Abstract: Objective: To characterize the sociodemographic profile associated with the probabilities of consumption of nonessential energy-dense foods (ANBADE), taxed since 2014. Materials and methods: We used the National Health and Nutrition Survey (Ensanut) 2012. ANBADE group was identified and probit models were estimated for the probabilities of consumption (PC) and of belonging to the high quintile of consumption after adjusting for total energy intake (PAC), as a function of sociodemographic characteristics. Results: School-aged children have a PAC 10.7 percentage points (pp) higher vs. preschool-aged. Belonging to households with the highest expenditures or education of the head of the household are associated with a PC 3.3 or 3.2 pp higher vs. households with lower expenditures or education of the head, respectively. Living in metropolitan areas is associated with a PAC 5.2 pp higher vs. rural areas. Conclusions: The study identified the sociodemographic conditions associated with the largest PC or PAC of ANBADE, which may be considered in the design and evaluation of food policy.

Resumen: Objetivo: Caracterizar el perfil sociodemográfico que se asocia con las probabilidades de consumo de alimentos no básicos de alta densidad energética (ANBADE), gravados desde 2014. Material y métodos: Se utilizó la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición (Ensanut) 2012. Se identificó el grupo de ANBADE y se estimaron modelos probit sobre las probabilidades de consumo (PC) y de alto consumo después de ajustar por energía total (PAC), en función de características sociodemográficas. Resultados: Los escolares tienen 10.7 puntos porcentuales (pp) más PAC frente a los preescolares. Pertenecer a hogares con el mayor gasto o escolaridad del jefe se asocia con una PC 3.3 y 3.2 pp mayor en comparación con los hogares de menor gasto o escolaridad del jefe, respectivamente. Vivir en localidades metropolitanas se asocia con una PAC 5.2 pp mayor frente a localidades rurales. Conclusiones: El estudio identificó las condiciones sociodemográficas que se asocian con las mayores PC o PAC de ANBADE, que podrán considerarse en el diseño y evaluación de la política alimentaria.

ABSTRACT Mesozooplankton biomass and epipelagic copepod assemblage composition and distribution were studied in the Gerlache Strait from January 17 to 22, 2015, as part of the first Colombian oceanographic expedition to the Antarctic. Mesozooplankton-integrated biomass was generally low (< 5 mg dry weight / m-2) in the outer area of the northern section of the Gerlache Strait (between Crocker Passage and Hughes Bay) although there was a notable increase southward, with the highest value (1.02 g dry weight / m-2) at the entrance of Wilhelmina Bay in the central zone of the Strait. The epipelagic copepod assemblage comprised 17 species belonging to 4 orders and 13 families. The dominant species by number was Oithona similis, followed by O. frigida, Ctenocalanus citer, Drescheriella glacialis, and Calanoides acutus. Aetideus armatus is reported for the first time in the western sector of the Antarctic Peninsula. Differences in the assemblages of copepods between the northern and southern section of the Gerlache Strait were established. Considering the previous results reported about hydrography and phytoplankton composition in Gerlache Strait and our analysis of the copepod assemblage structure, a scenario is suggested in which, at less during January 2015, each section of the Strait exhibited a particular copepod assemblage structure: a northern section was dominated by small-sized copepods while the southern section was dominated by small-sized and large-sized copepods.

RESUMEN Se estudió la biomasa del mesozooplancton y la composición y distribución del ensamblaje de copépodos epipelágicos en el Estrecho de Gerlache entre el 17 y el 22 de enero de 2015, como parte de la primera expedición colombiana a la Antártica. La biomasa integrada del mesozooplancton generalmente fue baja (<5 mg peso seco /m-2) en el área externa de la sección norte del Estrecho de Gerlache (entre el paso Crocker y la bahía Hughes) aunque hubo un notable incremento hacia el sur, con el mayor valor de biomasa (1,02 g peso seco /m-2) en la entrada de la bahía Wilhelmina, área central del estrecho. El ensamblaje de copépodos epipelágicos estuvo conformado por 17 especies, de 4 órdenes y 13 familias. La especie dominante en número fue Oithona similis, seguida por O. frigida, Ctenocalanus citer, Drescheriella glacialis y C. acutus. Se registra por primera vez Aetideus armatus en el sector occidental de la península Antártica. Se establecieron diferencias en los ensamblajes de copépodos entre la sección norte y la sección sur del Estrecho de Gerlache. Considerando los resultados previamente registrados acerca de la hidrografía y la composición del fitoplancton en el Estrecho de Gerlache y el análisis sobre la estructura del ensamblaje de copépodos, se sugiere un escenario en el que, al menos durante enero de 2015, cada sección del estrecho presentó un ensamblaje particular de copépodos: una sección norte que estuvo dominada por copépodos de talla pequeña mientras que la sur estuvo dominada por copépodos de talla pequeña y grande.

Abstract: Objective: To characterize the sociodemographic profile associated with the probabilities of consumption of nonessential energy-dense foods (ANBADE), taxed since 2014. Materials and methods: We used the National Health and Nutrition Survey (Ensanut) 2012. ANBADE group was identified and probit models were estimated for the probabilities of consumption (PC) and of belonging to the high quintile of consumption after adjusting for total energy intake (PAC), as a function of sociodemographic characteristics. Results: School-aged children have a PAC 10.7 percentage points (pp) higher vs. preschool-aged. Belonging to households with the highest expenditures or education of the head of the household are associated with a PC 3.3 or 3.2 pp higher vs. households with lower expenditures or education of the head, respectively. Living in metropolitan areas is associated with a PAC 5.2 pp higher vs. rural areas. Conclusions: The study identified the sociodemographic conditions associated with the largest PC or PAC of ANBADE, which may be considered in the design and evaluation of food policy.

Resumen: Objetivo: Caracterizar el perfil sociodemográfico que se asocia con las probabilidades de consumo de alimentos no básicos de alta densidad energética (ANBADE), gravados desde 2014. Material y métodos: Se utilizó la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición (Ensanut) 2012. Se identificó el grupo de ANBADE y se estimaron modelos probit sobre las probabilidades de consumo (PC) y de alto consumo después de ajustar por energía total (PAC), en función de características sociodemográficas. Resultados: Los escolares tienen 10.7 puntos porcentuales (pp) más PAC frente a los preescolares. Pertenecer a hogares con el mayor gasto o escolaridad del jefe se asocia con una PC 3.3 y 3.2 pp mayor en comparación con los hogares de menor gasto o escolaridad del jefe, respectivamente. Vivir en localidades metropolitanas se asocia con una PAC 5.2 pp mayor frente a localidades rurales. Conclusiones: El estudio identificó las condiciones sociodemográficas que se asocian con las mayores PC o PAC de ANBADE, que podrán considerarse en el diseño y evaluación de la política alimentaria.

ABSTRACT In Brazil, in order to minimize the impact of native forest exploitation for commercial purposes, forest plantations have been implemented mainly with exotic species. The evaluation of these crops as to the environmental impact on attributes that can guarantee their productivity has received more attention in the last years, and in this context, the study of microbiological attributes. This paper assesses the impact of Pinus sp. (pinus) and Araucaria angustifolia (araucária) forest plantations on the microbiological soil attributes and the structure of bacterial communities, which can act as indicators of soil quality. Soil samples have been collected on three areas of the National Forest of Três Barras, in Santa Catarina (SC) state: one area of native forest (F), one area of reforestation with araucária (A) and one area of reforestation with pinus (P). Later on, the soil was chemically and physically characterized and the microbiological analyses were performed, as basal respiration, β-glucosidase and fosfatase enzymatic activity and analysis of bacterial community structure by PCR-DGGE. Low fertility was presented on all three soils collected, highlighting the importance of microorganisms in order to maintain this environment. The β-glucosidase and fosfatase enzymatic activity were higher on the areas F and A, suggesting a higher presence of important microorganisms for nutrients cycling. The analysis of the bacteria community structure resulted in low distinction between the pinus and the araucária areas. This paper presents that based on the microbiological attributes and structure of bacterial communities of soil, in forest plantations of the Atlantic Forest, it is possible to conclude that araucária is the best alternative for reforestation, aiming the maintenance of soil quality.

RESUMO No Brasil, a fim de minimizar o impacto da exploração de espécies arbóreas para fins comerciais em florestas nativas, plantios florestais têm sido implantados, majoritariamente, com espécies exóticas. A avaliação de tais cultivos quanto ao impacto proporcionado ao ambiente em atributos que podem garantir sua produtividade tem recebido maior atenção nos últimos anos, enquadrando-se neste contexto, o estudo de atributos microbiológicos. Deste modo, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os impactos de plantios florestais de Pinus sp. (pinus) e Araucaria angustifolia (araucária) sobre os atributos microbiológicos do solo e a estrutura da comunidade bacteriana, que podem funcionar como indicadores da qualidade do solo. Para tanto, foram coletadas amostras de solo em três áreas na Floresta Nacional de Três Barras (FLONA), Santa Catarina (SC): uma área de floresta nativa (F), uma área de reflorestamento com araucária (A) e outra com pinus (P). Posteriormente, foi realizada a caracterização química e física do solo, além das análises microbiológicas: respiração basal, atividade da enzima β-glucosidase e fosfatase ácida, , e análise da estrutura de comunidades bacterianas PCR-DGGE. Os solos das três áreas de estudo apresentaram baixa fertilidade, destacando a importância dos micro-organismos para a manutenção desses ambientes. A atividade da enzima β-glucosidase e da fosfatase ácida foi maior nas áreas F e A, sugerindo maior presença de micro-organismos importantes para a ciclagem de nutrientes. A análise da estrutura da comunidade bacteriana demonstrou que há uma baixa divergência entre as áreas de pinus e araucária. Pode-se concluir que, com base nos atributos microbiológicos e na estrutura de comunidades bacterianas do solo, em plantios florestais da Mata Atlântica, a araucária destaca-se como melhor alternativa para reflorestamento, visando a manutenção da qualidade do solo.

RESUMEN Objetivo Describir el padecimiento de la malaria en la Comuna 5 de San Andrés de Tumaco-Nariño, Colombia, en cuanto a conocimientos, actitudes, percepciones, y prácticas comunitarias. Materiales y Métodos Estudio de corte transversal, realizado entre enero y mayo de 2014. Se realizó análisis logístico de la encuesta CAP-PP de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS). El modelamiento estadístico se ajustó a través del test del logaritmo de la verosimilitud, el Pseudo R2, el Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) y el Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC). Resultados Las variables que influyen en el padecimiento de la malaria son: tomar medicamentos, examen para malaria y control de vectores mediante rociamiento en casa. Es importante mantener las zanjas limpias alrededor de la vivienda para protegerse contra la enfermedad. Conclusión A pesar de que la población manifiesta tener conocimientos, actitudes, prácticas comunitarias y percepciones, estas no generan protección contra la enfermedad. Variables como la realización de actividades en la familia y el desconocimiento del nombre del mosquito que trasmite la malaria deben ser tenidas en cuenta para la formulación de planes de intervención comunitaria.

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the condition of malaria in the District 5 of San Andres de Tumaco-Nariño-Colombia, with regards to knowledge, attitudes, perceptions, and community practices. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted between January and May 2014. Logistic analysis of the CAP-PP survey of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) was carried out. Statistical modeling was adjusted through the logarithm of likelihood test, the Pseudo R2, the Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) and the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC). Results. The variables that influence the disease of malaria are: taking medicines, malaria tests and vector control by spraying at home. It is important to keep clean ditches around the house in order for people to be protected against the disease. Conclusion Although the population reported having knowledge, attitudes, community practices, and perceptions about the issue, these do not generate protection against the disease. Variables such as carrying out activities in the family and ignorance about the name of the mosquito that transmits malaria must be taken into account for the formulation of community intervention plans.

RESUMEN Objetivo Describir el padecimiento de la malaria en la Comuna 5 de San Andrés de Tumaco-Nariño, Colombia, en cuanto a conocimientos, actitudes, percepciones, y prácticas comunitarias. Materiales y Métodos Estudio de corte transversal, realizado entre enero y mayo de 2014. Se realizó análisis logístico de la encuesta CAP-PP de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS). El modelamiento estadístico se ajustó a través del test del logaritmo de la verosimilitud, el Pseudo R2, el Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) y el Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC). Resultados Las variables que influyen en el padecimiento de la malaria son: tomar medicamentos, examen para malaria y control de vectores mediante rociamiento en casa. Es importante mantener las zanjas limpias alrededor de la vivienda para protegerse contra la enfermedad. Conclusión A pesar de que la población manifiesta tener conocimientos, actitudes, prácticas comunitarias y percepciones, estas no generan protección contra la enfermedad. Variables como la realización de actividades en la familia y el desconocimiento del nombre del mosquito que trasmite la malaria deben ser tenidas en cuenta para la formulación de planes de intervención comunitaria.

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the condition of malaria in the District 5 of San Andres de Tumaco-Nariño-Colombia, with regards to knowledge, attitudes, perceptions, and community practices. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted between January and May 2014. Logistic analysis of the CAP-PP survey of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) was carried out. Statistical modeling was adjusted through the logarithm of likelihood test, the Pseudo R2, the Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) and the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC). Results. The variables that influence the disease of malaria are: taking medicines, malaria tests and vector control by spraying at home. It is important to keep clean ditches around the house in order for people to be protected against the disease. Conclusion Although the population reported having knowledge, attitudes, community practices, and perceptions about the issue, these do not generate protection against the disease. Variables such as carrying out activities in the family and ignorance about the name of the mosquito that transmits malaria must be taken into account for the formulation of community intervention plans.

Resumen: Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de intoxicación por plomo (IPb) al nacimiento en Morelos, analizar su distribución por nivel de marginación y estimar la asociación con el uso de barro vidriado (BV). Material y métodos: Se midió plomo en sangre (PbS) en cordón umbilical de una muestra representativa de 300 nacimientos seleccionados aleatoriamente de aquéllos atendidos por los Servicios de Salud de Morelos e IMSS estatal. Resultados: La prevalencia de IPb al nacimiento (PbS>5µg/dL) fue 14.7% (IC95%: 11.1, 19.3), y 22.2% (IC95%: 14.4, 32.5) en los municipios más marginados. 57.1% (IC95%: 51.3, 62.7) de las madres usaron BV durante el embarazo y la frecuencia de uso se asoció significativamente con PbS. Conclusión: Este es el primer estudio que documenta la proporción de recién nacidos con IPb que están en riesgo de sufrir los consecuentes efectos adversos. Se recomienda monitorear PbS al nacimiento y emprender acciones para reducir esta exposición, especialmente en poblaciones marginadas.

Abstract: Objective: To determine the prevalence of lead (Pb) poisoning at birth in Morelos, analyze its distribution by social marginalization level, and estimate the association with the use of lead glazed ceramics (LGC). Materials and methods: Blood lead level (BLL) in umbilical cord was measured in a representative sample of 300 randomly selected births at the Morelos Health Services and state IMSS. Results: The prevalence of Pb poisoning at birth (BLL> 5μg/dL) was 14.7% (95%CI: 11.1, 19.3) and 22.2% (95%CI: 14.4, 32.5) in the most socially marginalized municipalities. 57.1% (95%CI: 51.3, 62.7) of the mothers used LGC during pregnancy, and the frequency of use was significantly associated with BLL. Conclusion: This is the first study to document the proportion of newborns with Pb poisoning who are at risk of experiencing the related adverse effects. It is recommended to monitor BLL at birth and take action to reduce this exposure, especially in socially marginalized populations.

Abstract: Objective: To determine the prevalence of lead (Pb) poisoning at birth in Morelos, analyze its distribution by social marginalization level, and estimate the association with the use of lead glazed ceramics (LGC). Materials and methods: Blood lead level (BLL) in umbilical cord was measured in a representative sample of 300 randomly selected births at the Morelos Health Services and state IMSS. Results: The prevalence of Pb poisoning at birth (BLL> 5μg/dL) was 14.7% (95%CI: 11.1, 19.3) and 22.2% (95%CI: 14.4, 32.5) in the most socially marginalized municipalities. 57.1% (95%CI: 51.3, 62.7) of the mothers used LGC during pregnancy, and the frequency of use was significantly associated with BLL. Conclusion: This is the first study to document the proportion of newborns with Pb poisoning who are at risk of experiencing the related adverse effects. It is recommended to monitor BLL at birth and take action to reduce this exposure, especially in socially marginalized populations.

Resumen: Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de intoxicación por plomo (IPb) al nacimiento en Morelos, analizar su distribución por nivel de marginación y estimar la asociación con el uso de barro vidriado (BV). Material y métodos: Se midió plomo en sangre (PbS) en cordón umbilical de una muestra representativa de 300 nacimientos seleccionados aleatoriamente de aquéllos atendidos por los Servicios de Salud de Morelos e IMSS estatal. Resultados: La prevalencia de IPb al nacimiento (PbS>5µg/dL) fue 14.7% (IC95%: 11.1, 19.3), y 22.2% (IC95%: 14.4, 32.5) en los municipios más marginados. 57.1% (IC95%: 51.3, 62.7) de las madres usaron BV durante el embarazo y la frecuencia de uso se asoció significativamente con PbS. Conclusión: Este es el primer estudio que documenta la proporción de recién nacidos con IPb que están en riesgo de sufrir los consecuentes efectos adversos. Se recomienda monitorear PbS al nacimiento y emprender acciones para reducir esta exposición, especialmente en poblaciones marginadas.

Gran parte de los cultivos de cacao en el país son viejos y necesitan ser renovados debido a sus bajos rendimientos. Por esta razón se aborda la producción masiva de plántulas injertadas con materiales de alta productividad, que sin embargo presentan problemas en el prendimiento y desarrollo de las yemas. En el Centro de Investigación Nataima-Corpoica (Espinal, Tolima), plántulas de cacao del clon IMC67 tratadas con desbrote apical fueron injertadas con yemas de los clones CCN51 e ICS95. El ensayo siguió un diseño completamente aleatorizado con siete tratamientos, tres de ellos correspondientes a concentraciones de 5, 10 y 15 mg L-1 de ácido giberélico (AG3), y otros tres aplicando 6-bencilaminopurina (6BAP) en las mismas concentraciones, más un testigo sin aplicación de hormonas. Cada 3 días se midieron la altura, el diámetro, la longitud, el número de hojas y el área foliar del injerto, además de su masa fresca y seca al final del experimento, el cual duró 30 días. El AG3 permitió alcanzar los mayores valores en longitud, número de hojas, área foliar y masa fresca y seca del injerto. Para los mismos parámetros, los tratamientos con 6BAP alcanzaron valores similares a los obtenidos con AG3 (con diferencias estadísticas en algunos casos), además de los mayores diámetros del injerto. Dentro de las aplicaciones de AG3, la realizada a una concentración de 10 mg L-1 mostró los mejores resultados en ambos clones. Sin la aplicación de hormonas, las yemas del clon ICS95 desarrollaron una mayor área foliar y alcanzaron mayores valores de masa fresca y seca que las yemas del clon CCN51. Sin embargo, después de aplicar los tratamientos, los dos clones presentaron valores similares.

Most of the cacao plantations of Colombia are certainly old and need to be renewed due to low yield. For this reason, the present work takes on the massive production of high yielding scions, which, notwithstanding, have shown grafting problems, specifically regarding bud initiation and further growth. In Nataima-Corpoica Research Center, located in the municipality of Espinal (Tolima, Colombia), buds of cacao clones CCN51 and ICS95 were grafted onto shoot tip excised seedlings of clone IMC67. The experiment followed a completely randomized design with seven treatments consisting in 5, 10 and 15 mg L-1 solutions of both gibberellic acid (GA3) and 6-benzylaminopurine (6BAP), plus a hormone-free control. Scion height, length, diameter, number of leaves and foliar area were measured every three days. At the end of the experiment, which took a total of 30 days, scion fresh and dry mass were also determined. Regarding scion number of leaves, foliar area and fresh and dry mass, the highest counts were reached due to the GA3 treatments. Besides the highest diameters, the 6BAP treated scions reached close records to those of the materials that received GA3, although sometimes exhibiting statistical differences. Among the GA3 applications, the 10 mg L-1 one showed the best results in both clones. In the control treatment, clone ICS95 developed larger foliar area and fresh and dry mass records than clone CCN51. However, after receiving the hormone treatments, both clones showed similar data.

Objective. To analyze the perceptions and appreciations over smoke-free environments of restaurant and bar managers from four cities in central Mexico. Material and Methods. Managers from 219 restaurants and bars from Mexico City, Colima, Cuernavaca and Toluca were surveyed about smoke-free environments opinions and implementation. Simultaneously, environmental nicotine was monitored. Results. The majority of surveyed managers considered public places should be smoke-free, although more than half were concerned with potential economic loses. Implementation of smoke-free environments was more frequent in Mexico City (85.4%) than in the other cities (15.3% overall), with consequently lower environmental nicotine concentrations. Conclusion. Managers acknowledge the need to create smoke-free environments. Concerns over economic negative effects derived from the prohibition could explain, at least partially, the rejection of this sector towards the implementation of this type of policy.

Objetivo. Analizar las percepciones y apreciaciones sobre espacios libres de humo de tabaco de los responsables de bares y restaurantes en cuatro ciudades del centro de México. Material y métodos. Se encuestó a los administradores de 219 bares y restaurantes de la Ciudad de México, Colima, Cuernavaca y Toluca, acerca de opiniones e implementación de espacios libres de humo. Simultáneamente, se monitorearon concentraciones de nicotina ambiental. Resultados. La mayoría de los encuestados consideró que los espacios públicos deben ser libres de humo, más de la mitad refirió preocupación por pérdidas económicas. La implementación de espacios libres de humo fue más frecuente en la Ciudad de México (85.4%) que en las demás ciudades (15.3% global), lo que se refleja en menores concentraciones de nicotina ambiental. Conclusión. Los administradores reconocen la necesidad de crear espacios libres de humo. La preocupación sobre posibles efectos económicos negativos de la prohibición podría explicar, al menos parcialmente, el rechazo a la implementación de este tipo de políticas.

Objetivo. Analizar las percepciones y apreciaciones sobre espacios libres de humo de tabaco de los responsables de bares y restaurantes en cuatro ciudades del centro de México. Material y métodos. Se encuestó a los administradores de 219 bares y restaurantes de la Ciudad de México, Colima, Cuernavaca y Toluca, acerca de opiniones e implementación de espacios libres de humo. Simultáneamente, se monitorearon concentraciones de nicotina ambiental. Resultados. La mayoría de los encuestados consideró que los espacios públicos deben ser libres de humo, más de la mitad refirió preocupación por pérdidas económicas. La implementación de espacios libres de humo fue más frecuente en la Ciudad de México (85.4%) que en las demás ciudades (15.3% global), lo que se refleja en menores concentraciones de nicotina ambiental. Conclusión. Los administradores reconocen la necesidad de crear espacios libres de humo. La preocupación sobre posibles efectos económicos negativos de la prohibición podría explicar, al menos parcialmente, el rechazo a la implementación de este tipo de políticas.

Objective. To analyze the perceptions and appreciations over smoke-free environments of restaurant and bar managers from four cities in central Mexico. Material and Methods. Managers from 219 restaurants and bars from Mexico City, Colima, Cuernavaca and Toluca were surveyed about smoke-free environments opinions and implementation. Simultaneously, environmental nicotine was monitored. Results. The majority of surveyed managers considered public places should be smoke-free, although more than half were concerned with potential economic loses. Implementation of smoke-free environments was more frequent in Mexico City (85.4%) than in the other cities (15.3% overall), with consequently lower environmental nicotine concentrations. Conclusion. Managers acknowledge the need to create smoke-free environments. Concerns over economic negative effects derived from the prohibition could explain, at least partially, the rejection of this sector towards the implementation of this type of policy.

Given that highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been demonstrated useful to restore immune competence in type-1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1)-infected subjects, we evaluated the specific antibody response to influenza vaccine in a cohort of HIV-1-infected children on HAART so as to analyze the quality of this immune response in patients under antiretroviral therapy. Sixteen HIV-1-infected children and 10 HIV-1 seronegative controls were immunized with a commercially available trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine containing the strains A/H1N1, A/H3N2, and B. Serum hemagglutinin inhibition (HI) antibody titers were determined for the three viral strains at the time of vaccination and 1 month later. Immunization induced a significantly increased humoral response against the three influenza virus strains in controls, and only against A/H3N2 in HIV-1-infected children. The comparison of post-vaccination HI titers between HIV-1+ patients and HIV-1 negative controls showed significantly higher HI titers against the three strains in controls. In addition, post vaccination protective HI titers (defined as equal to or higher than 1:40) against the strains A/H3N2 and B were observed in a lower proportion of HIV-1+ children than in controls, while a similar proportion of individuals from each group achieved protective HI titers against the A/H1N1 strain. The CD4+ T cell count, CD4/CD8 T cells ratio, and serum viral load were not affected by influenza virus vaccination when pre- vs post-vaccination values were compared. These findings suggest that despite the fact that HAART is efficient in controlling HIV-1 replication and in increasing CD4+ T cell count in HIV-1-infected children, restoration of immune competence and response to cognate antigens remain incomplete, indicating that additional therapeutic strategies are required to achieve a full reconstitution of immune functions.