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au:Jardim, Wilson F.

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Quantification of Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), and Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Using Near Infrared Spectroscopy and Multivariate Calibration in High Humidity Levels
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Ribessi, Rafael L.

; Jardim, Wilson F.

; Rohwedder, Jarbas J. R.

; Neves, Thiago A.

Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society

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apr 2022, Volume 33 N. 4 Pages 340 - 347

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

In this work we developed a promising analytical method combining Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopic technique and first-order multivariate calibration using partial least-squares (PLS) model to simultaneously quantify the main greenhouse gases (GHG’s): methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and water vapor (H2O). The models were built using 70 mixtures with different concentration of these gases, 0.25-32.0 ppm to CH4 and N2O, and 50-1100 ppm to CO2 and different values of relative humidity (52-85%, 20 ºC) in synthetic air. After preparing each of the mixtures, they were analyzed by using FT-NIR and a reference analytical technique based on gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (GC-MS). The FT-NIR spectrometer was coupled with a long optical path cell, with 105.6 meters of optical path. In sequence, the spectra of all mixtures and its concentration values for each gas were used to build the multivariate calibration models, using PLS regressions. For this, the mixtures were grouped with Kennard Stone algorithm, 50 samples to calibration set and 20 samples to prediction set. The values of RMSEP (root mean square error of prediction) obtained for each model are 0.66, 28.7 and 0.66 ppm, respectively, for CH4, CO2, and N2O. The limits of quantification (LOQ) for each PLS models are 0.26, 3.6, and 0.99 ppm, respectively, for CH4, CO2, and N2O. The results show the potentiality of application of this system to monitoring emission sources in which the concentration of these gases are relatively high, as urban centers, industrial areas, and landfills.

https://doi.org/10.21577/0103-5053.20210152

Ten Years-Snapshot of the Occurrence of Emerging Contaminants in Drinking, Surface and Ground Waters and Wastewaters from São Paulo State, Brazil
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Montagner, Cassiana C.

; Sodré, Fernando F.

; Acayaba, Raphael D.

; Vidal, Cristiane

; Campestrini, Iolana

; Locatelli, Marco A.

; Pescara, Igor C.

; Albuquerque, Anjaína F.

; Umbuzeiro, Gisela A.

; Jardim, Wilson F.

Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society

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mar 2019, Volume 30 N. 3 Pages 614 - 632

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

Emerging contaminants have been considered one of the main concerns for ensuring the quality of water around the world. This work presents the results of 10 years of analyses carried out in the state of São Paulo (Brazil) that has the high population density and intense agricultural and industrial activities. In this work 58 compounds (9 hormones, 14 pharmaceuticals and personal care products, 8 industrial compounds, 17 pesticides and 10 illicit drugs) were determined from 2006 to 2015 in 708 samples including raw and treated sewage, surface and ground and drinking waters. A preliminary risk assessment for aquatic life protection identified potential risks for caffeine, paracetamol, diclofenac, 17α-ethynylestradiol, 17β-estradiol, estriol, estrone, testosterone, triclosan, 4-n-nonylphenol, bisphenol A, atrazine, azoxystrobin, carbendazim, fipronil, imidacloprid, malathion and tebuconazole. Drinking water criteria were available only for 22 compounds and for them no adverse effects were expected at the concentrations found, except for 17β-estradiol.

https://doi.org/10.21577/0103-5053.20180232 2971 downloads

Wastewater-Based Epidemiology of Cocaine in the Brazilian Federal District: Spatial Distribution, Weekly Variation and Sample Preservation Strategies
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Sodré, Fernando F.

; Feitosa, Rafael S.

; Jardim, Wilson F.

; Maldaner, Adriano O.

Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society

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nov 2018, Volume 29 N. 11 Pages 2287 - 2298

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

The distribution of consumed cocaine in the Brazilian Federal District (FD) was estimated using the wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) approach. Sewage samples from eight wastewater treatment plants were analyzed for cocaine (COC) and benzoylecgonine (BE) using solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The highest per capita consumption was noticed for the northern area of the Brazilian Capital (1162 mg day-1 1000 inh-1) being 32% higher than the average consumption rate of the investigated region. In this area, a day-to-day investigation revealed an average cocaine consumption of 1800 mg day-1 1000 inh-1 during the weekend, i.e., more than 50% higher than weekdays. An annual street-grade cocaine load of about 2 ton was estimated for the FD considering previous information on the actual purity of seized street drugs as well as consumers between 15 and 64 years old. Sample preservation strategies were also investigated in order to expand the WBE approach to other Brazilian areas. Sample acidification to pH 2.0 presented the smallest relative errors for COC (+11%) and BE (−4%) after a period of three days under typical transport conditions practiced by the Brazilian national postal service.

https://doi.org/10.21577/0103-5053.20180105 675 downloads

3rd Guideline for Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology
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Gualandro, Danielle Menosi

; Yu, Pai Ching

; Caramelli, Bruno

; Marques, André Coelho

; Calderaro, Daniela

; Fornari, Luciana Savoy

; Pinho, Claudio

; Feitosa, Alina Coutinho Rodrigues

; Polanczyk, Carisi Anne

; Rochitte, Carlos Eduardo

; Jardim, Carlos

; Vieira, Carolina L. Z.

; Nakamura, Debora Y. M.

; Iezzi, Denise

; Schreen, Dirk

; Adam, Eduardo Leal

; D’Amico, Elbio Antonio

; Lima, Emerson Q. de

; Burdmann, Emmanuel de Almeida

; Mateo, Enrique Indalecio Pachón

; Marcondes-Braga, Fabiana Goulart

; Machado, Fabio S.

; Paula, Flavio J. de

; Carmo, Gabriel Assis Lopes do

; Feitosa-Filho, Gilson Soares

; Prado, Gustavo Faibischew

; Lopes, Heno Ferreira

; Fernandes, João R. C.

; Lima, José J. G. de

; Sacilotto, Luciana

; Drager, Luciano Ferreira

; Vacanti, Luciano Janussi

; Rohde, Luis Eduardo Paim

; Prada, Luis F. L.

; Gowdak, Luis Henrique Wolff

; Vieira, Marcelo Luiz Campos

; Monachini, Maristela Camargo

; Macatrão-Costa, Milena Frota

; Paixão, Milena Ribeiro

; Oliveira Junior, Mucio Tavares de

; Cury, Patricia

; Villaça, Paula R.

; Farsky, Pedro Silvio

; Siciliano, Rinaldo F.

; Heinisch, Roberto Henrique

; Souza, Rogerio

; Gualandro, Sandra F.M.

; Accorsi, Tarso Augusto Duenhas

; Mathias Júnior, Wilson

Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia

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sep 2017, Volume 109 N. 3 Pages 1 - 104

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

https://doi.org/10.5935/abc.20170140 100302 downloads

Medição e interpretação de valores do potencial redox (E H) em matrizes ambientais
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Jardim, Wilson F.

Química Nova

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2014, Volume 37 N. 7 Pages 1233 - 1235

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

Direct measurements of Redox Potential (ORP) have been used to infer the degree of electrons availability in waters, wastewaters, sediments and soils. Although the interpretation of the results obtained in direct measurements is not trivial, this parameter is part of a list of compulsory determinations required by many Environmental State Agencies as well as consulting companies. Nonetheless, the vast majority of E H reported values are not corrected to the reference electrode used, what makes most of the data incomparable with the literature, and not suitable for a correct environmental diagnostics.

https://doi.org/10.5935/0100-4042.20140207 23583 downloads

Estimating cocaine consumption in the Brazilian Federal District (FD) by sewage analysis
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Maldaner, Adriano O.

; Schmidt, Luciana L.

; Locatelli, Marco A. F.

; Jardim, Wilson F.

; Sodré, Fernando F.

; Almeida, Fernanda V.

; Pereira, Carlos Eduardo B.

; Silva, Cristiano M.

Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society

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may 2012, Volume 23 N. 5 Pages 861 - 867

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

Este é o primeiro trabalho que relata a ocorrência de resíduos de cocaína (COC) e benzoilecgonina (BE) em amostras coletadas em seis estações de esgoto diferentes (ETE) instaladas no Distrito Federal (DF) do Brasil. As concentrações de BE nos afluentes de esgoto foram utilizadas para calcular o consumo de cocaína (kg ano-1 por 1000 habitantes) em cada uma das regiões atendidas pelas ETE, em duas campanhas de amostragem (março e junho de 2010). Dentre as ETE estudadas, amostras provenientes de Samambaia apresentaram as maiores concentrações (de 3866 a 2477 ng L-1 de BE e 805 a 579 ng L-1 de COC) e doses por habitante (mais de 13 doses habitante-1 por ano). A extrapolação para toda a população do DF indica um consumo anual alcançando 1,0 tonelada de cocaína base livre, ou 1,1 tonelada de cloridrato de cocaína. Este trabalho também aborda a influência da forma de apresentação da cocaína (base livre ou sal cloridrato) e a integração com resultados de perfil químico na busca de estimativas mais realistas, principalmente no que se refere aos pontos de vista da criminalística e da segurança pública.

This is the first report on the occurrence of cocaine (COC) and benzoylecgonine (BE) residues in six samples collected from different wastewater treatment plants (WTP) located in the Brazilian Federal District (FD). Concentrations of BE in the influent sewage were used to calculate cocaine consumption (kg year-1 per 1000 inhabitants) for each region attended by the WTP from two sampling campaigns (March and June, 2010). Among the WTP studied, samples from Samambaia showed higher concentrations (from 3866 to 2477 ng L-1 of BE and 805 to 579 ng L-1 of COC) and doses per inhabitants (more than 13 doses inhabitant-1 per year). The extrapolation to the whole FD population points out to an annual consumption reaching 1.0 ton of free base cocaine, or 1.1 tons of cocaine hydrochloride. The work also addresses the influence of the cocaine presentation form (free base or hydrochloride) and the integration with chemical profiling results in a more realistic estimate, mainly concerning the viewpoints of forensics and law enforcement.

3178 downloads

Spatial and seasonal variations of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disruptors in the Atibaia River, São Paulo State (Brazil)
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Montagner, Cassiana C.

; Jardim, Wilson F.

Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society

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aug 2011, Volume 22 N. 8 Pages 1452 - 1462

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

Um método foi otimizado usando extração em fase sólida (SPE) e cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC) com detecção por ultravioleta com arranjo de diodos (UV/DAD) ou fluorescência (FLD) para a determinação de 15 contaminantes emergentes em águas superficiais, a saber: acetoaminofenol, ácido salicílico, diclofenaco, ibuprofeno, cafeína, 17β-estradiol, estrona, progesterona, 17α-etinilestradiol, levonorgestrel, dietilftalato, dibutilftalato, 4-octilfenol, 4-nonilfenol e bisfenol A. Os parâmetros de qualidade do método proposto mostraram a linearidade com r² > 0,996, coeficiente de variação menor que 5%, recuperações entre 80 e 120% para Milli-Q fortificada com 10 µg L-1 de cada um dos quinze compostos. O menor limite de detecção (LOD) foi 38 ng L-1 para cafeína e o maior 170 ng L-1 para ibuprofeno. O método foi aplicado para o monitoramento espacial e sazonal destes compostos na bacia do rio Atibaia, principal manancial de abastecimento público da cidade de Campinas-SP, Brasil. Dentre os 15 contaminantes emergentes estudados, 10 foram detectados em pelo menos uma amostra. A menor concentração determinada foi de 0,096 µg L-1 para o diclofenaco e a maior foi de 127 µg L-1 para cafeína.

A single run optimization chromatographic method for the determination of 15 emerging contaminants in surface water was optimized using solid-phase extraction (SPE) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with detection through ultraviolet-diode array (UV-DAD) or fluorescence (FLD). Selected compounds included acetaminophen, acetylsalicylic acid, diclofenac, ibuprofen, caffeine, 17β-estradiol, estrone, progesterone, 17α-ethynylestradiol, levonorgestrel, diethylphthalate, dibutylphthalate, 4-octylphenol, 4-nonylphenol and bisphenol A. Quality parameters of the proposed method showed a linearity r² > 0.996, coefficient of variation lower than 5%, recoveries between 80 to 120% for a spike of 10 µg L-1 for each of the 15 compounds. The lowest limit of detection (LOD) was 38 ng L-1 for caffeine, whereas the highest value was 170 ng L-1 for ibuprofen. The method was applied to the spatial and seasonal monitoring of these compounds in the Atibaia River, which is the main drinking water source for Campinas City (São Paulo State, Brazil). Among the 15 selected emerging contaminants, 10 were detected at least once. The lowest concentration determined was 0.096 µg L-1 for diclofenac, whereas caffeine showed concentrations as high as 127 µg L-1.

11807 downloads

II Diretriz de Avaliação Perioperatória da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia
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Feitosa, Alina Coutinho Rodrigues

; Marques, André Coelho

; Caramelli, Bruno

; Ayub, Beatriz

; Polanczyk, Carisi A.

; Jardim, Carlos

; Vieira, Carolina L. Zilli

; Pinho, Claudio

; Calderaro, Daniela

; Gualandro, Danielle Menosi

; Iezzi, Denise

; Ikeoka, Dimas T.

; Schreen, Dirk

; D'Amico, Elbio Antonio

; Pfeferman, Elcio

; Lima, Emerson Quintino de

; Burdmann, Emmanuel de A.

; Pachon, Enrique

; Machado, Fabio Santana

; Galas, Filomena Regina Barbosa Gomes

; Paula, Flávio Jota de

; Carvalho, Francine Corrêa de

; Feitosa-Filho, Gilson Soares

; Prado, Gustavo Faibischew

; Lopes, Heno F.

; Lima, José Jaime Galvão de

; Marchini, Julio Flavio Meirelles

; Fornari, Luciana S.

; Drager, Luciano F.

; Vacanti, Luciano Janussi

; Hajjar, Ludhmila Abrahão

; Rohde, Luis Eduardo P.

; Gowdak, Luís Henrique

; Cardoso, Luiz Francisco

; Vieira, Marcelo Luiz Campos

; Monachini, Maristela C.

; Macatrão, Milena

; Yu, Pai Ching

; Villaça, Paula Ribeiro

; Farsky, Pedro Silvio

; Lopes, Renato Delascio

; Bagnatori, Renato Scotti

; Heinisch, Roberto Henrique

; Gualandro, Sandra F. Menosi

; Accorsi, Tarso Augusto Duenhas

; Ávila, Walkiria Samuel

; Mathias Jr., Wilson

Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia

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2011, Volume 96 N. 3 Pages 1 - 68

Abstract: Pt | Text: Pt | PDF: Pt

53329 downloads

Sistema limpo em linha para extração em fase sólida de contaminantes emergentes em águas naturais
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Sodré, Fernando F.

; Locatelli, Marco Antonio F.

; Jardim, Wilson F.

Química Nova

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2010, Volume 33 N. 1 Pages 216 - 219

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

A solid-phase in-line extraction system for water samples containing low levels of emerging contaminants is described. The system was specially developed for large volume samples (up to 4 L) using commercial solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges. Four sets containing PTFE-made connectors, brass adapters and ball valves were used to fit SPE cartridges and sample bottles to a 4-port manifold attached to a 20 L carboy. A lab-made vacuum device was connected to the manifold cap. The apparatus is robust and less expensive than the typical available system. Its also provides less experimental handling, avoiding cross contamination and sample losses.

5758 downloads

10.

Os nanomateriais e a questão ambiental
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Paschoalino, Matheus P.

; Marcone, Glauciene P. S.

; Jardim, Wilson F.

Química Nova

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2010, Volume 33 N. 2 Pages 421 - 430

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

The increasing use of nanomaterials in several products in different areas such as electronics, cosmetics, food and drugs has attracted the attention of the scientific community due to unknown properties of these materials, such as the life cycle and the interaction with receptor organisms once they reach the environment. In this context, the present work shows an updated scenario of nanomaterials applications, characterization methods and toxicity evaluation, also addressing important aspects related to the development and application of nanotechnology under the environmental point of view.

41319 downloads

11.

Photochemical Dissolved Gaseous Mercury (DGM) formation/consumption in the Negro River Basin, brazilian Amazon
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Silva, Gilmar Silvério da

; Jardim, Wilson F.

; Fadini, Pedro Sergio

Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society

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2009, Volume 20 N. 8 Pages 1549 - 1555

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

Consumo/formação de mercúrio dissolvido gasoso (MDG) foi medido durante campanhas na Bacia do Rio Negro, Amazônia, Brasil. Foram realizadas medidas diuturnas em águas brancas e pretas. Em águas brancas, pH próximo a 7 e baixa concentração de carbono orgânico dissolvido (DOC), a saturação de MDG prevalece no período iluminado, similar a outras regiões do planeta. Esta geração de MDG foi atribuída à redução fotoinduzida do Hg2+. Por sua vez, em águas pretas, caracterizada pelo pH próximo a 5 e alto valor de DOC (até 20 mg L-1), a concentração de MDG permanece abaixo do limite de detecção no período iluminado, o que pode estar associado a oxidação fotoinduzida do Hgº. Experimentos fotoquímicos in situ corroboram a influência da radiação solar no consumo/formação do MDG. A comparação da saturação do MDG é apresentada para águas pretas e brancas.

Dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM) formation/consumption was measured during several scientific excursions in the Negro River basin, Amazon, Brazil. Measurements were carried out following diel patterns in both white and black water bodies. In white waters, with pH values around 7 and low dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration, mercury saturation prevails during the sunlit period, similar to behavior observed elsewhere. This was attributed to DGM generated by a photoinduced mechanism of Hg2+ reduction. On the other hand, in black waters, with pH around 5 and high DOC values (up to 20 mg L-1), DGM concentration stays below the detection limit during sunlit periods, which was associated to photoinduced Hgº oxidation. Photochemical experiments carried out in situ corroborate the influence of sunlight on DGM formation/consumption. A comparison of diel DGM saturation is presented for both black and white water bodies.

1533 downloads

12.

Desempenho analítico de laboratórios prestadores de serviço na determinação de metais em águas
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Jardim, Wilson F.

; Sodré, Fernando F.

Química Nova

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2009, Volume 32 N. 4 Pages 1083 - 1088

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

Analytical laboratories are expected to produce reliable results. Decision makers are guided in their actions (financial, legal and environmental) using analytical data provided by numerous laboratories. This work aimed to evaluate the analytical performance of Brazilian laboratories on producing trustworthy results. Nineteen laboratories, accredited and non-accredited ones, were contracted to analyze a USGS (United States Geological Survey) certified water sample for 17 chemical elements (mostly metals) without knowing the origin of the sample. Considering all the results produced, only 35% of them were valid. Three laboratories present satisfactory performances, whereas the majority showed a very poor overall performance. The outcomes of this work show the need for a more effective analytical quality program to Brazilian laboratories.

3704 downloads

13.

Major aspects of the mercury cycle in the Negro River Basin, Amazon
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Silva, Gilmar Silvério da

; Bisinoti, Márcia Cristina

; Fadini, Pedro Sérgio

; Magarelli, Gabriela

; Jardim, Wilson F.

; Fostier, Anne Hélène

Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society

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2009, Volume 20 N. 6 Pages 1127 - 1134

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

Embora com pouca atividade humana, as concentrações de Hg na bacia do Rio Negro são relativamente altas. A presença natural de Hg em solos e a deposição atmosférica são as principais fontes deste metal. O balanço entre fluxos invasivos e evasivos sugerem o seu acúmulo no interior da bacia em 39.9 t ano-1. O tipo de solo, fonte de metal para os rios, e o ciclo hidrológico com períodos de cheia e seca atuam sobre a química redox das águas. A conjunção sazonal de fatores como a natureza da matéria orgânica, pH ácido e radiação solar permitem que as águas pretas oscilem de redutora a oxidante, onde, por sua vez, ocorre o consumo de Hg0 e degradação do metilmercúrio. Deste modo, o fluxo do mercúrio pode ser invasivo ou evasivo. Embora a metilação seja mais favorecida em águas pretas, a fotodegradação do metilmercúrio se contrapõe ao seu acúmulo, contribuindo para regular o estoque deste composto na coluna água.

Despite the low level of industrial activity and human density, Hg concentration in the Negro River basin is relatively high. Soil enriched with naturally high Hg concentrations and atmospheric deposition are the main sources of the metal in this watershed. Differences between invasive and evasive fluxes at the water/air and soil/air interfaces indicate Hg accumulation in the basin at a rate of 39.9 t y-1. The type of soil, which is the main source of mercury for the water bodies, the hydrological cycle with floods and dry periods, act markedly on the water redox chemistry. A complex interaction between many seasonable variables such as solar intensity, water pH, age of the naturally occurring organic matter and the hydrological cycle alter the redox characteristics of these black water bodies, thus markedly affecting the consumption of Hg0 and the degradation of methylmercury present in the water. Although methylation is favored in black waters, photodegradation counterpoints this formation, thus regulating the methylmercury burden in the water column.

2379 downloads

14.

Endogenous iron as a photo-Fenton reaction catalyst for the degradation of Pah's in soils
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Silva, Paula Tereza de S. e

; Locatelli, Marco A. F.

; Jardim, Wilson F.

; B.Neto, Benício

; Motta, Mauricio da

; Castro, Gabriela Ribeiro de

; Silva, Valdinete Lins da

Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society

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2008, Volume 19 N. 2 Pages 329 - 336

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

Hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPA) estão presentes no óleo diesel, sendo considerados perigosos devido à sua toxicidade. Neste estudo relatamos a degradação de 16 HPA em dois solos diferentes (S1 e S2) contaminados artificialmente com óleo diesel, usando processos foto-Fenton e pseudo-foto-Fenton. Planejamentos fatoriais foram usados para obter condições de tratamento mais eficientes e econômicas. Para a reação foto-Fenton, as condições mais favoráveis resultaram 94,6% e 95,6% de degradação dos HPA para os solos S1 e S2, respectivamente. O processo pseudo-foto-Fenton também apresentou um nível satisfatório de degradação, obtido em condições econômicas, com ferro endógeno, baixa concentração de peróxido, curto tempo de exposição à radiação e sem ajuste do pH do solo. Os resultados demonstram a eficiência do processo pseudo-foto-Fenton para tratar áreas contaminadas por HPA.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) components of diesel fuel are considered hazardous, due to their toxicity. We report the degradation of 16 PAHs using photo-Fenton and photo-Fenton-like processes in two different soil samples (S1 and S2) artificially contaminated with diesel oil. Experimental factorial designs were used to determine the most effective treatment conditions, with a view to achieving economical feasibility. For photo-Fenton reactions, the best degradation conditions resulted in an overall PAH concentration reduction of 94.6% and 95.6% for soils S1 and S2, respectively. The photo-Fenton-like processes also led to satisfactory degradation levels, obtained with only endogenous iron, low hydrogen peroxide concentration, short exposure time and no soil pH adjustment. These results demonstrate the viability of photo-Fenton-like processes to treat PAH contaminated areas.

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Interferentes endócrinos no ambiente
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Ghiselli, Gislaine

; Jardim, Wilson F.

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jun 2007, Volume 30 N. 3 Pages 695 - 706

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

Although the hypothesis that environmental chemicals may exhibit endocrine disrupting effects is not new, the issue has been a growing level of concern due to reports of increased incidences of endocrine-related disease in humans, including declining male fertility, and more significantly, to adverse physiological effects observed in wildlife where cause and effect relationships are more evident. The list of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) includes a range of anthropogenic compounds, phytoestrogens, naturally occurring sex steroids and synthetic estrogens. Within the aquatic environment, the presence of EDCs has concerned many scientists and water quality regulators. Discharge of effluents from treatment facilities is likely to be a significant source of input of contaminants to many systems, and the potential for concentration of hydrophilic compounds and transformation products within sludges has implications for their disposal. Then, understanding the processes and the fate of EDCs on the environment, as well as the mechanisms of endocrine disruption, may facilitate controlling or limiting exposure of both humans and the environment to these compounds.

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