ABSTRACT: Objective: To identify environmental factors present in areas with high density of road traffic accidents (RTA) in Leon, Nicaragua. Methods: The analysis included all accidents recorded by the Police Department in León City, from January to June 2017. All crashes were georeferenced, and data were collected from the environment elements within a perimeter of 20 meters from the site in which accidents occurred with a pre-tested data collection instrument. We specified a Poisson regression model to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) to determine environmental factors associated with the event incidence. For the identification areas with high, medium, and low occurrences of crashes, kernel density around points in which RTA occurred were estimated. Results: Out of 667 recorded crashes, 90% involved men aged 15-40, and motorcycle accidents represented 60% of injuries or deaths. Environmental factors that were positively associated with RTA included good road conditions (adjusted IRR = 1.36, 95%CI 1.13 - 1.63) and the existence of bicycle lanes (adjusted IRR = 1.64, 95%CI 1.29 - 2.10). Environmental characteristics associated with higher speeds and heavier accidents can increase their incidence. Conclusion: We found that high-foot-traffic commercial or touristic centers are three areas with high density of crashes. Local authorities can use these findings to promote road safety measures in high-incidence areas in León City.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Identificar os fatores ambientais presentes em áreas com alta densidade de acidentes de trânsito rodoviário (ATR) em León, Nicarágua. Métodos: Foram incluídos na análise todos os acidentes registrados pelo Departamento de Polícia da cidade de León de janeiro a junho de 2017. Georreferenciamos todos os acidentes e coletamos dados dos elementos ambientais em um perímetro de 20 metros do local até os acidentes ocorridos por meio de um instrumento de coleta de dados pré-testado. Foi especificado um modelo de regressão de Poisson para estimar as razões das taxas de incidência (TI) e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) para determinar os fatores ambientais associados à incidência do evento. Para identificar áreas com alta, média e baixa ocorrência de acidentes, estimamos a densidade do núcleo em torno dos pontos onde o ATR ocorreu. Resultados: Dos 667 acidentes registrados, 90% envolveram homens com idades entre 15 e 40 anos, e os acidentes de motocicleta representaram 60% dos ferimentos ou mortes. Os fatores ambientais que foram associados positivamente aos ATR incluíram boas condições da estrada (TI ajustada = 1,36; IC95% 1,13 - 1,63) e a existência de ciclovias (TI ajustada = 1,64; IC95% 1,29 - 2,10). Características ambientais associadas a velocidades mais altas e acidentes mais pesados podem aumentar a incidência deles. Conclusão: Constatamos que os centros comerciais ou turísticos com tráfego intenso são três áreas com alta densidade de acidentes. As autoridades locais podem usar essas descobertas para promover medidas de segurança no trânsito em áreas de alta incidência na cidade de León.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To identify environmental factors present in areas with high density of road traffic accidents (RTA) in Leon, Nicaragua. Methods: The analysis included all accidents recorded by the Police Department in León City, from January to June 2017. All crashes were georeferenced, and data were collected from the environment elements within a perimeter of 20 meters from the site in which accidents occurred with a pre-tested data collection instrument. We specified a Poisson regression model to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) to determine environmental factors associated with the event incidence. For the identification areas with high, medium, and low occurrences of crashes, kernel density around points in which RTA occurred were estimated. Results: Out of 667 recorded crashes, 90% involved men aged 15-40, and motorcycle accidents represented 60% of injuries or deaths. Environmental factors that were positively associated with RTA included good road conditions (adjusted IRR = 1.36, 95%CI 1.13 - 1.63) and the existence of bicycle lanes (adjusted IRR = 1.64, 95%CI 1.29 - 2.10). Environmental characteristics associated with higher speeds and heavier accidents can increase their incidence. Conclusion: We found that high-foot-traffic commercial or touristic centers are three areas with high density of crashes. Local authorities can use these findings to promote road safety measures in high-incidence areas in León City.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Identificar os fatores ambientais presentes em áreas com alta densidade de acidentes de trânsito rodoviário (ATR) em León, Nicarágua. Métodos: Foram incluídos na análise todos os acidentes registrados pelo Departamento de Polícia da cidade de León de janeiro a junho de 2017. Georreferenciamos todos os acidentes e coletamos dados dos elementos ambientais em um perímetro de 20 metros do local até os acidentes ocorridos por meio de um instrumento de coleta de dados pré-testado. Foi especificado um modelo de regressão de Poisson para estimar as razões das taxas de incidência (TI) e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) para determinar os fatores ambientais associados à incidência do evento. Para identificar áreas com alta, média e baixa ocorrência de acidentes, estimamos a densidade do núcleo em torno dos pontos onde o ATR ocorreu. Resultados: Dos 667 acidentes registrados, 90% envolveram homens com idades entre 15 e 40 anos, e os acidentes de motocicleta representaram 60% dos ferimentos ou mortes. Os fatores ambientais que foram associados positivamente aos ATR incluíram boas condições da estrada (TI ajustada = 1,36; IC95% 1,13 - 1,63) e a existência de ciclovias (TI ajustada = 1,64; IC95% 1,29 - 2,10). Características ambientais associadas a velocidades mais altas e acidentes mais pesados podem aumentar a incidência deles. Conclusão: Constatamos que os centros comerciais ou turísticos com tráfego intenso são três áreas com alta densidade de acidentes. As autoridades locais podem usar essas descobertas para promover medidas de segurança no trânsito em áreas de alta incidência na cidade de León.

ABSTRACT Objectives: To systematically review the effectiveness and safety of chlorine dioxide solution and chlorine derivatives used in the prevention or treatment of COVID-19. Methods: This review adheres to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) and follows the guidelines provided in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. A librarian developed and executed the search strategy; it was further reviewed by two of the authors and complemented by manual search. Randomized clinical trials, quasi-experimental studies, cohort studies, case-control studies, cross-sectional studies, and case reports were included; in vitro or animal studies were excluded. Abstract and full-text screening according to pre-defined eligibility criteria were performed by two reviewers independently using web application Rayyan QCRI. Disagreements on study selection were resolved by a third reviewer. The systematic review protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020200641). Results: Neither published nor pre-print studies evaluating the use of chlorine dioxide or derivatives on SARS-CoV-2 infection were identified. The only finding was an unpublished observational study registry which has no results released yet. Conclusions: To date, there are no scientific evidence to uphold the use of chlorine dioxide or derivatives as preventive or therapeutic agents against COVID-19.

RESUMEN Objetivos: Realizar una revisión sistemática acerca de la efectividad y seguridad del uso de dióxido de cloro y derivados del cloro, en la prevención o el tratamiento de la COVID-19. Materiales y métodos: Se siguieron las pautas internacionales de elaboración de revisiones sistemáticas de PRISMA y el Manual Cochrane para revisiones sistemáticas de intervenciones. La estrategia de búsqueda la desarrolló un bibliotecario y la revisaron dos de los autores. Se complementó la búsqueda electrónica con una búsqueda manual. Se incluyeron ensayos clínicos aleatorizados, estudios cuasiexperimentales, estudios de cohorte, estudios de casos y controles, estudios de corte transversal y reportes de casos; y se excluyeron estudios in vitro o realizados en animales. Dos revisores, de forma independiente, seleccionaron los estudios según los criterios de elegibilidad definidos, usando el aplicativo web Rayyan, en caso de discordancia se hizo partícipe a un tercer revisor. El protocolo de la revisión sistemática se registró en PROSPERO (CRD42020200641). Resultados: No se identificó ningún estudio publicado ni en proceso de publicación que haya evaluado el uso del dióxido de cloro o derivados del cloro, administrado por vía inhalatoria, oral o parenteral en humanos, como agente preventivo o terapéutico de la COVID-19 o en infecciones por otros coronavirus. Solo se identificó el registro de un único estudio catalogado como observacional que hasta ahora no tiene resultados. Conclusiones: A la fecha, no existe evidencia científica que apoye el uso del dióxido de cloro o derivados del cloro para prevenir o tratar la COVID-19.

Abstract This study aimed to describe the supply and advertising of foods and beverages both inside educational institutions and in their respective local areas in 15 public and private schools in Lima during 2019. Unbiased observations were recorded regarding the types of food available, the presence of octagons, and advertisements used in kiosks and cafeterias. Mobile food vendors were observed at the end of the school day. All schools offered processed products, 73.3% sold food with octagons, and 60% displayed advertising for processed and ultraprocessed foods. Mobile food vendors were observed in 86.7% of schools, several of which were found to sell ultraprocessed products. The results suggest an unhealthy food environment both inside and outside schools, and a noncompliance with current regulations. It is therefore necessary to improve the dissemination and supervision of the food policy, and develop strategies with schools to promote healthy eating.

Resumen El objetivo del estudio fue describir la oferta y la publicidad de alimentos y bebidas en instituciones educativas y entornos escolares de 15 colegios públicos y privados de Lima en 2019. Se realizaron observaciones inopinadas y se registraron los alimentos ofrecidos, la presencia de advertencias publicitarias, octógonos y la publicidad en quioscos y cafeterías. A la hora de salida se observó la venta ambulatoria de alimentos. Todas las escuelas ofrecían productos ultraprocesados, el 73,3% vendía alimentos con octógonos y el 60% tenía publicidad de alimentos procesados y ultraprocesados. En el 86,7% de los colegios había vendedores ambulantes de alimentos, varios de los alimentos eran productos ultraprocesados. Los resultados sugieren un ambiente alimentario no saludable dentro y alrededor de las escuelas, y el incumplimiento de la regulación actual. Resulta necesario mejorar la difusión y supervisión de la política alimentaria, y construir con las escuelas estrategias para promover una alimentación saludable.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the global productivity regarding original articles on maternal near-miss (MNM). Methods We conducted a bibliometric analysis of original articles published from 2008 to November 2019 in the journals indexed in the Scopus database. The averages of the number of articles by author, of the number of authors by article, of the number of citations by article, and the total number of documents with one or more authors were obtained. An analysis of the co-citation of authors and a co-occurrence analysis of the terms included in the titles and abstracts were performed and were presented as network visualization maps. Results A total of 326 original articles were analyzed. There was an increase in the number of articles (p < 0.001; average annual growth rate = 12.54%;). A total of 1,399 authors, an average number of articles per author of 4.29, with an index of authors per document of 0.23, and an index of co-authors per document of 8.16 were identified. A total of 85 countries contributed with original articles on MNM. Among the top ten countries regarding the contribution of articles, five were low and middle-income countries (LMICs). Brazil had the highest volume of production (31.1%;), followed by the US (11.5%;). Terms related to countries and the measurement of the rates and cases of MNM and the associated factors were found in recent years in the analysis of the co-occurrence of terms. Conclusion There was an increase in the production of original articles on MNM, with a significant participation of authors and institutions from LMICs, which reveals a growing interest in the use of MNM indicators to improve the quality of maternal health care.

ABSTRACT Secondary analysis of data on 41,330 children aged one to 11 from the Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES) carried out in 2018. The frequency of brushing and the use of toothpaste were reported according to the level of fluoride (no brushing, adequate, inadequate, did not show/did not use toothpaste, and illegible), according to socioeconomic and geographical variables. The evaluation showed that 7.8% of children did not brush their teeth; there were significant percentage differences (p <0.001) in the use of toothpaste with inadequate fluoride concentration between the extreme categories of the variables: age (12.3%), use of dental services (7.7%), educational level of the person responsible (20.4%), wealth index (17.8%), geographical domain (11.3%), and area of residence (9.1%). A considerable percentage of Peruvian children do not brush their teeth; in addition, a large number of children who brush use toothpastes with a fluoride content that has no preventive effect.

RESUMEN Análisis secundario de los datos de 41 330 niños de uno a 11 años de la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar (ENDES) 2018. Se reportó la frecuencia de cepillado y el uso de pasta dental según el nivel de flúor (no cepillado, adecuado, inadecuado, no mostró/no usa pasta, e ilegible), según variables socioeconómicas y geográficas. Un 7,8% de los niños evaluados no se cepillaba los dientes, se evidenció diferencias porcentuales significativas (p <0,001) en el uso de pasta dental con concentración inadecuada de flúor entre las categorías extremas de las variables edad (12,3%), uso de servicios odontológicos (7,7%), nivel educativo del responsable (20,4%), índice de riqueza (17,8%), dominio geográfico (11,3%) y área de residencia (9,1%). Un porcentaje considerable de niños peruanos no se cepilla los dientes; además, un gran número de niños que se cepillan emplean pastas dentales con contenidos de flúor sin efecto preventivo.

ABSTRACT Objective. To estimate the prevalence and determine the factors associated with the non-utilization of healthcare facilities (NUHCF) among adult Venezuelan migrants in Peru. Materials and Methods. An analytical cross-sectional study of the "Survey of the Venezuelan Population Residing in Peru" 2018. We calculated the proportion of immigrants with NUHCF (immigrants with some symptom or malaise, illness, relapse of chronic illness, accident and discomfort, or other problem such as depression, fear, anger, anxiety, and stress, and who did not consider that it was serious or that they needed to visit a healthcare facility). Raw and adjusted (PRa) prevalence ratios (PR) for presenting NUHCF were estimated using generalized linear models. Results. The study included 2,144 Venezuelan migrants: 57.2% presented NUHCF, reporting reasons such as: not having money (64.5%), lack of health insurance (24.3%), self-medication (12.8%), and not having time (8.4%). Living in Arequipa (PRa: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.57-0.83) or Trujillo (PRa: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.76-0.99), suffering from a chronic disease (PRa: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.71-0.97), and being enrolled in the Seguro Integral de Salud (SIS) insurance (PRa: 0.28; 95% CI: 0.13-0.61) was associated with a lower probability of NUHCF. Belonging to an age group under 60 years was associated with a higher probability of NUHCF. Conclusions. One out of two Venezuelan migrants in Peru presents NUHCF. Having SIS increases the likelihood of Venezuelan migrants in Peruvian territory seeking medical attention. Increasing public health insurance for this population, which is currently low, could increase the utilization of health services.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Estimar la prevalencia y determinar los factores asociados a la no utilización de instituciones prestadoras de servicios de salud (NUIPSS) en inmigrantes adultos venezolanos en Perú. Materiales y métodos. Estudio transversal analítico de la «Encuesta Dirigida a la Población Venezolana que Reside en el País» 2018. Se calculó la proporción de inmigrantes con NUIPSS (inmigrantes con algún síntoma o malestar, enfermedad, recaída de enfermedad crónica, accidente y molestia o problema como depresión, miedo, enojo, ansiedad, estrés y que consideraron que no era tan grave o necesario acudir a una institución prestadora de servicios de salud). Se estimaron razones de prevalencia (RP) crudas y ajustadas (RPa) de presentar NUIPSS usando modelos lineales generalizados. Resultados . Se incluyeron 2144 venezolanos inmigrantes. El 57,2% presentó NUIPSS, reportando motivos como: no contar con dinero (64,5%), carecer de seguro de salud (24,3%), automedicación (12,8%) y no disponer de tiempo (8,4%). Residir en Arequipa (Rpa:0,69; IC95%: 0,57-0,83) o Trujillo (Rpa: 0,87; IC95%: 0,76-0,99), padecer una enfermedad crónica (Rpa: 0,83; IC95%: 0,71-0,97) y estar afiliado al Seguro Integral de Salud (SIS) (Rpa: 0,28; IC95%: 0,13-0,61) se asoció con una menor probabilidad de NUIPSS. Ser de un grupo etario más joven al de 60 a más años se asoció con una mayor probabilidad de NUIPSS. Conclusiones. Uno de cada dos venezolanos inmigrantes en Perú presenta NUIPSS. Contar con SIS incrementa la probabilidad de acudir a atención médica en inmigrantes venezolanos en territorio peruano. Incrementar el aseguramiento público en salud de esta población, que actualmente es bajo, podría incrementar el uso de servicios de salud.

ABSTRACT Objectives. To estimate satisfaction with the healthcare received at facilities of the Ministry of Health (MINSA) of Peru and determine its associated factors in Peruvian adults. Materials and Methods. Analytical cross-sectional study using data from the National Household Survey on Living Conditions and Poverty (ENAHO) 2018. Satisfaction with healthcare received was rated as very bad, bad, good, and very good. The characteristics of the study population were described using weighted frequencies and proportions. To determine the factors associated with satisfaction with the care received, a generalized ordinal logistic model was estimated. Results. The study included a total of 14,206 adults (expanded population: 7,684,602) who reported having been treated at a MINSA healthcare facility. At the national level, 74.3% of users reported satisfaction with the service received as "good or very good". Having a chronic illness, having a native mother tongue, or living in a population with agglomerations of more than 2000 people were associated with lower satisfaction with the care received. Living in the jungle area was associated with a report of greater satisfaction with the care. Conclusions. Three out of four external users rate the care received at MINSA facilities as good or very good. There are population subgroups with less satisfaction with the care received. Improving the satisfaction of these users would improve the quality of care at the facilities of MINSA, the largest health provider in Peru.

RESUMEN Objetivos. Estimar la satisfacción con la atención en salud recibida en los establecimientos del Ministerio de Salud (MINSA) en el Perú y determinar sus factores asociados en adultos peruanos. Materiales y métodos. Estudio analítico de corte transversal empleando datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Hogares sobre Condiciones de Vida y Pobreza (ENAHO) 2018. La satisfacción con la atención en salud recibida fue calificada como: muy mala, mala, buena, y muy buena. Se describieron las características de la población en estudio mediante frecuencias y proporciones ponderadas. Para determinar los factores asociados a la satisfacción con la atención recibida, se estimó un modelo logístico ordinal generalizado. Resultados. Se incluyó un total de 14 206 adultos (población expandida: 7 684 602) que reportaron haber sido atendidos en algún establecimiento de salud del MINSA. A nivel nacional, el 74,3% de usuarios reportó una satisfacción con el servicio recibido como «bueno o muy bueno». Padecer una enfermedad crónica, tener una lengua materna nativa o vivir en aglomeraciones poblacionales mayores a 2000 personas se asoció con una menor satisfacción con la atención recibida. Vivir en la selva se asoció con un reporte de mayor satisfacción con la atención. Conclusiones. Tres de cada cuatro usuarios externos califican como buena o muy buena la atención recibida en establecimientos del MINSA. Existen subgrupos poblacionales con una menor satisfacción de la atención recibida. Incidir en la mejora de la satisfacción de estos usuarios mejoraría la calidad de la atención en el MINSA, el mayor prestador en salud en Perú.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to assess the change in the prevalence of anemia among under-five children attending public health services in Peru between 2012 and 2016, according to their place of residence, and to identify spatial clusters of districts with a high prevalence of anemia. An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out, based on data from the Nutritional State Information System from 2012 and 2016. We calculated the spatial autocorrelation of anemia prevalence at the district level using a global and local Moran's I index. The prevalence of anemia was 34.4% (2012) and 40.3% (2016). In 2012 and 2016, 41.7% and 46.5% of districts, respectively, had a prevalence of anemia considered a severe public health problem acording WHO criteria. Positive spatial autocorrelation was found between the prevalence of anemia and the districts for both years (2012 Moran's I: 0.22; 2016: 0.31, both p <0.001). Of the total number of districts, 8.3% (2012) and 12.6% (2016) presented a high prevalence of anemia and were also surrounded by districts with high prevalence. Anemia is a public health problem among children under five in Peru attending public health services and we identified areas with a higher concentration of anemia prevalence. Spatial patterns of anemia should be considered in the development and implementation of health interventions.

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la prevalencia de anemia en menores de cinco anos atendidos en servidos de salud públicos en Perú entre 2012-2016 e identificar conglomerados espaciales de distritos de alta prevalencia de anemia. Se realizó un estudio analítico de corte transversal, basado en los datos del Sistema de Información dei Estado Nutricional del Perú 2012 y 2016. La autocorrelación espacial de la prevalencia de anemia a nivel distrital se calculó utilizando el índice I de Moran global y local. Se encontro una prevalencia de anemia del 34.4% (2012) y 40.3% (2016), con41.7% (2012) y 46.5% (2016) de distritos con prevalencias de anemia consideradas como grave problema de salud pública según clasificación OMS. Se encontró una autocorrelación espacial positiva entre la prevalencia de anemia y los distritos (Moran's I 2012: 0.22; 2016: 0.31, ambos p <0.001), donde 8.3% (2012) y 12.6% (2016) de distritos con alta prevalencia se encontraban rodeados por distritos con alta prevalencia. La anemia es un problema de salud pública en menores de cinco años en el Perú atendidos en servicios de salud públicos. Existen áreas con mayor concentración de prevalencia de anemia. Los patrones espaciales de anemia deben considerarse en el desarrollo y la implementación de intervenciones de salud.

Objetivo. Estimar la prevalencia y determinar los factores asociados a la no utilización de instituciones prestadoras de servicios de salud (NUIPSS) en inmigrantes adultos venezolanos en Perú. Materiales y métodos. Estudio transversal analítico de la «Encuesta Dirigida a la Población Venezolana que Reside en el País» 2018. Se calculó la proporción de inmigrantes con NUIPSS (inmigrantes con algún síntoma o malestar, enfermedad, recaída de enfermedad crónica, accidente y molestia o problema como depresión, miedo, enojo, ansiedad, estrés y que consideraron que no era tan grave o necesario acudir a una institución prestadora de servicios de salud). Se estimaron razones de prevalencia (RP) crudas y ajustadas (RPa) de presentar NUIPSS usando modelos lineales generalizados. Resultados. Se incluyeron 2144 venezolanos inmigrantes. El 57,2% presentó NUIPSS, reportando motivos como: no contar con dinero (64,5%), carecer de seguro de salud (24,3%), automedicación (12,8%) y no disponer de tiempo (8,4%). Residir en Arequipa (Rpa:0,69; IC95%: 0,57-0,83) o Trujillo (Rpa: 0,87; IC95%: 0,76-0,99), padecer una enfermedad crónica (Rpa: 0,83; IC95%: 0,71-0,97) y estar afiliado al Seguro Integral de Salud (SIS) (Rpa: 0,28; IC95%: 0,13-0,61) se asoció con una menor probabilidad de NUIPSS. Ser de un grupo etario más joven al de 60 a más años se asoció con una mayor probabilidad de NUIPSS. Conclusiones. Uno de cada dos venezolanos inmigrantes en Perú presenta NUIPSS. Contar con SIS incrementa la probabilidad de acudir a atención médica en inmigrantes venezolanos en territorio peruano. Incrementar el aseguramiento público en salud de esta población, que actualmente es bajo, podría incrementar el uso de servicios de salud.

Objective.To estimate the prevalence and determine the factors associated with the non-utilization of healthcare facilities (NUHCF) among adult Venezuelan migrants in Peru. Materials and Methods. An analytical cross-sectional study of the "Survey of the Venezuelan Population Residing in Peru" 2018. We calculated the proportion of immigrants with NUHCF (immigrants with some symptom or malaise, illness, relapse of chronic illness, accident and discomfort, or other problem such as depression, fear, anger, anxiety, and stress, and who did not consider that it was serious or that they needed to visit a healthcare facility). Raw and adjusted (PRa) prevalence ratios (PR) for presenting NUHCF were estimated using generalized linear models. Results. The study included 2,144 Venezuelan migrants: 57.2% presented NUHCF, reporting reasons such as: not having money (64.5%), lack of health insurance (24.3%), self-medication (12.8%), and not having time (8.4%). Living in Arequipa (PRa: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.57-0.83) or Trujillo (PRa: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.76-0.99), suffering from a chronic disease (PRa: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.71-0.97), and being enrolled in the Seguro Integral de Salud (SIS) insurance (PRa: 0.28; 95% CI: 0.13-0.61) was associated with a lower probability of NUHCF. Belonging to an age group under 60 years was associated with a higher probability of NUHCF. Conclusions. One out of two Venezuelan migrants in Peru presents NUHCF. Having SIS increases the likelihood of Venezuelan migrants in Peruvian territory seeking medical attention. Increasing public health insurance for this population, which is currently low, could increase the utilization of health services.

Análisis secundario de los datos de 41 330 niños de uno a 11 años de la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar (ENDES) 2018. Se reportó la frecuencia de cepillado y el uso de pasta dental según el nivel de flúor (no cepillado, adecuado, inadecuado, no mostró/no usa pasta, e ilegible), según variables socioeconómicas y geográficas. Un 7,8% de los niños evaluados no se cepillaba los dientes, se evidenció diferencias porcentuales significativas (p <0,001) en el uso de pasta dental con concentración inadecuada de flúor entre las categorías extremas de las variables edad (12,3%), uso de servicios odontológicos (7,7%), nivel educativo del responsable (20,4%), índice de riqueza (17,8%), dominio geográfico (11,3%) y área de residencia (9,1%). Un porcentaje considerable de niños peruanos no se cepilla los dientes; además, un gran número de niños que se cepillan emplean pastas dentales con contenidos de flúor sin efecto preventivo.

Secondary analysis of data on 41,330 children aged one to 11 from the Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES) carried out in 2018. The frequency of brushing and the use of toothpaste were reported according to the level of fluoride (no brushing, adequate, inadequate, did not show/did not use toothpaste, and illegible), according to socioeconomic and geographical variables. The evaluation showed that 7.8% of children did not brush their teeth; there were significant percentage differences (p <0.001) in the use of toothpaste with inadequate fluoride concentration between the extreme categories of the variables: age (12.3%), use of dental services (7.7%), educational level of the person responsible (20.4%), wealth index (17.8%), geographical domain (11.3%), and area of residence (9.1%). A considerable percentage of Peruvian children do not brush their teeth; in addition, a large number of children who brush use toothpastes with a fluoride content that has no preventive effect.

Objetivos. Estimar la satisfacción con la atención en salud recibida en los establecimientos del Ministerio de Salud (MINSA) en el Perú y determinar sus factores asociados en adultos peruanos. Materiales y métodos. Estudio analítico de corte transversal empleando datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Hogares sobre Condiciones de Vida y Pobreza (ENAHO) 2018. La satisfacción con la atención en salud recibida fue calificada como: muy mala, mala, buena, y muy buena. Se describieron las características de la población en estudio mediante frecuencias y proporciones ponderadas. Para determinar los factores asociados a la satisfacción con la atención recibida, se estimó un modelo logístico ordinal generalizado. Resultados. Se incluyó un total de 14 206 adultos (población expandida: 7 684 602) que reportaron haber sido atendidos en algún establecimiento de salud del MINSA. A nivel nacional, el 74,3% de usuarios reportó una satisfacción con el servicio recibido como «bueno o muy bueno». Padecer una enfermedad crónica, tener una lengua materna nativa o vivir en aglomeraciones poblacionales mayores a 2000 personas se asoció con una menor satisfacción con la atención recibida. Vivir en la selva se asoció con un reporte de mayor satisfacción con la atención. Conclusiones. Tres de cada cuatro usuarios externos califican como buena o muy buena la atención recibida en establecimientos del MINSA. Existen subgrupos poblacionales con una menor satisfacción de la atención recibida. Incidir en la mejora de la satisfacción de estos usuarios mejoraría la calidad de la atención en el MINSA, el mayor prestador en salud en Perú.

Objectives. To estimate satisfaction with the healthcare received at facilities of the Ministry of Health (MINSA) of Peru and determine its associated factors in Peruvian adults. Materials and Methods. Analytical cross-sectional study using data from the National Household Survey on Living Conditions and Poverty (ENAHO) 2018. Satisfaction with healthcare received was rated as very bad, bad, good, and very good. The characteristics of the study population were described using weighted frequencies and proportions. To determine the factors associated with satisfaction with the care received, a generalized ordinal logistic model was estimated. Results. The study included a total of 14,206 adults (expanded population: 7,684,602) who reported having been treated at a MINSA healthcare facility. At the national level, 74.3% of users reported satisfaction with the service received as "good or very good". Having a chronic illness, having a native mother tongue, or living in a population with agglomerations of more than 2000 people were associated with lower satisfaction with the care received. Living in the jungle area was associated with a report of greater satisfaction with the care. Conclusions. Three out of four external users rate the care received at MINSA facilities as good or very good. There are population subgroups with less satisfaction with the care received. Improving the satisfaction of these users would improve the quality of care at the facilities of MINSA, the largest health provider in Peru.

Objetivo: Evaluar e identificar los cambios en la tendencia temporal en mortalidad debida a las enfermedades gastrointestinal causadas por el alcohol y su carga de enfermedad basada en años de vida potencialmente perdidos (AVPP) en Perú. Material y métodos: Un estudio ecológico de los reportes de muerte del Ministerio de Salud del Perú entre 2013 a 2016. Se consideró una enfermedad gastrointestinal asociada al alcohol si la causa final o básica o intermedia de la muerta incluía los códigos CIE 10: K70, K700-4 K709 K292 K852 y K860. Los índices de mortalidad bruta y ajustada a la edad se calcularon para población general mayor de 15 años y por sexo y AVPP. Se realizaron análisis de regresión joinpoint para evaluar las tendencias en mortalidad. Resultados: Hubieron 11 148 muertes por enfermedades gastrointestinal atribuidas al uso de alcohol, siendo más frecuente en hombres (74,89%), en personas de 45 a más años de edad (83,67%), pobladores de área urbana (69,87%), en la región de los Andes (60,0%) y en sujetos con enfermedad hepática (85,98%). La tasa de mortalidad ajustada varió de 6,21 (95% IC 5,78 - 6,63) en 2003 a 3,95 (95% IC 3,67 - 4,22) en el 2016. La tendencia de la mortalidad disminuyó en la población general (APC: -6,17, 95% IC: -9,9 a -2,2, p=0,007) durante el periodo 2008-2016. Las muertes debidas a las causas estudiadas generaron 224 545 años perdidos. Conclusiones: Se encontró una tendencia decreciente en las muertes por enfermedades gastrointestinal atribuidas al alcohol en el periodo 2008-2016. La mortalidad más alta ocurrió en hombres, personas de 45 a más años, procedentes de áreas urbanas y de la región de los Andes.

Objective: To assess and identify changes in the temporal trend in mortality from alcohol-attributable gastrointestinal diseases and their disease burden based on years of life lost (YLL) in Peru. Materials and methods: An ecological study of the death records of the Ministry of Health of Peru was conducted from 2003-2016. A gastrointestinal death attributable to alcohol was considered if the basic, intermediate, or final cause of death included ICD-10 codes: K70, K700-4, K709, K292, K852, and K860. Crude and age-adjusted mortality rates were calculated for the general population aged 15 or older and by sex, and YLL. Joinpoint regression analysis was performed to evaluate trends in mortality. Results: There were 11 148 deaths by alcohol-attributable gastrointestinal diseases, being more frequent in males (74.89%), in adults aged 45 years and above (83.67%), living in urban area (69.87%) and the Andes region (60.0%), and in subjects with liver disease (85.98%). Adjusted mortality rates varied from 6.21 (95% CI: 5.78- 6.63) in 2003 to 3.95 (95% CI: 3.67-4.22) in 2016. The trend of mortality decreased in the general population (APC: -6.17, 95% CI: -9.9 to -2.2, p=0.007) during the period 2008-2016. Deaths from the causes studied generated 224 545 YLL. Conclusions: A declining trend was found in gastrointestinal deaths attributable to alcohol in the period 2008-2016. The highest mortality occurred in males, individuals aged 45 years and above, living in urban areas and the Andes region.