Resumo Este estudo avaliou o efeito de uma vitrocerâmica bioativa para o controle de lesões de erosão e cárie. Fragmentos (n=10) de esmalte bovino e dentina radicular receberam aplicação diária de diferentes tratamentos (Biosilicato; Fluoreto de Fosfato Acidulado - APF; não tratado - controle) durante a realização de ciclos erosivos. As superfícies foram analisadas com profilometria óptica 3D para quantificar a perda superficial em quatro períodos (1, 7, 14 e 21 dias), bem como a profundidade da lesão com microscopia confocal de varredura a laser. Para a avaliação da progressão de cárie, foi obtida a microdureza Knoop inicial de fragmentos de esmalte bovino. As lesões cariosas iniciais foram desenvolvidas e os espécimes foram divididos em três grupos (n =10), de acordo com a aplicação tópica diária (Biosilicato; APF; sem aplicação - controle) durante os ciclos de desmineralização por 14 dias. A microdureza final foi obtida para calcular a perda da microdureza superficial. A desmineralização sub-superficial foi analisada utilizando microdureza transversal (profundidades 10, 30, 50, 70, 90, 110 e 220 μm). Os dados foram testados utilizando ANOVA e teste de Tukey (α=5%). Os resultados da avaliação erosiva mostraram que o Biosilicato promoveu os menores valores (p <0,05) de perda superficial, independente do tempo, tanto para o esmalte como para a dentina; APF promoveu menor (p <0,05) perda de superfície do que controle; analisando os períodos de tempo, APF não mostrou diferença (p>0,05) entre 14 e 21 dias de desmineralização. Os resultados da avaliação da cárie no esmalte mostraram que o Biosilicato resultou em maiores (p<0,05) valores de microdureza superficial e subsuperficial do que as aplicações APF e controle. Pode-se concluir que a aplicação de Biosilicato apresentou maior potencial de redução da perda superficial e desenvolvimento de lesões de erosão e cárie.

Abstract This study evaluated the effect of a bioactive glass ceramic for the control of erosion and caries lesions. Fragments (n=10) of bovine enamel and root dentin received daily application of different treatments (Biosilicate; Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride- APF; Untreated - control) during the performance of erosive cycles. Surfaces were analyzed with 3D optical profilometry to quantify the superficial loss in four periods (1, 7, 14 and 21 days), as well as the lesion depth with confocal laser scanning microscopy. For caries progression assessment, initial Knoop microhardness was measured on enamel bovine fragments. Initial carious lesions were developed and specimens were divided into three groups (n=10), according to the daily topical application (Biosilicate; APF; no application - control), during the de-remineralization cycles for 14 days. Final microhardness was obtained to calculate the change of surface microhardness. Subsurface demineralization was analyzed using cross-sectional microhardness (depths 10, 30, 50, 70, 90, 110 and 220 µm). Data were tested using ANOVA and Tukey’s test (a=5%). Results of erosive evaluation showed that Biosilicate promoted the lowest (p<0.05) values of surface loss, regardless of time, for both enamel and dentin; APF promoted lower (p<0.05) surface loss than control; analyzing different periods of time, APF did not show difference (p>0.05) between 14 and 21 days of demineralization. Results of enamel caries assessment showed that Biosilicate resulted in higher (p<0.05) surface and subsurface microhardness than both APF and control-applications. It may be concluded that Biosilicate application showed a higher potential to reduce surface loss and development of erosion and caries lesions.

Foram feitos testes com o vidro óptico B270® através do torneamento com ferramenta de diamante. Foram aplicadas condições submicrométricas de corte, a fim de se gerar uma resposta dúctil, para o vidro, durante a usinagem. O perfil gerado pela remoção rápida da ponta da ferramenta da superfície usinada, analisado através de um Microscópio de Força Atômica, mostrou que a transição frágil-dúctil, nesse tipo difícil de usinagem, ocorre abaixo de alguns décimos de micrômetros. De acordo com os resultados da usinagem, a máxima taxa de avanço capaz de gerar, na usinagem, um comportamento dúctil é de 0.9 µm/rev. Além disso, ficou demonstrado que, para profundidades de corte menores do que 0.1 µm/rev., o mecanismo de remoção de material é totalmente dúctil. Não foram observados cavacos em forma de fitas durante a usinagem dúctil, como pode ser visto comumente durante a usinagem dúctil de cristais semicondutores. Nesse caso, os cavacos removidos têm formato de pequenas agulhas. O comportamento frágil desse material, durante a usinagem, pode estar relacionado com a alta densificação na interface ferramenta/peça com subsequente recuperação elástica.

Single point diamond turning tests were carried out on a B270 type glass. Submicrometer cutting conditions were applied in order to generate ductile response during single point machining. The profile generated by the rapid removal of the tool tip from the machined surface, analyzed by atomic force microscopy, showed that the brittle-to-ductile transition occurs at a few tenths of micrometers. According to the machining results, the maximum feed rate capable of generating a ductile mode machining behavior is of 0.9 micrometer/revolution. Furthermore, it was shown that with the cutting depth lower than 0.100 micrometer/revolution, the material removal mechanism is totally ductile. Ribbon-like chips were not observed when ductile machining was performed, as commonly seen during ductile machining of semiconductor crystals. The chips removed had a small needle-like shape. This material's fragile behavior during machining may be related to high densification during tool/material interaction with subsequent elastic recovery response.

In this work, (100) oriented monocrystalline silicon samples were single point diamond turned under conditions that led to a ductile and brittle regime. Raman spectroscopy results showed that the ductile regime diamond turning of silicon surfaces induced amorphization and, on the contrary, in the brittle mode machining condition this amorphous layer does not exist. Ductile machined surface was found to be a mixture of crystalline and amorphous phases probed by (macro)-Raman spectroscopy. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analyses were then carried out in order to characterize the structural alteration in the machined surface and chips. The electron diffraction pattern of the machined surface detected a crystalline phase along with the amorphous silicon confirming the former results. The mechanism of material removal is widely discussed based upon the results presented here.

Some material aspects such as grain size, purity and anisotropy exert an important influence on surface quality, especially in single point diamond turning. The aim of this paper is to present and discuss some critical factors that can limit the accuracy of ultraprecision machining of non-ferrous metals and to identify the effects of them on the cutting mechanism with single point diamond tools. This will be carried out through observations of machined surfaces and chips produced using optical and scanning electron microscopy. Solutions to reduce the influence of some of these limiting factors related with the mechanism of generation of mirror-like surfaces will be discussed.