Abstract Annual fish live exclusively in temporary wetlands and are among the shortest-lived vertebrates in the world. These fish persist in these habitats due to drought-resistant eggs, that which, through diapauses are able to detect stimuli from the environment to start the development processes. They are also able to direct their embryonic development in different trajectories with different development times. Our objective in this paper was to describe the different stages of embryonic development of Austrolebias wolterstorffi, a critically endangered annual fish. A total of 27 stages of embryonic development were identified for the two observed developmental pathways (direct and diapause 2). Of these 27 developmental stages observed, 24 were identical between the two types of trajectories and three different. A total of 90% of the embryos that completed their development proceeded normally, without pauses. One embryo had a different development from the others, entering diapause 2, with a pause in development for 48 h. Although the embryonic development of A. wolterstorffi is similar to that of other Neotropical annual fish species, the diapause 2 occurs when the embryo has a large body size and a well-developed brain, indicating that the lack of embryonic information of the genus Austrolebias may hide characteristics still undescribed or even different survival strategies than what has been observed for other annual fish.

Resumo Os peixes anuais vivem exclusivamente em áreas úmidas temporárias e estão entre os vertebrados de vida mais curta do mundo. Esses peixes persistem nesses habitats devido a ovos resistentes à seca, que, por meio de diapausas, são capazes de detectar estímulos do ambiente para iniciar os processos de desenvolvimento embrionário. Eles também são capazes de direcionar seu desenvolvimento embrionário em diferentes trajetórias com diferentes tempos de desenvolvimento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever os diferentes estágios do desenvolvimento embrionário de Austrolebias wolterstorffi, um peixe anual criticamente ameaçado. Um total de 27 estágios de desenvolvimento embrionário foram identificados para as duas trajetórias de desenvolvimento observadas (direto e diapausa 2). Desses 27 estágios de desenvolvimento observados, 24 eram idênticos entre os dois tipos de trajetórias e três diferentes. Um total de 90% dos embriões que completaram seu desenvolvimento seguiu normalmente, sem pausas. Um embrião teve um desenvolvimento diferente dos demais, entrando na diapausa 2, com pausa no desenvolvimento de 48h. Embora o desenvolvimento embrionário de A. wolterstorffi seja semelhante ao de outras espécies de peixes anuais neotropicais, a diapausa 2 ocorre quando o embrião tem um corpo grande e um cérebro bem desenvolvido, indicando que a falta de informação embrionária do gênero Austrolebias pode escondem características ainda não descritas ou mesmo estratégias de sobrevivência diferentes das observadas para outros peixes anuais.

ABSTRACT The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement, published in 2009, was designed to help systematic reviewers transparently report why the review was done, what the authors did, and what they found. Over the past decade, advances in systematic review methodology and terminology have necessitated an update to the guideline. The PRISMA 2020 statement replaces the 2009 statement and includes new reporting guidance that reflects advances in methods to identify, select, appraise, and synthesise studies. The structure and presentation of the items have been modified to facilitate implementation. In this article, we present the PRISMA 2020 27-item checklist, an expanded checklist that details reporting recommendations for each item, the PRISMA 2020 abstract checklist, and the revised flow diagrams for original and updated reviews.

RESUMO A declaração dos Principais Itens para Relatar Revisões Sistemáticas e Meta-análises (PRISMA), publicada em 2009, foi desenvolvida para ajudar revisores sistemáticos a relatar de forma transparente por que a revisão foi feita, os métodos empregados e o que os autores encontraram. Na última década, os avanços na metodologia e terminologia de revisões sistemáticas exigiram a atualização da diretriz. A declaração PRISMA 2020 substitui a declaração de 2009 e inclui novas orientações para relato que refletem os avanços nos métodos para identificar, selecionar, avaliar e sintetizar estudos. A estrutura e apresentação dos itens foram modificadas para facilitar a implementação. Neste artigo, apresentamos a lista de checagem PRISMA 2020 de 27 itens, uma lista de checagem expandida que detalha as recomendações para relato para cada item, a lista de checagem PRISMA 2020 para resumos e os fluxogramas revisados para novas revisões e para atualização de revisões.

RESUMEN La declaración PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses), publicada en 2009, se diseñó para ayudar a los autores de revisiones sistemáticas a documentar de manera transparente el porqué de la revisión, qué hicieron los autores y qué encontraron. Durante la última década, ha habido muchos avances en la metodología y terminología de las revisiones sistemáticas, lo que ha requerido una actualización de esta guía. La declaración PRISMA 2020 sustituye a la declaración de 2009 e incluye una nueva guía de presentación de las publicaciones que refleja los avances en los métodos para identificar, seleccionar, evaluar y sintetizar estudios. La estructura y la presentación de los ítems ha sido modificada para facilitar su implementación. En este artículo, presentamos la lista de verificación PRISMA 2020 con 27 ítems, y una lista de verificación ampliada que detalla las recomendaciones en la publicación de cada ítem, la lista de verificación del resumen estructurado PRISMA 2020 y el diagrama de flujo revisado para revisiones sistemáticas.

ABSTRACT Product deposition and foliar surface cover are highly impacting factors on the efficiency of foliar fungicides applied to soybean cultivars, due to their low mobility, with side effects on Asian soybean rust (ASR) control. Spray bar support systems, such as the air curtain (Vortex®) and the use of nozzles along the bar (Dropleg®), stand out as an alternative to obtain a better distribution of fungicide throughout the plant. In this study, two spray bar support systems (Vortex® and Dropleg®) were, therefore, evaluated and compared with the conventional spraying method based on the biological efficacy in ASR control. In order to do this, two harvests, with three spacing between rows and two cultivars were employed. Vortex® and Dropleg® spray bar support mechanisms do not effectively contribute to the optimization of Asian soybean rust control or to the grain crop yield, regardless of cultivar and row spacing. Decreasing the row spacing did not influence the level of control of Asian soybean rust, as the highest grain yield was obtained with the smallest spacing. The cultivar with genetic resistance to Asian rust showed lower levels of this disease, thus, greater control against the use of fungicides.

Abstract The present study evaluated the phosphorus removal in a Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR - 2,500L) used to treat the wastewater from an office building in two steps: phase I-Enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) and phase II-co-precipitation using FeCl3 as precipitant. The raw sewage presented a high organic load variation ranging from 0.11 (phase I) to 0.66 (phase II) kgCOD.m-3.d-1. A better phosphorus removal performance was obtained during co-precipitation (from 19.0 to 1.2 mg.L-1 = 93% of efficiency) compared with biological removal (from 15.6 to 9.0 mgL-1 = 42% of efficiency). FISH analyses did not demonstrate a strong PAO inhibition; however, nitrifying and denitrifying organisms (NSO and PAE) showed a significant activity reduction during phase II. Therefore, the bench tests made to obtain the oxygen uptake rate (OUR) revealed a heterotrophic organisms activity significantly lower in phase II (46.8 mgDQOT.L-1) than phase I (211.8 mgDQOT.L-1), indicating metabolic inhibition. The co-precipitation processes enhanced phosphorus removal, bringing the SBR effluent into accord with state law requirements; however, the inhibitory effect of ferric chloride on microorganism activity was highlighted.

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of iron deficiency in pulmonary hypertension, to compare it with other patient populations and to establish its prognostic value. Methods: This was a prospective, observational study. Serum iron parameters were measured in consecutive patients diagnosed with pulmonary hypertension and compared with heart failure patients and healthy controls. A correlation was sought between serum iron levels and functional class, distance walked in the 6-minute walk test and NT-proBNP. Results: A total of 107 patients were included in the study: 60 with pulmonary hypertension, 26 with heart failure and 21 healthy controls. Iron deficiency was 78.3% in patients with pulmonary hypertension, 45.8% in those with heart failure and 23.8% in healthy controls (p<0.001). The prevalence of anemia was 25% in pulmonary hypertension, 26.9% in heart failure and 19% in healthy controls (p<0.8). In patients with functional class I-II, iron deficiency was: 78% in pulmonary hypertension vs. 43.5% in heart failure (p<0.005), and anemia was 17.1% vs. 28%, respectively (p<0.2). A significant correlation was found between serum iron and transferrin saturation with the distance walked in the 6-minute walk test (r: 0.35; p<0.01 and r: 0.34; p<0.01, respectively) and no correlation was found for transferrin and ferritin. Also, no significant correlation was found between iron deficiency and functional class or NT-proBNP. Conclusions: Iron deficiency is highly prevalent in pulmonary hypertension, and superior to that found in heart failure patients and healthy controls. No relationship was established with anemia, which was similar in the three groups. Serum iron is clearly related with the distance walked, but not with functional class, a result which may be attributed to the limited number of patients.

RESUMEN Objetivos: Evaluar la prevalencia del déficit de hierro en hipertensión pulmonar y compararlo con otras poblaciones de pacientes. Establecer su valor pronóstico. Material y métodos: Estudio prospectivo, observacional. Se midieron parámetros de hierro sérico en pacientes consecutivos con diagnóstico de hipertensión pulmonar. Se compararon con pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca y con controles sanos. Se buscó correlación entre los valores séricos de hierro y la clase funcional, la distancia recorrida en TC6M y el NT-proBNP. Resultados: Participaron 107 pacientes: 60 con hipertensión pulmonar, 26 con insuficiencia cardíaca y 21 controles sanos. El déficit de hierro fue del 78,3% en los pacientes con hipertensión pulmonar; del 45,8%, en aquellos que presentaban insuficiencia cardíaca; y del 23,8% (p < 0,001) en los controles sanos. La prevalencia de anemia resultó del 25% en los pacientes con hipertensión pulmonar; del 26,9% en los que padecían insuficiencia cardíaca; y del 19% (p < 0,8) en los controles sanos. En el subgrupo de pacientes en clase funcional I-II, la prevalencia de DFe fue del 78% en los pacientes con hipertensión pulmonar vs. el 43,5% (p < 0,005) en los que tenían insuficiencia cardíaca, y la anemia resultó del 17,1%% vs. el 28%% (p < 0,2). Se halló correlación significativa entre ferremia y saturación de transferrina con distancia caminada en TC6M (r: 0,35; p < 0,01 y r: 0,34; p < 0,01) y no hubo correlación para ferritina y transferrina. No se encontró significancia estadística entre déficit de hierro y clase funcional o NT-proBNP. Conclusiones: El déficit de hierro en la hipertensión arterial es altamente prevalente y superior al observado en la insuficiencia cardíaca y en los sujetos control, y no se establece relación con prevalencia de anemia, la cual fue similar en los tres grupos. El hierro sérico tiene una clara relación con la distancia caminada, no así con clase funcional, lo que, tal vez, obedezca al bajo número de pacientes.

ABSTRACT Maintaining homogeneity in the distribution of fungicidal sprays applied throughout the plant, minimizing the variation between the upper and lower third of the plant, is one of the main challenges for application technologies with regard to soybean crops. To increase the deposition and leaf coverage of sprayed compounds, especially in the middle and lower thirds of the plant, we developed and tested alternative assisted boom sprayer systems. In this study, three assisted boom sprayer systems (Vortex®, Dropleg®, and chain curtain) were evaluated, in addition to the conventional system, in terms of the deposition and coverage of the leaf surface they achieved in the upper, middle, and lower thirds of plants using the fluorescent tracer Helios SC 500™. The assisted boom sprayer systems allowed the sprayed mixture to be better distributed throughout the plant. With the conventional spray system (without assitance), the deposition in the upper third was approximately 26 times higher than that in the lower third, whereas with the use of the assisted boom sprayer systems, the difference in deposition between these thirds was 11 times higher. Among the evaluated systems, the Dropleg® system presented the lowest depositional variation, which was only 5.5 times higher in the upper than in the lower third, because of the increased deposition achieved in the lower third of the plant. Leaf coverage varied from 41% to 81% in the upper third, from 24% to 43% in the middle third, and from 4% to 13% in the lower third of the plant. Using the conventional spray system, the leaf surface coverage was approximately 13 times higher in the upper third than in the lower third of the plant, whereas with the use of the assisted boom sprayer systems, especially the Dropleg® system, this variation was reduced by 73%, and the coverage of the upper and lower thirds only differed by 3.5 times. Indeed, the Dropleg® system reached a leaf coverage of close to 13% in the lower third of the plant. The use of assisted boom sprayer systems improved the distribution of the mixture applied throughout the plant, reducing the differences among the thirds of the plant both in the levels of deposition and coverage of the leaf surfaces. The Dropleg® system increased the deposition and leaf coverage in the lower third of the plant the most, facilitating better distribution of the mixture.

BACKGROUND: Post-qualification regulatory 12-month community service (CS) was implemented in South Africa in 1998. Since the implementation, studies have been conducted in various disciplines to measure the impact on health services and on the affected professionals, but these did not include radiography professionals. AIM: This study explored the expectations and experiences of student radiographers in respect of the CS concept as an integral transitional career pathway from the student radiographer role to that of a provisional practitioner in transit to acquiring registered radiographer practitioner status. RESEARCH METHODS: The research design entailed a qualitative exploratory approach using a longitudinal data collection approach. That is, data collection from the purposefully selected student radiographers' focus group discussions, as well as from placement institutions' qualified professionals and managers, formed the triangulated data sources. In addition, individual interviews were conducted post-placement until data and thematic saturation had been reached. Tesch's (1990) method was used for the data interpretation and analysis RESULTS: The themes that emerged reflected the preparedness of these students to fulfil the requirements, their experiences of their anticipated placement institution, preparedness for their roles and responsibilities and uncertainties about their readiness for the actual encounter. A golden thread throughout was critical self-reflection on their ability, adaptability and capability to meet the requirements of the system, namely the community placement institutions and appeasing the Department of Health. CONCLUSION: The study illustrates, by means of a framework, the student radiographers' journey in transit to acquiring eligibility as registered radiography practitioners in a regulated career pathway.

Abstract: Waterborne polyurethanes (WPUs) are interesting materials for coatings when compared to solvent-based polyurethanes, once that reducing the concentration of volatile organic compounds that are harmful for human health and the environment. However, the WPU has low weathering resistance. In order to improve this behavior among others properties, inorganic fillers has been added in these systems. SiO2 particles from various sources, mainly, from agro-industrial waste, as rice husk has attracted the scientific and technological interest. In this study, the accelerated weathering essay was performed in waterborne polyurethane (WPU)/ silica (from rice husk ash) composites in order to evaluate the thermal and physical changes in these materials. These composites were prepared by two distinct methods: in situ polymerization and blending method. The highest resistance to thermal degradation and to accelerated weathering was reached with WPU/silica composites obtained by blending method due the interactions between SiO2 particles and the polymer matrices. Blending method for preparation WPU/silica composites proved to be a simpler and faster method, with no drawback for large scale application.

Abstract Asian soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi – ASR) is one of the major diseases that occur in soybean and causes great damage to commercial crops. Therefore, the goal of this work was to investigate the relationship between biochemical and photosyntetic parameters in soybean with ASR. Two experiments were performed in a randomized complete block with three treatments (water, Tween 20, and methyl jasmonate). The evaluated traits were: severity, chlorophyll pools, concentration of phenolic compounds content, enzyme activity, and photosyntetic parameters. Based on Pearson correlation, correlation network and path analysis it was verified that the severity had high correlation with almost all traits evaluated meanwhile photosynthesis is weakly related with almost all traits. Therefore, the occurrence of ASR affects directly the traits related to enzymatic activity and phenolic compounds content in soybean plants inoculated with ASR. The management of ASR is important to keep in normal levels the rates of photosynthesis carried out by the plant, and thus not affect the yield. Besides that, understanding the biochemical mechanisms and ecophysiological responses that occur during the soybean-P. pachyrhizi interaction has a great importance for breeding programs, as it will help for obtaining resistant cultivars or efficient methods in fungus control.

ABSTRACT: The aim of the present study is to assess plasma concentrations of metabolites related to energy balance in ewes showing low body condition score (BCS) induced to subclinical hypocalcemia in early postpartum. Sixteen crossbred ewes (Ideal x Corriedale) presenting BCS <3 were divided in two groups: 1) control group (n = 9), which received no treatment, and 2) hypocalcemia group (n = 7), which was subjected to twelve hours of induced subclinical hypocalcemia through intravenous Na2EDTA infusion six hours postpartum. Ionized calcium levels were monitored and kept between 0.62 and 0.87 mmol/L. All ewes were subjected to daily blood sampling for five days in order to set the postpartum metabolic profile. There was no interaction between day and treatment in total and ionized calcium concentrations (P>0.05), whereas the mean concentrations of these marks after five days were lower in the hypocalcemia group (P<0.05). However, neither the mean group were different at glucose, non-esterified fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate and insulin (P>0.05) level. These results evidence that, despite the subclinical hypocalcemia induction at early postpartum, ewes presenting low body condition do not change the concentrations of energy balance-related metabolites in the following five days.

Résumé Cet article présente vise à répondre à la question suivante : Qu’est-ce que les mobilisations sont menées par GHEMAT dans le domaine de l’Histoire de l’enseignement de mathématique pour la conservation de la culture scolaire ? Pour cela montre les différentes interprétations de la culture scolaire à long terme de l’avis de certains auteurs (Chervel, 1988; Julia, 2001; Viñao, 2007). Voici une expérience sur les mobilisations que le Groupe de recherche l’Histoire sur l’enseignement de mathématique au Brésil (GHEMAT a mené à la préservation des documents qui font référence à la culture scolaire, en particulier la mobilisation des cahiers scolaires des étudiants et des enseignants dans la période 1890-1970, et quel outil technologique contribue à conserver les sources qui contribuent aux progrès de la recherche.

Resumo Este artigo tem como objetivo responder a seguinte pergunta: Que mobilizações estão sendo realizadas, pelo GHEMAT, no campo da História da Educação Matemática para a conservação de elementos provenientes de culturas escolares? Para isso são apresentadas as diferentes interpretações da expressão cultura escolar na visão de alguns autores (Chervel, 1988; Julia, 2001; Viñao, 2007). Em seguida é apresentada uma experiência a respeito das mobilizações que o Grupo de Pesquisa de História da Educação Matemática no Brasil (GHEMAT) vem realizando para conservar os documentos que se referem a cultura escolar, principalmente a mobilização dos cadernos escolares de alunos e professores no período de 1890 a 1970, e qual ferramenta tecnológica vem contribuindo para conservar as fontes que contribuem para os avanços nas pesquisas.

Abstract This article aims to answer the following question: What mobilizations are being carried out by GHEMAT in the field of History of Mathematics Education for the conservation of elements from school culture? For this shows the different interpretations of the term school culture in the view of some authors (Chervel, 1988; Julia, 2001; Viñao, 2007). Next is problematized an experience about the mobilizations that the Group of Research in History of Mathematics Education in Brazil (GHEMAT) has been doing to preserve the documents that refer to school culture, especially the mobilization of school notebooks of the students and teachers in the period 1890 to 1970, and which technological tool is helping to preserve the sources that contribute to advances in researches.

Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivo dar respuesta a la siguiente pregunta: ¿qué movilizaciones están siendo realizadas, por GHEMAT en el campo de la Historia de la Educación Matemática para la conservación de elementos provenientes de culturas escolares? Para ello, son presentadas las diferentes interpretaciones del término cultura escolar con base en diferentes autores (Chervel, 1988; Julia, 2001; Viñao, 2007). A continuación, se presenta una experiencia acerca de las acciones que el Grupo de Investigación de la Historia de la Educación Matemática (GHEMAT) en Brasil ha estado realizando para conservar los documentos que hacen referencia a la cultura escolar, en especial las actividades referentes al acopio de los cuadernos escolares de los estudiantes y maestros en el periodo de 1890 a 1970, para lo cual la herramienta tecnológica está ayudando a conservar las fuentes que contribuyen a los avances en las investigaciones.

Objective: To evaluate the association between dietary patterns and mental disorders among pregnant women in southern Brazil. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 712 pregnant women recruited from the Study of Food Intake and Eating Behaviors in Pregnancy (ECCAGe). Food intake assessment was performed using the Food Frequency Questionnaire. Dietary patterns were identified by cluster analysis. The Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders (PRIME-MD) was used to evaluate participants’ mental health. Poisson regression models with robust variance were fitted to estimate prevalence ratios (PR). Results: In the adjusted models, there was a high prevalence of major depressive disorder among women with low fruit intake (43%, PR 1.43, 95%CI 1.04-1.95) and high sweets and sugars intake (91%, PR 1.91, 95%CI 1.19-3.07). Women with a common-Brazilian dietary pattern had higher prevalence of major depressive disorder compared to those with a varied consumption pattern (PR 1.43, 95%CI 1.01-2.02). Low intake of beans was significantly associated with generalized anxiety disorder (PR 1.40, 95%CI 1.01-1.93). Conclusions: Low consumption of fruits and beans and intake of the common-Brazilian dietary pattern during pregnancy were associated with higher prevalence of mental disorders. These results reinforce the importance of an adequate dietary intake to ensure better mental health in pregnancy.

Objective: To distinguish normative fears from problematic fears and phobias. Methods: We investigated 2,512 children and adolescents from a large community school-based study, the High Risk Study for Psychiatric Disorders. Parent reports of 18 fears and psychiatric diagnosis were investigated. We used two analytical approaches: confirmatory factor analysis (CFA)/item response theory (IRT) and nonparametric receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results: According to IRT and ROC analyses, social fears are more likely to indicate problems and phobias than specific fears. Most specific fears were normative when mild; all specific fears indicate problems when pervasive. In addition, the situational fear of toilets and people who look unusual were highly indicative of specific phobia. Among social fears, those not restricted to performance and fear of writing in front of others indicate problems when mild. All social fears indicate problems and are highly indicative of social phobia when pervasive. Conclusion: These preliminary findings provide guidance for clinicians and researchers to determine the boundaries that separate normative fears from problem indicators in children and adolescents, and indicate a differential severity threshold for specific and social fears.

Trypanosomatids are parasites that cause disease in humans, animals, and plants. Most are non-pathogenic and some harbor a symbiotic bacterium. Endosymbiosis is part of the evolutionary process of vital cell functions such as respiration and photosynthesis. Angomonas deanei is an example of a symbiont-containing trypanosomatid. In this paper, we sought to investigate how symbionts influence host cells by characterising and comparing the transcriptomes of the symbiont-containing A. deanei (wild type) and the symbiont-free aposymbiotic strains. The comparison revealed that the presence of the symbiont modulates several differentially expressed genes. Empirical analysis of differential gene expression showed that 216 of the 7625 modulated genes were significantly changed. Finally, gene set enrichment analysis revealed that the largest categories of genes that downregulated in the absence of the symbiont were those involved in oxidation-reduction process, ATP hydrolysis coupled proton transport and glycolysis. In contrast, among the upregulated gene categories were those involved in proteolysis, microtubule-based movement, and cellular metabolic process. Our results provide valuable information for dissecting the mechanism of endosymbiosis in A. deanei.

RESUMO:A espécie Polygonum punctatum Elliott (Polygonaceae) é amplamente utilizada pela população como planta medicinal. O objetivo deste trabalho é o de avaliar o potencial genotóxico e mutagênico de P. punctatum utilizando raízes de bulbos e radículas em sementes germinadas de Allium cepa através do teste in vivo, e realizar comparações da extração do material vegetal por calor (infusões) e extração a frio (extrato). Para isso, foram preparadas dois tipos de soluções, infusões e extratos foliares de P. punctatum, em duas concentrações 0,4 g mL-1 e 2,4 g mL-1. A infusão foi preparada pela adição das folhas secas em água destilada fervente (100ºC), permanecendo por 10 minutos enquanto o extrato foi preparado através da maceração das folhas secas em água destilada fria. Para o teste em A. cepa foram utilizados, para cada tratamento, seis grupos de quatro bulbos e seis caixas gerbox com 50 sementes em cada caixa. Duas lâminas para cada tratamento foram obtidas através da técnica de esmagamento das raízes e coradas com orceína acética 2%. Foram contadas 2000 células por grupo de bulbos e 3000 células por grupo de sementes, observando-se a ocorrência de interrupções em metáfases, alterações cromossômicas estruturais, bem como a inibição ou aumento da divisão celular. Os valores do índice mitótico foram calculados e analisados estatisticamente pelo Teste χ2(p≤0,05). Os resultados demonstraram que as infusões e os extratos de folhas apresentaram redução nos valores de índices mitóticos nas concentrações utilizadas em relação ao controle em água destilada. Foram identificadas alterações cromossômicas na divisão celular, tais como pontes anafásicas, em todas as concentrações de infusões e extratos indicando assim que P. punctatum possui atividade antiproliferativa e genotóxica.

ABSTRACT:The species Polygonum punctatum Elliott (Polygonaceae) is widely used by the Brazilian population as a medicinal plant. The aims of this study are to evaluate the genotoxic and mutagenic potential of P. punctatum, using its root bulbs and rootlets in germinated seeds of Allium cepa by in vivo testing, and to compare the extraction of plant material by heat (infusions) and cold (extract). Thus, two types of solutions - infusions and leaf extracts - of P. punctatum were prepared at the two concentrations of 0.4 g ml-1 and 2.4 g mL- 1. The infusion was prepared by addition of dry leaves in boiling distilled water (100ºC), remaining for 10 minutes, while the extract was prepared by maceration of dried leaves in cold distilled water. For the A. cepa, we used for each treatment six groups of six bulbs and six seedling boxes with 50 seeds each. Two slides for each treatment were obtained by the technique of crushing the roots, and they were stained with 2 % acetic orcein. For the analysis, 2000 cells per group of bulbs and 3000 cells per group of seeds were counted, and we noted the occurrence of interruptions in the metaphase, chromosomal aberrations, as well as inhibited or increased cell division. The values of the mitotic index were calculated and statistically analyzed by the χ2 test (p ≤ 0.05). The results showed that the infusions and extracts of leaves showed reduced values of mitotic indices in the concentrations used compared to the control in distilled water. Chromosomal alterations were identified in the cell division, in all concentrations of infusions and extracts, thus indicating that P. punctatum has an antiproliferative and genotoxic activity.