RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue clonar, expresar y producir la proteína recombinante tropomiosina isoforma A de Echinococcus granulosus (EgTrpA) que mantenga sus propiedades antigénicas e inmunogénicas como posible candidata a vacuna para perros y ovejas. El gen de la proteína tropomiosina de Echinococcus granulosus (EgTrp), se clono en dos vectores: Tropo/His-tag [pET28a (+)] y Tropo/GST-tag (pGEX6P-1). Luego, se expresó en E. coli BL21. La identidad de la proteína se determinó mediante electroforesis bidimensional. La inmunogenicidad y la antigenicidad se verificó mediante la inmunización de conejos con cada proteína recombinante y se evaluó mediante Western Blot y ELISA. La electroforesis bidimensional identificó la proteína recombinante EgTrp como isoforma A. Las proteínas recombinantes mostraron reacciones de reconocimiento en el Western Blot y el suero de los conejos inmunizados mostró un aumento de los anticuerpos IgG de Tropo/His-tag similar a Tropo/GST-tag. La proteína recombinante EgTrpA demostró características antigénicas e inmunogénicas en animales de laboratorio.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to clone, express and produce the recombinant Echinococcus granulosus tropomyosin isoform A protein (EgTrpA) that maintains its antigenic and immunogenic properties as a potential vaccine candidate for dogs and sheep. The Echinococcus granulosus tropomyosin protein (EgTrp) gene was cloned into two vectors: Tropo/His-tag [pET28a (+)] and Tropo/GST-tag (pGEX6P-1). It was then expressed in E. coli BL21. Protein identity was determined by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Immunogenicity and antigenicity were verified by immunizing rabbits with each recombinant protein and assessed by western blot and ELISA. Two-dimensional electrophoresis identified the recombinant EgTrp protein as isoform A. The recombinant proteins showed recognition reactions on Western Blot and serum from immunized rabbits showed an increase in Tropo/His-tag IgG antibodies similar to Tropo/GST-tag. The recombinant EgTrpA protein showed antigenic and immunogenic characteristics in laboratory animals.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue clonar, expresar y producir la proteína recombinante tropomiosina isoforma A de Echinococcus granulosus (EgTrpA) que mantenga sus propiedades antigénicas e inmunogénicas como posible candidata a vacuna para perros y ovejas. El gen de la proteína tropomiosina de Echinococcus granulosus (EgTrp), se clono en dos vectores: Tropo/His-tag [pET28a (+)] y Tropo/GST-tag (pGEX6P-1). Luego, se expresó en E. coli BL21. La identidad de la proteína se determinó mediante electroforesis bidimensional. La inmunogenicidad y la antigenicidad se verificó mediante la inmunización de conejos con cada proteína recombinante y se evaluó mediante Western Blot y ELISA. La electroforesis bidimensional identificó la proteína recombinante EgTrp como isoforma A. Las proteínas recombinantes mostraron reacciones de reconocimiento en el Western Blot y el suero de los conejos inmunizados mostró un aumento de los anticuerpos IgG de Tropo/His-tag similar a Tropo/GST-tag. La proteína recombinante EgTrpA demostró características antigénicas e inmunogénicas en animales de laboratorio.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to clone, express and produce the recombinant Echinococcus granulosus tropomyosin isoform A protein (EgTrpA) that maintains its antigenic and immunogenic properties as a potential vaccine candidate for dogs and sheep. The Echinococcus granulosus tropomyosin protein (EgTrp) gene was cloned into two vectors: Tropo/His-tag [pET28a (+)] and Tropo/GST-tag (pGEX6P-1). It was then expressed in E. coli BL21. Protein identity was determined by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Immunogenicity and antigenicity were verified by immunizing rabbits with each recombinant protein and assessed by western blot and ELISA. Two-dimensional electrophoresis identified the recombinant EgTrp protein as isoform A. The recombinant proteins showed recognition reactions on Western Blot and serum from immunized rabbits showed an increase in Tropo/His-tag IgG antibodies similar to Tropo/GST-tag. The recombinant EgTrpA protein showed antigenic and immunogenic characteristics in laboratory animals.

RESUMEN El propósito del estudio fue evaluar la frecuencia serológica del Herpesvirus canino tipo 1 (HVC-1) en canes con antecedentes de problemas reproductivos (infertilidad, reabsorción embrionaria, abortos y mortinatos) en criaderos de Lima, Perú. Se obtuvieron 40 muestras de suero en 2019 de canes de nueve criaderos. Se determinó la presencia de anticuerpos anti-HVC-1 mediante un kit comercial de ELISA indirecto. Veintiséis muestras fueron positivas (65%), estando el 37.5% (9/24) de las hembras positivas en estro en el momento de la toma de muestra. Se reporta una exposición alta frente a HVC-1 en criaderos de Lima junto con una seropositividad de ocho veces el punto de corte de acuerdo al kit serológico utilizado.

ABSTRAC The aim of this study was to evaluate the serological frequency of canine herpesvirus type 1 (CHV-1) in dogs with a history of reproductive problems (infertility, embryo reabsorption, abortions and stillbirths) in kennels in Lima, Peru. Forty serum samples were obtained in 2019 from dogs from nine commercial kennels. The presence of anti-CHV-1 antibodies was determined using a commercial indirect ELISA kit. Twenty-six samples were positive (65%), with 37.5% (9/24) of positive females being in estrus at the time of sampling. A high exposure to CHV-1 is reported in kennels in Lima together with a seropositivity of eight times the cut-off point.

RESUMEN El presente artículo reporta un caso clínico de otomicosis por Aspergillus en un Cocker Spaniel Inglés macho de 8 años, con diagnóstico previo de anemia hemolítica inmunomediada. El paciente fue atendido por presentar dolor e incomodidad en ambos oídos. Se realizaron análisis sanguíneos, además de citología y cultivo microbiológico de secreción ótica. El Aspergillus niger junto con Malassezia pachydermatis fueron los agentes aislados, para lo cual se instauró una terapia antifúngica oral y tópica con resultados favorables después de 30 días de tratamiento. El moho aislado presentó algunos factores de virulencia importantes como actividad hemolítica, lipasa y amilasa, además de susceptibilidad in vitro a antifúngicos del tipo azoles. En pacientes inmunosuprimidos que presenten otitis externa es necesario realizar cultivos microbiológicos para hongos ambientales, además de evaluar a nivel fenotípico la característica patógena, lo cual ayude a establecer un correcto abordaje terapéutico y monitoreo de enzimas hepáticas por posibles efectos adversos.

ABSTRACT This paper reports a clinical case of Aspergillus otomycosis in an 8-year-old male English Cocker Spaniel, with a previous diagnosis of immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. The patient was treated for pain and discomfort in both ears. Routine blood tests were performed, as well as cytology and microbiological culture of ear secretion. Aspergillus niger together with Malassezia pachydermatis were the isolated, the oral and topical antifungal therapy was established with favorable results after 30 days of treatment. The isolated mold exhibited some important virulence factors such as hemolytic, lipase and amylase activity, as well as in vitro susceptibility to azole antifungals. In the immunosuppressed patients with otitis externa, it is necessary to perform microbiological cultures for environmental fungi, in addition to evaluating the pathogenic characteristic at the phenotypic level. This may help to establish a proper therapeutic approach and monitoring of liver enzymes for possible adverse effects.

RESUMEN El objetivo del presente estudio fue identificar los agentes bacterianos aislados y evaluar su susceptibilidad antibiótica a partir de casos de mortalidad en cuyes procedentes de dos centros de crianza familiar-comercial de la provincia de Canchis, Cusco. Se procesaron 230 animales (130 con lesiones respiratorias y 100 con lesiones enterohepáticas), tomándose muestras de hígado, pulmón, bazo e intestino. Se realizó un cultivo microbiológico y antibiograma en agar con discos de los principales antibióticos usados en sistemas de crianza de cuyes. A nivel de lesiones respiratorias se identificó a Streptococcus sp (47.1%), Bordetella sp (26.4%), Salmonella sp (13.8%), Klebsiella sp (9.2%) y Pasteurella sp (3.4%). Asimismo, en cuyes con lesiones entéricas se identificó a Salmonella sp (56.8%), E. coli (29.7%), Citrobacter sp (7.6%) y Klebsiella sp (5.9%). La mayor frecuencia de aislados bibacterianos en cuadros respiratorios fue para Streptococcus sp y Bordetella sp, en tanto que para lesiones hepático-entéricas fue Salmonella sp y E. coli. La frecuencia general de resistencia en las cepas aisladas fue de 5.4 y 3.6% para enrofloxacina y trimetoprima-sulfametoxazol, respectivamente. Los resultados evidencian la variedad de géneros bacterianos presentes en procesos respiratorios y entérico-hepáticos en cuyes, así como una frecuencia baja de resistencia antibiótica en las cepas aisladas.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to identify bacterial agents isolated from fatal cases in guinea pigs as well as to evaluate their antibiotic susceptibility from two commercialfamily breeding centres in the province of Canchis, Cusco-Peru. In total, 230 animals (130 with respiratory lesions and 100 with enterohepatic lesions) were processed, including samples of the liver, lung, spleen and intestine. A microbiological culture and antibiogram were performed on agar with discs of the main antibiotics used in guinea pigs rearing. In the respiratory lesions, Streptococcus sp (47.1%), Bordetella sp (26.4%), Salmonella sp (13.8%), Klebsiella sp (9.2%) and Pasteurella sp (3.4%) were identified. Likewise, in guinea pigs with enteric lesions, Salmonella sp (56.8%), E. coli (29.7%), Citrobacter sp (7.6%) and Klebsiella sp (5.9%) were identified. The highest frequency of bi-bacterial isolates in respiratory lesions was for Streptococcus sp and Bordetella sp, while for liver-enteric lesions it was Salmonella sp and E. coli was registered. The general frequency of resistance in the isolates was 5.4 and 3.6% for enrofloxacin and trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole, respectively. The results showed a variety of bacterial genera present in respiratory and enteric-hepatic processes in guinea pigs, as well as a low frequency of antibiotic resistance in the isolated strains.

RESUMEN El objetivo del presente estudio fue identificar y evaluar la susceptibilidad antibiótica de los principales patógenos bacterianos aislados de casos de linfadenitis cervical en cuyes procedentes de dos centros de crianza familiar-comercial de la provincia de Canchis, Cusco. Se procesaron 64 muestras de abscesos cervicales entre setiembre de 2018 y marzo de 2019. Las muestras fueron cultivadas y se procedió con el antibiograma en agar con discos de los principales antibióticos usados en sistemas de crianza familiar-comercial. Se identificó a Streptococcus sp beta-hemolítico (91.8%, 56/61), Staphylococcus sp (45.9%, 28/61) y Klebsiella sp (21.3%, 13/61). La mayor frecuencia de aislados se presentó en cuyes adultos. La frecuencia de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana resultó alta para todos los géneros aislados, a excepción de la enrofloxacina y trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol para Streptococcus sp beta-hemolítico. Los resultados muestran una diversidad de agentes bacterianos presentes en linfadenitis cervical, así como una frecuencia baja de resistencia antibiótica.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to identify and evaluate the antibiotic susceptibility of the main bacterial pathogens isolated from cases of cervical lymphadenitis in guinea pigs from two commercial-family breeding centres in the province of Canchis, Cusco. In total, 64 samples of cervical abscesses were processed between September 2018 and March 2019. The samples were cultured and the antibiogram on agar with discs of the main antibiotics used in family-commercial rearing systems was carried out. Beta-hemolytic Streptococcus sp (91.8%, 56/61), Staphylococcus sp (45.9%, 28/61) and Klebsiella sp (21.3%, 13/61) were identified. The highest frequency of isolates occurred in adult guinea pigs. The frequency of antimicrobial susceptibility was high for all the isolated genera, except for enrofloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for beta-hemolytic Streptococcus sp. The results show a diversity of bacterial agents present in cervical lymphadenitis, as well as a low frequency of antibiotic resistance.

Abstract Background: Helicobacter pylori is detected by pathogen recognition receptors including toll–like receptors (TLR) and nucleotide–binding oligomerization domain (NOD)–like receptors, eliciting an innate immune response against this bacteria. The aim of this study was to assess if polymorphisms of TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, NOD1 and NOD2 genes are associated with gastric cancer, in particular in individuals infected with H. pylori. Results: A case–control study of 297 gastric cancer patients and 300 controls was performed to assess the association of 17 polymorphisms. Analyses performed under the allele model did not find association with gastric cancer. However, NOD1 rs2075820 (p.E266K) showed association with intestinal–type gastric cancer among H. pylori infected subjects (OR = 2.69, 95% CI 1.41–5.13, p = 0.0026). The association was not statistically significant in diffuse–type gastric cancer cases (OR = 1.26, 95% CI 0.63–2.52, p = 0.51). When the analyses were performed in patients carrying H. pylori strains harboring the cag pathogenicity island (cagPAI), we noticed significant association with NOD1 rs2075820 (OR = 4.90, 95% CI 1.80–3.36, p = 0.0019), in particular for intestinal–type gastric cancer cases (OR = 7.16, 95% CI 2.40–21.33, p = 4.1 × 10−4) but not among diffuse–type gastric cancer cases (OR = 3.39, 95% CI 1.13–0.10, p = 0.03). Conclusions: NOD1 rs2075820 increases the risk of intestinal–type gastric cancer among individuals infected with H. pylori, particularly in those harboring the cagPAI.

Objetivo: Evaluar la influencia de la altura en los niveles de proteína C reactiva (PCR) en adultos con adiposidad visceral abdominal. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo con diseño cuasi-experimental, que incluyó veinticuatro estudiantes de medicina de la Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, sexo masculino, seleccionados de manera no probabilística por conveniencia y sujeto participante, que fueron evaluados a 0 y 4386 m s. n. m. y clasificados de acuerdo al grado de adiposidad visceral abdominal: normal (G1) y elevada (G2). Resultados: El nivel de PCR de G1 en relación a G2 no tuvo diferencia significativa. Respecto a los niveles de PCR de G2 se empleó la prueba no paramétrica de Wilcoxon y para G1 se usó la prueba T-student, evidenciándose una significancia en ambos casos. Conclusiones: Las variaciones de los niveles de PCR en altura con respecto al basal de ambos grupos fueron significativos

Objective: To evaluate the influence of high altitude on C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in adults with abdominal visceral adiposity. Materials and methods: A quantitative study with quasi-experimental design, which included twenty-four (24) male medical students from the National University of Trujillo, selected by non-probability convenience sampling and study subject, evaluated at 0 and 4,386 m.a.s.l., and classified according to their degree of abdominal visceral adiposity: normal (G1) and high (G2). Results: The CRP level of G1 in relation to G2 showed no significant difference. Regarding CRP levels, Wilcoxon rank-sum (non-parametric) test was used for G2 and Student´s t-test was used for G1, with significance being shown in both cases. Conclusions: Variations on CRP levels in high altitude compared to sea level in both groups were significant

RESUMO Os pombos selvagens (Columbia livia) vivem em estreito contato com os seres humanos e outros animais. Podem transmitir agentes potencialmente patogênicos e zoonóticos. Os objetivos deste estudo foram isolar e detectar cepas de Escherichia coli diarreiogênica e Campylobacter jejuni de pombos selvagens urbanos de uma área de Lima, Peru. Amostras de fezes frescas foram coletadas em parques urbanos para o isolamento microbiológico para cepas de E. coli em ágar seletivo e Campylobacterpor método de filtração. Identificação molecular de patótipos diarreiogênicos de E. coli e Campylobacter jejuni foi realizado por PCR. Vinte e dois parques foram amostrados e 16 colônias de Campylobacter spp. foram isolados. O 100% dos isolados foram identificados como Campylobacter jejuni. Além disso, 102 colônias de E. coli foram isoladas e 5,88% resultaram como tipo enteropatogênico (EPEC) e 0,98% como produtora de toxina Shiga (STEC). Os pombos selvagens urbanos de Lima no Peru podem atuar como reservatório ou ser portador de agentes zoonóticos entéricos potencialmente patogênicos.

SUMMARY Feral pigeons (Columbia livia) live in close contact with humans and other animals. They can transmit potentially pathogenic and zoonotic agents. The objective of this study was to isolate and detect strains of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli and Campylobacter jejuniof urban feral pigeons from an area of Lima, Peru. Fresh dropping samples from urban parks were collected for microbiological isolation of E. coli strains in selective agar, and Campylobacterby filtration method. Molecular identification of diarrheagenic pathotypes of E.coliand Campylobacter jejuni was performed by PCR. Twenty-two parks were sampled and 16 colonies of Campylobacter spp. were isolated. The 100% of isolates were identified as Campylobacter jejuni. Furthermore, 102 colonies of E. coli were isolated and the 5.88% resulted as Enteropathogenic (EPEC) type and 0.98% as Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). The urban feral pigeons of Lima in Peru can act as a reservoir or carriers of zoonotic potentially pathogenic enteric agents.