food achieves high-quality processed products and also reduces energy consumption. One of these methods is infrared heating, which can replace many other processes in the industry as an effective method in food processing. Infrared heating has many advantages over conventional heating in similar conditions, including reduced heating time, uniform heating, high heat transfer coefficient, reduced quality loss, significant energy savings, and environmental friendliness. This paper investigates heating using infrared radiation at temperatures of 55, 65, 75, and 85 °C, and its effect on pumpkin drying. The studied parameters include moisture ratio, drying rate, effective diffusion coefficient, and activation energy. According to the results, with increasing temperature from 55 to 85 °C, the drying time decreases by about 60%, and the effective diffusion coefficient has increased by 140%.

O estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver um modelo para avaliar a gestão dos distritos sanitários no sistema de saúde iraniano. Um estudo de métodos mistos foi realizado entre setembro de 2015 e maio de 2016 em Tabriz, Irã. Os indicadores de desempenho da gestão dos distritos sanitários foram obtidos a partir da análise de 45 entrevistas semiestruturadas com especialistas no sistema público de saúde. A validade do conteúdo dos indicadores de desempenho gerados pelo componente qualitativo foi revisada e confirmada com base no índice de validade de conteúdo (IVC). A razão de validade de conteúdo (RVC) foi calculada com os dados adquiridos em entrevistas com 21 especialistas durante a etapa quantitativa. Os resultados do estudo indicam que, inicialmente, 81 indicadores foram considerados no modelo de desempenho de gestão dos distritos sanitários, e que, no final, 53 indicadores foram validados e confirmados. Estes indicadores foram classificados em 11 categorias: recursos humanos e criatividade organizacional, gestão e liderança, regras e ética, planejamento e avaliação, gestão distrital, gestão de recursos de saúde e economia, participação comunitária, melhoria de qualidade, pesquisa no sistema de saúde, gestão da informação em saúde, epidemiologia e análise situacional. O modelo projetado pode ser usado para avaliar a gestão dos distritos sanitários, além de facilitar a melhoria do desempenho em nível distrital.

The aim was to design a district health management performance framework for Iran’s healthcare system. The mixed-method study was conducted between September 2015 and May 2016 in Tabriz, Iran. In this study, the indicators of district health management performance were obtained by analyzing the 45 semi-structured surveys of experts in the public health system. Content validity of performance indicators which were generated in qualitative part were reviewed and confirmed based on content validity index (CVI). Also content validity ratio (CVR) was calculated using data acquired from a survey of 21 experts in quantitative part. The result of this study indicated that, initially, 81 indicators were considered in framework of district health management performance and, at the end, 53 indicators were validated and confirmed. These indicators were classified in 11 categories which include: human resources and organizational creativity, management and leadership, rules and ethics, planning and evaluation, district managing, health resources management and economics, community participation, quality improvement, research in health system, health information management, epidemiology and situation analysis. The designed framework model can be used to assess the district health management and facilitates performance improvement at the district level.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue diseñar un marco para evaluar el desempeño de la gestión en el ámbito de la salud dentro del sistema de salud iraní. Se realizó un método mixto de estudio entre septiembre 2015 y mayo 2016 en Tabriz, Irán. En este estudio, los indicadores del desempeño en la gestión dentro del ámbito de la salud se obtuvieron analizando 45 encuestas semiestructuradas de expertos en el sistema público de salud. Los indicadores de rendimiento, respecto a la validez del contenido que se generaron en la parte cualitativa, fueron revisados y confirmados basándose en el índice de validez de contenido (IVC). Asimismo, el content validity ratio (CVR) se calculó usando datos obtenidos de una encuesta a 21 expertos en la parte cuantitativa del estudio. El resultado del mismo indicó que, inicialmente, se consideraron 81 indicadores en el marco del desempeño de la gestión en el ámbito de la salud y, al final, se validaron 53 indicadores y confirmados. Estos indicadores se clasificaron en 11 categorías que incluían: rescusos humanos y creatividad organizativa, gestión y liderazgo, reglas y ética, planificación y evaluación, gestión de área, gestión de recursos de salud y económicos, participación en la comunidad, mejora de la calidad, investigación en sistemas de salud, gestión de información sobre la salud, epidemiología y análisis de situación. El modelo de marco diseñado puede ser usado para evaluar la gestión en el ámbito de la salud y facilitar la mejora del desempeño en el ámbito municipal.

O estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver um modelo para avaliar a gestão dos distritos sanitários no sistema de saúde iraniano. Um estudo de métodos mistos foi realizado entre setembro de 2015 e maio de 2016 em Tabriz, Irã. Os indicadores de desempenho da gestão dos distritos sanitários foram obtidos a partir da análise de 45 entrevistas semiestruturadas com especialistas no sistema público de saúde. A validade do conteúdo dos indicadores de desempenho gerados pelo componente qualitativo foi revisada e confirmada com base no índice de validade de conteúdo (IVC). A razão de validade de conteúdo (RVC) foi calculada com os dados adquiridos em entrevistas com 21 especialistas durante a etapa quantitativa. Os resultados do estudo indicam que, inicialmente, 81 indicadores foram considerados no modelo de desempenho de gestão dos distritos sanitários, e que, no final, 53 indicadores foram validados e confirmados. Estes indicadores foram classificados em 11 categorias: recursos humanos e criatividade organizacional, gestão e liderança, regras e ética, planejamento e avaliação, gestão distrital, gestão de recursos de saúde e economia, participação comunitária, melhoria de qualidade, pesquisa no sistema de saúde, gestão da informação em saúde, epidemiologia e análise situacional. O modelo projetado pode ser usado para avaliar a gestão dos distritos sanitários, além de facilitar a melhoria do desempenho em nível distrital.

The aim was to design a district health management performance framework for Iran’s healthcare system. The mixed-method study was conducted between September 2015 and May 2016 in Tabriz, Iran. In this study, the indicators of district health management performance were obtained by analyzing the 45 semi-structured surveys of experts in the public health system. Content validity of performance indicators which were generated in qualitative part were reviewed and confirmed based on content validity index (CVI). Also content validity ratio (CVR) was calculated using data acquired from a survey of 21 experts in quantitative part. The result of this study indicated that, initially, 81 indicators were considered in framework of district health management performance and, at the end, 53 indicators were validated and confirmed. These indicators were classified in 11 categories which include: human resources and organizational creativity, management and leadership, rules and ethics, planning and evaluation, district managing, health resources management and economics, community participation, quality improvement, research in health system, health information management, epidemiology and situation analysis. The designed framework model can be used to assess the district health management and facilitates performance improvement at the district level.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue diseñar un marco para evaluar el desempeño de la gestión en el ámbito de la salud dentro del sistema de salud iraní. Se realizó un método mixto de estudio entre septiembre 2015 y mayo 2016 en Tabriz, Irán. En este estudio, los indicadores del desempeño en la gestión dentro del ámbito de la salud se obtuvieron analizando 45 encuestas semiestructuradas de expertos en el sistema público de salud. Los indicadores de rendimiento, respecto a la validez del contenido que se generaron en la parte cualitativa, fueron revisados y confirmados basándose en el índice de validez de contenido (IVC). Asimismo, el content validity ratio (CVR) se calculó usando datos obtenidos de una encuesta a 21 expertos en la parte cuantitativa del estudio. El resultado del mismo indicó que, inicialmente, se consideraron 81 indicadores en el marco del desempeño de la gestión en el ámbito de la salud y, al final, se validaron 53 indicadores y confirmados. Estos indicadores se clasificaron en 11 categorías que incluían: rescusos humanos y creatividad organizativa, gestión y liderazgo, reglas y ética, planificación y evaluación, gestión de área, gestión de recursos de salud y económicos, participación en la comunidad, mejora de la calidad, investigación en sistemas de salud, gestión de información sobre la salud, epidemiología y análisis de situación. El modelo de marco diseñado puede ser usado para evaluar la gestión en el ámbito de la salud y facilitar la mejora del desempeño en el ámbito municipal.

OBJECTIVE: This paper examines the prevalence and socioeconomic correlates of unintended pregnancy among rural women in Bangladesh. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study used data from the 2007 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey. Chi-square tests and binary logistic regression were performed using the data set. RESULTS: Overall, 30.0% of the most recent births were unplanned. Both bivariate and multivariate analyses confirm that age, ever use of contraceptive method, religion and wealth index were important determinants of unintended pregnancy. Pregnancy order appeared as the most single determinant of unplanned pregnancy. Women with fourth or higher order pregnancies were at higher risk (OR=4.31, 95%CI; 4.31-6.56) of unintended pregnancy than those who experienced pregnancy for the first time. CONCLUSION: Unintended pregnancy is common in rural Bangladesh. Intervention programs regarding reproductive health and services should be undertaken. Awareness should be created to continue the use of modern contraceptive methods to avoid unintended pregnancy.

OBJETIVO: Este artículo evalúa la prevalencia y los factores socioeconómicos asociados a embarazos no deseados en mujeres de áreas rurales de Bangladesh. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Para este estudio empleamos la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud de Bangladesh de 2007. Para el análisis de los datos se usó la ji cuadrada y regresión logística. RESULTADOS: Treinta por ciento de los embarazos más recientes no fueron planificados. Los análisis bivariados y multivariados confirmaron que la edad, el usar alguna vez anticonceptivos, la religión y el índice de riqueza fueron determinantes importantes de los embarazos no deseados. El orden de la gestación fue el factor único más determinante de tener un embarazo no deseado. Las mujeres con cuatro o más embarazos tuvieron mayor riesgo (RM=4.31, IC 95%=4.31-6.56) de embarazos no deseados que aquellas que estuvieron gestando por primera vez. CONCLUSIÓN: Los embarazos no deseados son comunes en áreas rurales de Bangladesh. Para evitar embarazos no deseados deberían ser implementados programas de intervención enfocados en servicios de salud reproductiva y se debería incrementar el conocimiento sobre el uso de métodos modernos de anticoncepción.

OBJECTIVE: This paper examines the prevalence and socioeconomic correlates of unintended pregnancy among rural women in Bangladesh. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study used data from the 2007 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey. Chi-square tests and binary logistic regression were performed using the data set. RESULTS: Overall, 30.0% of the most recent births were unplanned. Both bivariate and multivariate analyses confirm that age, ever use of contraceptive method, religion and wealth index were important determinants of unintended pregnancy. Pregnancy order appeared as the most single determinant of unplanned pregnancy. Women with fourth or higher order pregnancies were at higher risk (OR=4.31, 95%CI; 4.31-6.56) of unintended pregnancy than those who experienced pregnancy for the first time. CONCLUSION: Unintended pregnancy is common in rural Bangladesh. Intervention programs regarding reproductive health and services should be undertaken. Awareness should be created to continue the use of modern contraceptive methods to avoid unintended pregnancy.

OBJETIVO: Este artículo evalúa la prevalencia y los factores socioeconómicos asociados a embarazos no deseados en mujeres de áreas rurales de Bangladesh. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Para este estudio empleamos la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud de Bangladesh de 2007. Para el análisis de los datos se usó la ji cuadrada y regresión logística. RESULTADOS: Treinta por ciento de los embarazos más recientes no fueron planificados. Los análisis bivariados y multivariados confirmaron que la edad, el usar alguna vez anticonceptivos, la religión y el índice de riqueza fueron determinantes importantes de los embarazos no deseados. El orden de la gestación fue el factor único más determinante de tener un embarazo no deseado. Las mujeres con cuatro o más embarazos tuvieron mayor riesgo (RM=4.31, IC 95%=4.31-6.56) de embarazos no deseados que aquellas que estuvieron gestando por primera vez. CONCLUSIÓN: Los embarazos no deseados son comunes en áreas rurales de Bangladesh. Para evitar embarazos no deseados deberían ser implementados programas de intervención enfocados en servicios de salud reproductiva y se debería incrementar el conocimiento sobre el uso de métodos modernos de anticoncepción.