The study was designed to compare low and high levels of protein, namely 90 and 147 g/kg of dietary dry matter, and to evaluate the effect of concentrate proportions on the in situ digestion kinetics of neutral detergent fibre in buffaloes and cows fed a low protein diet at maintenance intake level. In the first experiment, heifers and lactating females were offered a high protein diet. In the second, the performances of buffaloes and cows were compared when fed diets with low and high proportions of concentrate at low dietary protein level. At higher protein supply, the heifers showed a 6% unit increase in neutral detergent fibre degradability (NDFD) compared with lactating animals. Similarly, at a higher level of concentrate proportion, an 8% unit increase was observed in NDFD. In both experiments the comparison of buffaloes and cows was non-significant for NDFD. Those data that were pooled against the stage of development of both experiments for protein levels depicted a 13% unit increase in NDFD at high protein level compared with low level. At maintenance intake level, a high dietary crude protein or concentrate supply improved the in situ NDFD of tropical forages in buffaloes and cows, owing to the enhanced intake of NDF from concentrate and better synchronization of protein and energy availability in the rumen.

This study evaluated the effects of replacing corn with wheat on the lactation performance, ruminal fermentation, plasma metabolites and hormonal profiles of multiparous Holstein cows. Thirty-four multiparous cows were divided into two equal groups, based on parity, body condition score, and bodyweight. The basal diet was supplemented with 186 g/kg corn or wheat, and was offered from day -28 (±7) relative to the date of expected calving. After calving, all cows received the same diet for four weeks (day +28). The wheat diets increased (P <0.05) the body condition score in the peri-parturient period and caused greater changes in dry matter intake and bodyweight post-partum, with no differences in energy balance compared with the corn diets. Further, the wheat increased (P <0.05) the concentration of propionate in the rumen, thus reducing the ratio of acetate to propionate, and produced (P <0.05) more milk and milk protein, but had reduced levels of urea nitrogen in the milk and serum. Similarly, the wheat diets increased (P <0.05) the plasma concentrations of albumin and glucose, and reduced (P <0.05) triglycerides with no effect (P >0.10) post partum on insulin, cortisol, ß-hydroxybutyric acid and aspartate aminotransferase. The replacement of corn with wheat increased (P <0.05) plasma calcium and reduced non-esterified fatty acids around calving (day 0±1) and post-partum (days 0 to +28), and reduced urinary pH during the last week relative to the date of expected calving.

Global climate change is evident and poses serious threats to the sustainability of traditional rangeland livestock production systems. This study tested the feeding potential of perennial grasses of Cholistan Desert for various species of ruminants at different physiological stages. Eight common and nutritionally important grass species (Cenchrus ciliaris, Stipagrostis plumose, Panicum antidotale, Cymbopogon jwarancusa, Cenchrus pennisitiformis, Lasiurus scindicus, Ochthochloa compressa and Vetiveria zizanioides) were investigated for in situ degradation parameters according to Nordic feed evaluation system (NorFor) standards. The collected, dried and milled grass samples were incubated for 0, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 48 hours to determine dry matter and crude protein biodegradation and additionally for 96 and 168 hours for neutral detergent fibre degradation in the rumens of lactating Nili-Ravi buffalo and Cholistan Desert cows and heifers (two from each species and from each physiological stage). All of these grass species influenced the dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fibre degradation fractions significantly. The overall effective degradability of dry matter for asymptotic extent of degradation did not differ. However, the potentially degradable but insoluble fraction and rate of degradation were influenced significantly by the species of the animals. All the proximate parametric characteristics of perennial desert grasses were within the nutrient range for typical ruminant diets except for crude protein. It was concluded that rumen availability of grasses was highly influenced by grass species. However, these grasses are equally nutritionally important for various species of ruminants for example buffalo versus cattle at different physiological stages and heifers versus lactating animals.

RESUMO: O uso de herbicidas sintéticos no controle de plantas daninhas representa uma séria ameaça à produção agrícola sustentável no mundo todo. O efeito fitotóxico de diferentes extratos aquosos de plantas (por ex., sorgo, girassol e amora silvestre) sobre as plantas daninhas foi estudado anteriormente; no entanto, seus efeitos combinados em taxas diferentes ainda precisam ser explorados. Neste estudo, misturas de extratos aquosos alelopáticos de sorgo + girassol e sorgo + girassol + amora foram pulverizados cada a 12, 15, 18 e 21 L ha-1 aos 40 e 55 dias após a semeadura em trigo para controle da aveia selvagem (Avena fatua), erva-cabecinha (Phalaris minor), ançarinha-branca (Chenopodium album) e mastruço (Coronopus didymus). Um herbicida sintético Affinity 50 WP (carfentrazona-etílica 0,75% + Isoproturão 50% aplicado a 1000 g i.a., ha-1) e a capina foram mantidos como tratamento de controle. A ordem crescente da dose de extrato aquoso 12-21 L ha-1 mostrou uma redução substancial na densidade total de plantas daninhas e na produção de biomassa seca de plantas daninhas de folhas estreitas e de folhas largas em todas as combinações de tratamento. A mistura de extratos de sorgo + girassol + amora cada um a 18 L ha-1 aos 40+55 DAS resultou em uma diminuição de 87,14% na matéria seca total de plantas daninhas com 19,5% de rendimento de trigo e maiores benefícios líquidos de Rs. 100525 com taxa marginal de retorno de 777,5%. No entanto, a aplicação de extratos aquosos de sorgo + girassol cada um a12 L ha-1 aos 40+55 DAS foi mais econômica que os demais tratamentos em termos de maior taxa marginal de retorno, de 799,82%. Com base neste estudo, pode-se sugerir que o uso de extratos aquosos de plantas com efeito alelopático em mistura pode atuar como uma estratégia potencial de controle de plantas daninhas no trigo.

ABSTRACT: Use of synthetic herbicides to control weeds poses serious threats to sustainable agricultural production around the globe. The phytotoxic effect of different plant water extracts (i.e., sorghum, sunflower and mulberry) against weeds has been previously studied; however, their combined effects at different rates are yet to be explored. In this study, mixtures of allelopathic water extracts of sorghum + sunflower and sorghum + sunflower + mulberry were sprayed each at 12, 15, 18 and 21 L ha-1 at 40 and 55 days after sowing in wheat to control wild oats (Avena fatua), little seed canary grass (Phalaris minor), lamb’s quarters (Chenopodium album) and swine cress (Coronopus didymus). A synthetic herbicide Affinity 50 WP (Carfentrazone-ethyl 0.75% + Isoproturon 50% applied at 1000 g a.i., ha-1) and a weedy check were kept as a control treatment. The increasing order of water extract dose 12-21 L ha-1 showed substantial reduction in total weed density and their dry biomass production of both narrow and broad-leaved weeds in all the treatment combinations. Mixture of sorghum + sunflower + mulberry water extracts each at 18 L ha-1 applied at 40+55 DAS resulted in an 87.14% decrease in total weed dry matter with a 19.5% increase in grain yield of wheat and higher net benefits of Rs. 100525 with 777.5% marginal rate of return. Nonetheless, application of sorghum + sunflower water extracts each at 12 L ha-1 at 40+55 DAS was more economical than the other treatments in terms of higher marginal rate of return of 799.82%. Based on this study, it can be suggested that the use of allelopathic plant water extracts in a mixture may act as a potential weed control strategy in wheat.

RESUMO Para investigar o estado de conservação de parques públicos na cidade de Jeddah, foi realizada uma pesquisa de campo com base na planta daninha Cyperus rotundus e na análise do solo dos parques irrigados com efluentes, em 2012. A cidade foi dividida em cinco locais diferentes (norte, sul, leste, oeste e centro), e cinco parques foram amostrados aleatoriamente a partir de cada local, gerando um número total de 25 parques. A concentração de metais tóxicos foi analisada no solo e na planta, enquanto a contagem bacteriana foi determinada a partir das folhas da planta daninha. Todos os metais tóxicos estudados ultrapassaram significativamente os limites de segurança da União Europeia para amostras de plantas, ao passo que as amostras de solo estavam apenas um pouco além do limite. A concentração mais elevada foi observada para o chumbo (133-232 mg kg 1), seguido do crômio (80-141 mg kg-1). A análise microbiológica da amostra de um grama de folha de C. rotundus demonstrou uma contagem bacteriana máxima de 45.955 ufc g-1, número de coliformes totais de E. coli igual a 34 e número de coliformes fecais igual a 8,65, nos locais sul e leste do Parque Jeddah. Esses locais também produziram a maior concentração de metais tóxicos tanto para as amostras de plantas quanto para as do solo. Em resumo, as plantas daninhas C. rotundus podem servir como um indicador do estado de conservação de parques por meio da análise de metais tóxicos e bactérias que possam infectar os visitantes, especialmente crianças em atividades lúdicas.

ABSTRACT To investigate the health status of public parks in Jeddah city, a field survey was conducted based on the Cyperus rotundus weed and soil analysis of wastewater-irrigated parks during 2012. The city was divided into five different locations (North, South, East, West and Middle) and five parks were randomly sampled from each location; thus, the total number of sampled parks were twenty five. Toxic metals concentration were analyzed in the soil and in the plants while bacterial count was determined from the weed leaves. All studied toxic metals have significantly crossed the European Union safety limits for plant samples, while soil samples were just beyond the limit. The highest concentration was perceived for Lead (133-232 mg kg-1) and was followed by Chromium (80-141 mg kg-1). The microbial analysis of one gram leaf sample of C. rotundus demonstrated a maximum bacterial count of 45,955 cfu g-1, number of total E. coli form 34 and fecal coli form 8.65 at South and East Jeddah locations. These locations have also produced the highest concentration of toxic metals for both plant and soil samples. In crux, C. rotundus weeds may serve as an indicator of parks health by toxic metals and bacterial analysis that may infect the visitors, especially children's playing on it.

RESUMO Bredo (Trianthema portulacastrum) e tiririca (Cyperus rotundus) são duas plantas daninhas do tipo C4 que causam grandes perdas de rendimento na cultura do milho. Foi realizado um experimento de campo com duração de dois anos para estimar a interferência de T. portulacastrum e C. rotundus e avaliar o potencial alelopático dos extratos aquosos no manejo eficaz de plantas daninhas no milho. Cinco extratos aquosos de espécies vegetais em dez combinações binárias foram aplicados nas folhas em um delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com três repetições. As parcelas foram tratadas com o herbicida comercial atrazina, e a testemunha sem capina (controle) foi utilizada para fins de comparação. A maior densidade de ambas as espécies de plantas daninhas foi observada 45 dias após a semeadura (DAS), enquanto a biomassa seca das plantas daninhas foi maior aos 60 DAS. A combinação binária de sorgo-girassol resultou na maior redução de densidade das plantas daninhas, biomassa seca e índice de persistência (88-92% para T. portulacastrum e 65-81% para C. rotundus) em comparação com a testemunha sem capina. Esta combinação de tratamento também registrou um aumento de 125% no índice de resistência da cultura, 84% no índice de área foliar, 41% na taxa de crescimento da cultura aos 60-75 DAS, levando assim, ao aumento de 51% na produção de grãos. A combinação binária de girassol-colza resultou em máximo benefício líquido marginal, enquanto a combinação milho-sorgo permitiu estimar o valor máximo da taxa marginal de retorno. Além do manejo eficaz de plantas daninhas e do maior rendimento, a combinação sorgo-girassol trouxe os melhores benefícios econômicos líquidos entre as diferentes combinações de extratos vegetais, sugerindo, portanto, que a aplicação exógena do extrato de sorgo-girassol pode ser uma ferramenta eficaz no controle destas plantas daninhas em lavouras de milho.

ABSTRACT Horse purslane (Trianthema portulacastrum) and purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) are two noxious C4 weeds of maize crop causing extensive yield losses. A two years field experiment was performed to estimate interference of T. portulacastrum and C. rotundus and to evaluate the role of allelopathic water extracts for effective weed management in maize. Five plant water extracts in ten binary combinations were foliar applied in triplicated randomized complete block design. Plots treated with commercial herbicide atrazine and weedy check (control), were also maintained for comparison. The highest density of both weed species was observed at 45 days after sowing (DAS) while weed dry biomass was higher at 60 DAS. Binary combination of sorghum-sunflower depicted greater suppression for weed density, dry biomass and persistence index (88-92% for T. portulacastrum and 65-81% for C. rotundus) as compared with weedy check. This treatment combination has also recorded an enhancement of 125% in crop resistance index, 84% in leaf area index and 41% in crop growth rate at 60-75 DAS thus, leading to 51% improvement in grain yield. Binary combination of sunflower-brassica returned maximum marginal net benefit, while sorghum-maize combination anticipated the peak value for marginal rate of return. Along with the effective weed management and higher yield, sorghum-sunflower documented the maximum net economic benefits among different plant extract combinations therefore, suggesting that exogenous application of sorghum-sunflower extract can be effectively used for controlling these weeds in maize field.

RESUMO Compreender o período crítico de concorrência entre plantas daninhas é indispensável para o desenvolvimento de um programa eficaz de controle delas nas plantações. Este experimento teve como objetivo avaliar o período crítico de crescimento da Setaria e o nível de perdas de rendimento, associado à demora da capina das plantas daninhas, em um sistema de produção de trigo com irrigação por gotejamento de chuva na Arábia Saudita. O experimento em campo foi conduzido para avaliar o efeito do intervalo de capina das plantas daninhas (07-21, 14-28, 21-35, 28-42 e 35-49 dias após a semeadura) e do estresse hídrico (75 e 50% da capacidade de campo) sobre o crescimento da Setaria, o rendimento do trigo e a eficiência do uso da água. Os cultivos bem irrigados (100% de CC) e submetidos à verificação de plantas daninhas ao longo de toda a estação foram mantidos para comparação. O intervalo de capina das plantas daninhas e o estresse hídrico afetaram, de forma significativa (p ≤0,05), o crescimento e o rendimento da Setaria e do trigo. O estresse hídrico de 75 a 50% de CC causou reduções de 29 a 40% na altura da Setaria, 14 a 27% em sua densidade e 11 a 26% em sua biomassa seca. Todos os intervalos de capina, exceto o de 35 a 49 DAS, suprimiram significativamente o crescimento da Setaria, em comparação à testemunha. O atraso da capina elevou o intervalo de concorrência com plantas daninhas e reduziu o rendimento da produção do trigo e colaboradores do rendimento. Portanto, o menor rendimento (1.836 kg ha-1) foi obtido no intervalo de capina de 35 a 49 DAS em 50% de CC. A eficiência do uso da água e o índice de colheita elevaram-se com a redução dos níveis de CC, porém reduziram com o atraso da capina das plantas daninhas. A análise de correlação previu associação negativa da densidade da Setaria com o rendimento do trigo e colaboradores do rendimento, e a maior associação negativa foi do índice de colheita (-0,913) e eficiência do uso da água (-0,614). O manejo precoce da Setaria é essencial para o sucesso de rendimento do trigo. Se não houver o manejo precoce, as perdas de rendimento podem exceder os limites econômicos.

ABSTRACT Understanding the critical period of weed competition is indispensable in the development of an effective weed management program in field crops. Current experiment was planned to evaluate the critical growth period ofSetaria and level of yield losses associated with delay in weeding in rain-fed drip irrigated wheat production system of Saudi Arabia. Field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of weeding interval (07-21, 14-28, 21-35, 28-42 and 35-49 days after sowing) and drought stress (75% and 50% of field capacity) on Setaria growth, wheat yield and water use efficiency. Season long weedy check and wellwatered (100% FC) plots were also maintained for comparison. Weeding interval and drought stress significantly (p ≤ 0.05) affected the growth and yield of Setaria and wheat. Drought stress from 75% to 50% FC resulted in reductions of 29-40% in Setaria height, 14-27% in Setaria density and 11-26% in Setaria dry biomass. All weeding intervals except 35-49 DAS significantly suppressedSetaria growth as compared with control. Delay in weeding increased weed-crop competition interval and reduced wheat yield and yield contributors. Therefore, the lowest yield of 1836 kg ha-1 was attained for weeding interval of 35-49 DAS at 50% FC. Water use efficiency and harvest index increased with decreasing FC levels but reduced with delay in weeding. Correlation analysis predicted negative association ofSetariadensity with wheat yield and yield contributors and the highest negative association was for harvest index (-0.913) and water use efficiency (-0.614). Early management of Setaria is imperative for successful wheat production otherwise yield losses are beyond economical limits.

As crescentes preocupações sobre toxicidade e desenvolvimento de resistência a herbicidas sintéticos exigiram a busca por abordagens alternativas no manejo de plantas daninhas. Alelopatia obteve apoio e potencial suficientes para o manejo sustentável de plantas daninhas. Extratos aquosos de seis espécies vegetais (girassol, arroz, amora, milho, colza ou couve-nabiça e sorgo) em diferentes combinações, isoladamente ou em mistura com 75% de redução da dose de herbicidas, foram avaliados por dois anos consecutivos em condições de campo. Uma verificação de plantas daninhas e S-metolachlor com atrazina (pré-emergência) e apenas atrazina (pós-emergência) nas doses recomendadas foi incluída para comparação. Dinâmica de plantas daninhas, índices de crescimento do milho e estimativa de rendimento foram realizados seguindo procedimentos padrão. Todas as combinações de extrato vegetal aquoso suprimiram crescimento e biomassa de ervas daninhas. Além disso, o efeito supressor foi mais pronunciado quando extractos de plantas aquosas foram suplementados com doses reduzidas de herbicidas. A combinação de colza ou couve-nabiça-girassol-sorgo suprimiu plantas daninhas em 74 - 80%, 78 - 70%, 65 - 68% durante os dois anos de estudo que foram semelhantes com S-metolachlor juntamente com meia dose de atrazina e uma dose completa apenas de atrazine. A taxa de crescimento da cultura e o acúmulo de matéria seca atingiram valores máximos de 32.68 e 1.502 g m-2 d-1 para a combinação de colza ou couve-nabiça-girassol-sorgo em 60 e 75 dias após a semeadura. Regressão de ajuste de curva para as características de crescimento e produção previu uma forte correlação positiva com o rendimento dos grãos e uma correlação negativa para biomassa seca de plantas daninhas em manejo alelopático de plantas daninhas na cultura de milho.

Growing concerns about toxicity and development of resistance against synthetic herbicides have demanded looking for alternative weed management approaches. Allelopathy has gained sufficient support and potential for sustainable weed management. Aqueous extracts of six plant species (sunflower, rice, mulberry, maize, brassica and sorghum) in different combinations alone or in mixture with 75% reduced dose of herbicides were evaluated for two consecutive years under field conditions. A weedy check and S-metolachlor with atrazine (pre emergence) and atrazine alone (post emergence) at recommended rates was included for comparison. Weed dynamics, maize growth indices and yield estimation were done by following standard procedures. All aqueous plant extract combinations suppressed weed growth and biomass. Moreover, the suppressive effect was more pronounced when aqueous plant extracts were supplemented with reduced doses of herbicides. Brassica-sunflower-sorghum combination suppressed weeds by 74-80, 78-70, 65-68% during both years of study that was similar with S-metolachlor along half dose of atrazine and full dose of atrazine alone. Crop growth rate and dry matter accumulation attained peak values of 32.68 and 1,502 g m-2 d-1 for brassica-sunflower-sorghum combination at 60 and 75 days after sowing. Curve fitting regression for growth and yield traits predicted strong positive correlation to grain yield and negative correlation to weed dry biomass under allelopathic weed management in maize crop.