Resumo O presente estudo teve como objetivo manifestar a atividade antibacteriana e antifúngica de extratos metanólicos de Salix alba L. contra sete patógenos bacterianos Gram-positivos e Gram-negativos. Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus (1), S. aureus (2), Shigella sonnei, Escherichia coli (1), E. coli (2) e Neisseria gonorrhoeae e três isolados de fungos do ar, como Aspergillus terreus, A. ornatus, e Rhizopus stolonifer. Dois sorotipos diferentes de S. aureus e E. coli foram usados. Os resultados do método de difusão em ágar mostraram a resposta dependente da dose de extratos de plantas contra cepas de bactérias e fungos, enquanto alguns organismos foram considerados resistentes, e.g. E. coli (1), S. sonnei, A. terreus e R. stolonifer. A maior atividade antibacteriana foi registrada em 17.000 ± 1.732 de 100 mg/mL de extratos metanólicos de folhas contra S. pyogenes, enquanto a atividade da maioria dos patógenos diminuiu após 24 h de incubação. A maior atividade antifúngica foi relatada em 11,833 ± 1,0 contra A. ornatus a 50 mg/mL após 48 h do período de incubação. Esses achados experimentais endossam o uso de S. alba em formulações etnofarmacológicas e sugerem o uso de extratos metanólicos da referida planta para o desenvolvimento de fármacos que controlem a proliferação de doenças resistentes que causam micróbios patogênicos.

Abstract The present study was aimed to manifest the antibacterial and antifungal activity of methanolic extracts of Salix alba L. against seven Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial pathogens e.g. Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus (1), S. aureus (2), Shigella sonnei, Escherichia coli (1), E. coli (2) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae and three fungal isolates from the air such as Aspergillus terreus, A. ornatus, and Rhizopus stolonifer. Two different serotypes of S. aureus and E. coli were used. The agar well-diffusion method results showed the dose-dependent response of plant extracts against bacterial and fungal strains while some organisms were found resistant e.g. E. coli (1), S. sonnei, A. terreus and R. stolonifer. The highest antibacterial activity was recorded at 17.000±1.732 mm from 100 mg/mL of leaves methanolic extracts against S. pyogenes while the activity of most of the pathogens decreased after 24 h of incubation. The highest antifungal activity was reported at 11.833±1.0 mm against A. ornatus at 50 mg/mL after 48 h of the incubation period. These experimental findings endorse the use of S. alba in ethnopharmacological formulations and suggest the use of methanolic extracts of the said plant to develop drugs to control the proliferation of resistant disease causing pathogenic microbes.

Bee venom with an antimicrobial effect is a powerful natural product. One of the most important areas where new antimicrobials are needed is in the prevention and control of multi-drug resistant pathogens. Today, antibacterial products used to treat multi-drug resistant pathogen infections in hospitals and healthcare facilities are insufficient to prevent colonisation and spread, and new products are needed. The aim of the study is to investigate the antibacterial effect of the bee venom (BV), a natural substance, on the species of Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecalis, Carbapenem resistant Escherichia coli, Carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Carbapenem resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. As a result of this study, it was found that MIC90 and MBC90 values ranged from 6.25 μg/mL - 12.5 μg/mL and numbers of bacteria decreased by 4-6 logs within 1-24 h for multi-drug resistant pathogens. In particular, Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecalis isolate decreased 6 log cfu/mL at 50 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL concentrations in the first hour. The effective bacterial inhibition rate of bee venom suggests that it could be a potential antibacterial agent for multi-drug resistant pathogens. CONTRIBUTION: The treatment options of antibiotic-resistant pathogens are a major problem in both veterinary and human medicine fields. We have detected a high antibacterial effect against these agents in this bee venom study, which is a natural product. Apitherapy is a fashionable treatment method all over the world and is used in many areas of health. Bee venom is also a product that can be used as a drug or disinfectant raw material and can fill the natural product gap that can be used against resistant bacteria.

Abstract One-year-old transplants of ‘Olinda Valencia orange’, ‘Murcott Tangerine’, and ‘Limoneira 8A Lisbon’ genotypes were grafted on ‘Macrophylla’ rootstock and subjected, along with ‘Macrophylla’ rootstock, to 24 h of the night chilling (nocturnal) at 20/4 °C±1 (day/night) for three days, (8 h per day), followed by three days of recovery at 30/25 °C±1 (day/night). The results showed that leaf diffusion resistance (LDR), proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), peroxidase (POX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased significantly in all genotypes, while there was a significant decrease in photosynthetic apparatus, polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and catalase (CAT) under nocturnal chilling stress. Under the chilling, Macrophylla rootstock had the highest concentrations of proline and SOD, whereas it had the lowest MDA and total chlorophyll concentrations. Noticeably, the enzymatic antioxidant profiles were enhanced after being recovered. Moreover, ‘Murcott’ had the highest LDR, MDA concentration, thickness of lamina, midvein, palisade tissue, spongy tissue, and dimension of midvein vascular bundle. Meanwhile, it had the lowest stomatal conductance (GS) and transpiration rate (E). Similar results were obtained with ‘Valencia’ genotype. In contrast, the ‘Limoneira 8A’ genotype under the chilling had the lowest levels of LDR, antioxidant enzymes (POX, CAT, and PPO), thickness of lamina, midvein, palisade tissue, spongy tissue, and dimension of midvein vascular bundle.

Resumo Transplantes de um ano de idade de genótipos ‘Laranja Olinda Valência’, ‘Tangerina Murcott’ e ‘Limoneira 8A Lisbon’ foram enxertados em porta-enxertos‘Macrophylla’ e submetidos,juntamente com porta-enxertos ‘Macrophylla’, a 24 horas de resfriamento noturno(noturno) a 20/4 °C±1 (dia/noite), durante três dias (8 horas por dia),seguidos de três dias de recuperação a 30/25 °C±1 (dia/noite). Os resultados mostraram que a resistência à difusão foliar (RDF), prolina, malondialdeído (MDA), peroxidase (POX) esuperóxido dismutase(SOD) aumentaram significativamente, em todos os genótipos, enquanto houve diminuição significativa no aparelho fotossintético, polifenol oxidase (PPO) e catalase(CAT)sob estresse de resfriamento noturno. Sob o resfriamento, o porta-enxerto‘Macrophylla’apresentou as maiores concentrações de prolina e SOD, enquanto apresentou asmenores concentrações de MDA e clorofila total. Notavelmente, os perfis antioxidantesenzimáticos foram melhorados após serem restaurados. Além disso, a Tangerina ‘Murcott’ apresentou a maior RDF, concentração de MDA, espessura da lâmina, veia mediana, tecidopaliçado,tecido esponjoso e dimensão do feixe de veia mediana. Enquanto isso, teve osmenores teores de condutância estomática (GS) e taxa de transpiração (E). Resultadossemelhantes foram obtidos com o genótipo ‘Valência’. Em contraste, o genótipo ‘Limoneira8A’, sob o resfriamento, apresentou os menores níveis de RDF, enzimas antioxidantes (POX, CAT e PPO), espessura da lâmina, veia mediana, tecido paliçado, tecido esponjoso e dimensão do feixe de veia mediana.

Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most prevalent cancer and the second most common cause of cancer death; however, its early detection can improve the survival. Colonic polyps are considered one of the CRC's major risk factors. Throughout many biological processes and malignancies, the non-coding RNAs have essential functions. Certain long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), including H19, were supposed to be CRC possible biomarkers. Also, H19 has been reported to play a role in regulating the activity of β-catenin, a protein that regulates cell-to-cell adhesion, as well as gene transcription. The current work aimed to investigate the potential significance of LncRNA H19 relative serum expression level by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) and β-catenin by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) as noninvasive biomarkers to discriminate between colorectal cancer and colonic polyps. The statistical analysis of the studied factors revealed that the serum expression of H19 and β-catenin in cancer cases were substantially greater than colonic polyp cases and normal control. Conclusion The relative expressions of H19 and beta-catenin in the serum can significantly discriminate patients with CRC from those with polyp and normal controls, which could help when screening for CRC.

Diclofenac was responsible for the decimation of Gyps vulture species on the Indian subcontinent during the 1980s and 1990s. Gyps vultures are extremely sensitive (the lethal dose 50 [LD50] ~ 0.1 mg/kg - 0.2 mg/kg), with toxicity appearing to be linked to metabolic deficiency, demonstrated by the long T1/2 (~12 h - 17 h). This is in striking comparison to the domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus), in which the LD50 is ~10 mg/kg and the T1/2 is ~1 h. The phase 1 cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C subfamily has been cited as a possible reason for metabolic deficiency. The aim of this study was to determine if CYP2C9 homolog pharmacogenomic differences amongst avian species is driving diclofenac toxicity in Gyps vultures. We exposed each of 10 CYP-inhibited test group chickens to a unique dose of diclofenac (as per the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD] toxicity testing guidelines) and compared the toxicity and pharmacokinetic results to control group birds that received no CYP inhibitor. Although no differences were noted in the LD50 values for each group (11.92 mg/kg in the CYP-inhibited test group and 11.58 mg/kg in the control group), the pharmacokinetic profile of the test group was suggestive of partial inhibition of CYP metabolism. Evaluation of the metabolite peaks produced also suggested partial metabolic inhibition in test group birds, as they produced lower amounts of metabolites for one of the three peaks demonstrated and had higher diclofenac exposure. This pilot study supports the hypothesis that CYP metabolism is varied amongst bird species and may explain the higher resilience to diclofenac in the chicken versus vultures.

Resumo O resveratrol, um polifenol natural encontrado em tempê, não foi investigado apenas in vitro como agente neuroprotetor contra a citotoxicidade beta-amiloide induzida por 2-metoxietanol (2-ME). Os peptídeos beta-amiloides (Aβ) podem iniciar eventos neurotóxicos e resposta inflamatória dos neurônios via ativação microglial. No entanto, permanece desconhecido se o efeito neurotóxico do peptídeo beta-amiloide associado ao potencial do 2-ME causa efeitos neurotóxicos na cultura primária de células nervosas induzidas pelo 2-ME. Este estudo investigou o potencial neuroprotetor do agente trans-resveratrol em cascas de sementes de soja e tempê derivadas da citotoxicidade beta-amiloide na cultura primária de células nervosas induzidas pelo 2-metoxietanol. Ensaios de biotium e MTT foram utilizados para analisar os neurônios isolados do córtex cerebral de camundongos fetais no dia da gestação 19 (GD-19). As células cultivadas foram divididas aleatoriamente nos seguintes grupos: (1) grupo 2-ME + padrão de resveratrol; (2) grupo 2-ME + resveratrol isolado de tempê; (3) grupo 2-ME + resveratrol isolado de cascas de sementes de soja; e (4) grupo controle, sem a adição de 2-ME ou resveratrol. Houve exposição das células primárias dos neurônios corticais ao anticorpo monoclonal beta-amiloide pré-incubado por 24 horas, com 10 µL de 4,2 µg/mL de resveratrol, e adições de 7,5 mmol/l de 2-metoxietanol. A adição de 2-ME e resveratrol (padrão e isolado do tempê) da cultura de células nas concentrações de 1,4, 2,8 e 4,2 µg/mL mostrou que a maioria dos neurônios cresceu bem. Por outro lado, após a exposição ao 2-ME e beta-amiloide, a glia foi ativada. Esses achados demonstram um papel do resveratrol na ação neuroprotetora e de neurorresgate.

Abstract Resveratrol, a natural polyphenol found in tempeh, has not been investigated especially in vitro as a neuroprotective agent against 2-methoxyethanol (2-ME)-induced beta-amyloid cytotoxicity. Beta amyloid peptides (Aβ) could initiate neurotoxic events and neuron-inflammatory response via microglial activation. However, it remains unknown whether the neurotoxic effect of beta-amyloid and/or associated with the potential of 2-ME to induce neurotoxic effects on primary culture of nerve cells induced by 2-ME. This study investigated potential neuroprotective of trans-resveratrol a promising agent tempeh and soybean seed coats-derived against beta-amyloid cytotoxicity on primary culture of nerve cells induced by 2-methoxyethanol. Biotium and MTT assays were used to analyze neurons, which were isolated from the cerebral cortex of fetal mice at gestation day 19 (GD-19). A standard solution of 2-methoxyethanol was dosed at 10 μL. The cultured cells were randomly divided into the following groups: (1) 2-ME group + resveratrol standard, (2) 2-ME group + resveratrol isolated from tempeh, (3) 2-ME group + resveratrol isolated from soybean seed coats, and (4) the control group, without the addition of either 2-ME or resveratrol. Exposure of the primary cortical neuron cells to beta-amyloid monoclonal antibody pre-incubated for 24 h with 10 µL of 4.2 µg/mL resveratrol and 7.5 mmol/l 2-methoxy-ethanol additions. Here, we report that the addition of 2-ME and resveratrol (standard and isolated from tempeh) of cell culture at concentrations of 1.4, 2.8 and 4.2 µg/mL showed that the majority of neurons grew well. In contrast, after exposure to 2-ME and Beta-amyloid, showed that glial activated. These findings demonstrate a role for resveratrol in neuroprotective-neurorescuing action.

Abstract Atherosclerosis is a systemic pathology involving the entire vascular system. Smoking, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, advanced age, and hypertension are known risk factors for the development of atherosclerosis. Surgical treatment in peripheral arterial disease (PAD) has been replaced by endovascular treatment options in recent years due to mortality and morbidity. In our study, we aimed to present the effectiveness of atherectomy, drug-eluting balloon, and combined therapy with values determined by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in patients they have atherosclerotic PAD. Materials and methods: Patients with intermittent claudication or critical leg ischemia (Rutherford class 3 or more) have been viewed in the study. There were 30 male and 9 female patients. Patients were followed up before, at the 1st h after and at the 3rd month after the procedure, with simultaneous ankle-brachial pressure index (ABPI), walking distance measurements, and measurement of tissue oxygenation by NIRS method. Results: When patients with similar post-operative ABPI measurements were evaluated with NIRS, venous oxygenation was observed higher in patients used treatment methods combined with atherectomy. According to these results, we thought that treatment methods combined with atherectomy have increased microcirculation and collateral circulation more than other methods.

Resumen La aterosclerosis es una patología sistémica que afecta a todo el sistema vascular. El tabaquismo, la hiperlipidemia, la diabetes mellitus, la edad avanzada y la hipertensión son factores de riesgo conocidos para el desarrollo de aterosclerosis. El tratamiento quirúrgico en la enfermedad arterial periférica ha sido reemplazado por opciones de tratamiento endovascular en los últimos años debido a la mortalidad y la morbilidad. En nuestro estudio, nuestro objetivo fue presentar la efectividad de la aterectomía, el balón liberador de fármacos y la terapia combinada con valores determinados por espectroscopía de infrarrojo cercano en pacientes con enfermedad arterial periférica aterosclerótica. Material y métodos: Los pacientes con claudicación intermitente o isquemia crítica de la pierna (Rutherford clase 3 o más) han sido vistos en el estudio. Hubo 30 pacientes masculinos y 9 femeninos. Los pacientes fueron seguidos antes, en la primera hora después y en el tercer mes después del procedimiento, con un índice simultáneo de presión tobillo-brazo (ABI), mediciones de la distancia a pie y medición de la oxigenación de los tejidos mediante el método de espectroscopía de infrarrojo cercano (NIR). Resultado: cuando los pacientes con mediciones similares de ABI postoperatorio se evaluaron con NIR, se observó una mayor oxigenación venosa en los pacientes que usaron métodos de tratamiento combinados con aterectomía. Según estos resultados, pensamos que los métodos de tratamiento combinados con aterectomía han aumentado la mirocirculación y la circulación colateral más que otros métodos.

ABSTRACT Germination is a very sensitive stage for the harmful effect of salinity stress. Plants respond differently to different types of salt. Gibberellic acid (GA3) is the most important hormone to mitigate salt stress. A controlled germination study was conducted to evaluate the impact of different salts (0, 150 mM NaCl, and 150 mM Na2SO4) and different GA3 concentrations (0, 50, 100, 250, and 300 mg L-1) on the germination of the two most used Sudanese sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) varieties Wadahmed and Tabat. The studied parameters were seed water uptake after 8 h imbibition, germination percentage, germination rate, shoot and root length, shoot and root fresh weight, shoot and root dry weight, and seed vigor index. Results showed that Na2SO4 reduced germination percentage, germination rate, shoot length, root length, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, and seed vigor index by 17.0%, 50.0%, 86.99%, 89.03%, 76.8%, 54.5%, 66.6%, and 89.7%, respectively, when compared with the non-saline treatment. The maximum values for seed water uptake, germination percentage, germination rate, shoot length, and seed vigor index were achieved at 100 mg L-1 GA3. The Na2SO4 salt had a more harmful effect than NaCl. The 100 mg L-1 GA3 concentration can be recommended to improve seed water uptake, germination parameters, and seedling growth under salt stress in the two Sudanese sorghum varieties (Wadahmed and Tabat). ‘Wadahmed’ was more tolerant to salinity stress than ‘Tabat’ at the germination stage.

RESUMO Objetivo: Relatar resultados da injeção de bupivacaína para o tratamento do estrabismo comitante horizontal e avaliar sua eficácia clínica e as alterações radiológicas associadas. Métodos: Este estudo clínico observacional prospectivo foi realizado em 10 pacientes com estrabismo comitante horizontal de até 40 dioptrias de prisma. Exames oftalmológicos e ressonância magnética orbital tridimensional foram realizados pré e pós-injeção (no primeiro, terceiro e 12º mês). A 4,5 mL de bupivacaína a 0,5% foi injetado no músculo extraocular sob anestesia tópica usando eletromiografia em todos os pacientes. Resultados: O tempo médio de acompanhamento pós-injeção de bupivacaína e o desvio médio na posição primária foram de 17 ± 2 meses e 21,3 dioptrias de prisma, respectivamente. As alterações médias no alinhamento ocular, aumento da área da secção transversal no músculo injetado e aumento volumátrico foram de 7,7 PD, 12% e 17% no primeiro ano pós-injeção, respectivamente. Nenhuma complicação grave ou persistente foi observada. Ptose e midríase foram observadas após a injeção devido ao efeito anestésico da bupivacaína, mas desapareceram dentro de duas horas após a injeção. Conclusões: A injeção de bupivacaína melhorou o alinhamento dos olhos no estrabismo comitante horizontal de pequeno ângulo, efetivamente diagnosticado com ressonância magnética orbital para avaliar as alterações volumétricas dos músculos extraoculares. Outros estudos clínicos, com maior número de pacientes devem ser realizados para definir dosagens, concentração, método de aplicação e a relação dose-resposta.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To report the outcomes of bupivacaine injection for the treatment of comitant horizontal strabismus and evaluate clinical effectiveness and associated radiological changes. Methods: This prospective observational clinical study was conducted on 10 patients with comitant horizontal strabismus of up to 40 prism diopters. Ophthalmologic examinations and three-dimensional orbital magnetic resonance imaging were performed pre and post-injection (at first, third, and 12th months). A 4.5 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine was injected into the extraocular muscle under topical anesthesia using an electromyography in all patients. Results: The mean follow-up time at post bupivacaine injection and mean deviation at primary position were was 17 ± 2 months and 21.3 prism diopters, respectively. The mean changes in ocular alignment, enlargement of the cross-sectional area in the injected muscle, and volumetric enlargement were 7.7 PD, 12%, and 17% at the first year post-injection, respectively. No severe or persistent complication was observed. Ptosis and mydriasis were noted post-injection due to the anesthetic effects of bupivacaine but disappeared within 2 h post-injection. Conclusions: Bupivacaine injection improved eye alignment in small-angle horizontal comitant strabismus, effectively diagnosed with orbital magnetic resonance imaging to evaluate volumetric changes of the extraocular muscles. Further clinical studies with larger numbers of patients should be performed to define optimal dosages, concentration, and application method and dose-response relationship.

Abstract Purpose To determine the nephroprotective effect of NAC and Montelukast Sodium administration against the development of renal damage associated with long warm renal ischemia. Methods Twenty-seven rats were randomly divided into 3 study groups, which received NAC, montelukast and placebo, and 3 rats were included in the sham-treated control group. Medications were given 3 days before the procedure. DMSA renal scintigraphy was performed before and after surgery. The right renal pedicle was occluded for 45 min to induce ischemia and then subjected to reperfusion for 6 h (I/R groups). Results On pathological examination, the mean pathological scores of the montelukast and NAC groups were significantly lower than those of the placebo group. (p <0.05). In biochemical examination, significant differences were found in all parameter levels between the placebo group and the montelukast and NAC groups. (p <0.05) When postoperative DMSA renal scintigraphy measurements and renal function levels were compared, significant differences were found between the montelukast and NAC groups and the placebo and sham groups. Conclusion The administration of NAC and montelukast sodium was seen to have a nephroprotective effect against the development of renal damage associated with warm renal ischemia.

Mesenteric cyst is a rare occurrence in children and there are few reports of its association with abdominal tuberculosis (TB). We present the case of a 9-year-old boy with a 4-month history of fever, progressive abdominal pain and swelling, weight loss and no prior immunisation. There was a history of contact with a chronically coughing adult. He had massive ascites at presentation; the ascitic fluid was exudative but negative for TB. Radiological imaging showed left lobar consolidation on chest radiograph and a ring-enhancing hypodense cystic lesion on the jejunal mesentery on abdominal computed tomography scan. A clinical diagnosis of disseminated TB with mesenteric cyst was made. He was commenced on TB treatment with complete resolution of signs and symptoms by the eighth month of therapy. Mesenteric cysts resulting from TB may resolve over time with standard treatment for TB, as in the case of our patient, without the need for surgical intervention.

Egg contamination with microbial pathogens is an enduring worldwide concern. Natural products are frequently recommended as ideal alternatives to substitute synthetic and chemical antimicrobials. Oak galls (Quercus infectoria) are aberrant growths on oak trees that have many medicinal and pharmaceutical applications. Q. infectoria extract (QIE) antimicrobial action was assessed against many microbial species, and used for eggshell decontamination. QIE antimicrobial activity was evidenced against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella Typhimurium and Candida albicans, using different assay methods. Disinfection of eggshell microbial contamination, by immersion in 1% QIE solution, sharply reduced total colony count, yeasts and molds, Enterobacteriaceae. E. coli and S. aureus were completely inhibited after 60min of immersion in QIE. QIE biochemical analysis revealed elevated contents of phenolic and flavonoid compounds. The captured micrographs of S. aureus cells treated with QIE showed strong alterations in cell morphology; cells were entirely lysed and ruptured after 6h of treatment. QIE can be recommended as an effective and natural disinfectant for decontaminating eggshells from pathogenic microorganisms.

La contaminación de huevos con patógenos microbianos es un problema constante en todo el mundo. Con frecuencia se recomiendan diversos productos naturales como alternativas ideales para sustituir a los antimicrobianos sintéticos. Las agallas de roble (Quercus infectoria) son de crecimiento aberrante en los robles y tienen muchas aplicaciones medicinales y farmacéuticas. Se evaluó la acción antimicrobiana del extracto de Quercus infectoria (QIE) contra varias especies microbianas y también este se aplicó para la descontaminación de cáscaras de huevo. La actividad antimicrobiana del extracto de QIE se evidenció en relación con Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium y Candida albicans, utilizando diferentes métodos de ensayo. La inmersión de las cáscaras de huevo en extracto de QIE al 1% logró una fuerte reducción del recuento total de colonias, de levaduras y de mohos, y de miembros de Enterobacteriaceae. La inmersión durante 60 min inhibió completamente el desarrollo de E. coli y S. aureus. El análisis bioquímico del extracto de QIE reveló que este tiene un contenido elevado de compuestos fenólicos y de flavonoides. Se documentó mediante micrografías la presencia de grandes alteraciones en la morfología celular de S. aureus tras la exposición al extracto de QIE: las células se lisaron completamente y se rompieron después de 6h de tratamiento. El extracto de QIE se puede recomendar como un desinfectante eficaz y natural para descontaminar cáscaras de huevos de microorganismos patógenos.

ABSTRACT An in vitro study was carried out to identify the effects of different inclusion levels of postbiotics from Lactobacillus plantarum RG14 on rumen fermentation profiles, gas production kinetics, and microbial population in rumen fluid collected from goats. Postbiotics were added at different levels (0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, and 1.2%) and incubated for 72 h with 200 mg dry matter (DM) of a substrate containing 60% Guinea grass and 40% commercial concentrate. The experiment was conducted in triplicate on different days with four replications per treatment. Rumen fermentation kinetics, pH, organic matter digestibility (OMD), volatile fatty acids (VFA), and microbial populations were investigated. Net gas production and gas production from the immediate soluble fraction (a) increased linearly, and the volume of gas produced from the insoluble fraction (b) and potential gas production (a + b) quadratically increased with the increasing levels of postbiotics. A significant linear increase in OMD was observed for increasing postbiotic levels. Total and individual molarity of ruminal VFA and acetic acid to propionic ratio were also significantly increased by postbiotic inclusion. Populations of total bacteria, cellulolytic bacteria ( Fibrobacter succinogenes , Ruminococcus albus , Ruminococcus flavefaciens ), and total protozoa were significantly increased in the postbiotic treatment. Postbiotics in the ruminal fluid in vitro enhance rumen fermentation and improve digestibility and VFA production without any adverse effects on pH.

ABSTRACT In the present study, we investigated the effects of acidified dried whey and acidified yeast product and their combination on broiler growth characteristics, intestinal microflora and gut morphology. Seven hundred and fifty day-old Ross 308 male broilers were fed one of 10 dietary treatments with 5 replicates in a randomized design. A corn-soybean meal based diet (control group) was supplemented with 3 levels (0.15, 0.30 and 0.45%) of acidified whey powder (AW), acidified yeast product (AY), and acidified whey powder and yeast product (AWY). Acidified yeast product improved ADG and FCR at d 42, but the effects of additives on productive performance were not significant across the entire rearing period. The highest level of AY increased the population of Lactobacillus spp., decreased that of E. coli and did not affect the bacterial total count at d 42. Birds fed 0.45% AY showed higher villus height and better gut morphology compared to control birds. In conclusion, acidified yeast product increased the population of Lactobacillus, inhibited the growth of E. coli and improved gut morphology and structure, but did not affect growth performance and relative organ weight.

ABSTRACT The development of DBA/2J mouse strain embryos is nearly 12 h - or 6 somite pairs - delayed as compared to the outbred NMRI mouse embryos of the same age on gestation days (GD) 8-12. To evaluate inter-strain differences in susceptibility to teratogens, dams were treated with methylnitrosourea (MNU, 5 mg/kg body weight i.p.) on defined gestation days (NMRI: GD 9, 91/2 or 10; DBA/2J: GD 10 or 101/2). Skeletal anomalies produced by MNU on both mouse strains varied with the GD of treatment. The pattern of anomalies produced by MNU on a given GD markedly differed between the two mouse strains, yet they were similar -with a few exceptions- when exposures at equivalent embryonic stages are compared. Findings from this study indicated that strain-dependent differences in the developmental stage of mouse embryos of the same gestational age occur, a possibility that has been often neglected when inter-strain differences in susceptibility to developmental toxicants are interpreted.