OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the potential anti-inflammatory effects of vitamin D supplementation under uremic conditions, both in vivo and in vitro, and its effects on the parameters of mineral metabolism. METHODS: Thirty-two hemodialysis patients were randomly assigned to receive placebo (N=14) or cholecalciferol (N=18) for six months. Serum levels of calcium, phosphate, total alkaline phosphatase, intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), and vitamin D were measured at baseline and after three and six months. The levels of fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were also measured at baseline and at six months. Human monocytes were used for in vitro experiments and treated with cholecalciferol (150 nM) and uremic serum. Cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and cathelicidin (CAMP) expression were evaluated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate assay, and real time-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, respectively. RESULTS: Both patient groups were clinically and biochemically similar at baseline. After six months, the levels of vitamin D and iPTH were higher and lower, respectively, in the cholecalciferol group than in the placebo group (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between the parameters of mineral metabolism, such as IL-1β and hs-CRP levels, in both groups. Treatment with uremic serum lowered the monocyte viability (p<0.0001) and increased ROS production (p<0.01) and CAMP expression (p<0.05); these effects were counterbalanced by cholecalciferol treatment (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Thus, cholecalciferol supplementation is an efficient strategy to ameliorate hypovitaminosis D in hemodialysis patients, but its beneficial effects on the control of secondary hyperparathyroidism are relatively unclear. Even though cholecalciferol exhibited anti-inflammatory effects in vitro, its short-term supplementation was not effective in improving the inflammatory profile of patients on hemodialysis, as indicated by the IL-1β and hs-CRP levels.

ABSTRACT Background: Anemia during childhood is one of the biggest public health problems worldwide, including Brazil. Insufficient or abnormal production of hemoglobin, loss of iron and excessive destruction of red blood cells are the most common causes of anemia. Among the reasons of anemia, iron deficiency accounts for 50% of anemia cases in developing countries. Affected individuals present a wide range of clinical problems, including delayed neuropsychomotor progression, impaired cellular immunity and reduction of intellectual capacity. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of anemia in children attending public schools in the metropolitan region of Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. Method: A retrospective study was conducted of 409 children aged 8–12 years old included in an extension project of the Universidade Federal do Paraná. The results of complete blood count and hemoglobin electrophoresis of all children were evaluated. Anemia was considered when the hemoglobin levels were <11.5 g/dL. Results: The prevalence of anemia was found to be 2.2% of the population studied, with hypochromic microcytic anemia being the most common type. Seven children had sickle cell trait and one had β-thalassemia. Conclusion: The prevalence of anemia in this study was considered normal according the World Health Organization classification, which is different from the data found in other Brazilian regions.

RESUMO Introdução: A hemofilia A é uma doença hereditária causada pela deficiência do fator VIII, resultante de uma herança genética ligada ao cromossomo X. Durante o tratamento de pacientes com essa doença, pode ocorrer presença de inibidores do fator VIII, os quais são, em sua maioria, anticorpos do tipo imunoglobulina da classe G (IgG), que interferem na ativação do fator VIII. Objetivos: O presente estudo tem como objetivo pesquisar e quantificar a presença de anticorpos contra o fator VIII:C em pacientes com hemofilia A, atendidos no Hemocentro Ceará (HEMOCE). Material e métodos: A pesquisa para detecção do inibidor do fator VIII foi realizada de acordo com a modificação do método de Nijmegen Bethesda original. Foram avaliados 184 pacientes com hemofilia A entre novembro de 2012 e fevereiro de 2015. Resultados: Dos pacientes avaliados, 149 (80,98%) não revelaram presença do inibidor, enquanto em 35 (19,02%) essa presença foi detectada. Entre os portadores dos inibidores, a maioria dos pacientes hemofílicos apresentaram títulos elevados do inibidor (57,2%). Conclusão: A incidência elevada de inibidor do fator VIII na população em estudo pode ser explicada pelo tipo de tratamento utilizado no HEMOCE, o qual se baseia no fator VIII na sua forma recombinante. Os resultados devem ser avaliados com critério para que o tratamento e o acompanhamento desses pacientes sejam realizados da maneira mais segura possível.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Hemophilia A is an inherited disease caused by a deficiency of factor VIII, which results from a genetic inheritance located on the X chromosome. During treatment of patients with this disorder, factor VIII inhibitors may be present, which are primarily antibodies type immunoglobulin G (IgG), and interfere with the activation of factor VIII. Objectives: The present study aims to investigate and quantify the presence of antibodies against factor VIII:C in patients with hemophilia A, treated at the Ceará Hematology Center (HEMOCE). Material and methods: Screening for the inhibitor against factor VIII was performed according to the original Bethesda method or the Nijmegen modified assay. Results: One hundred eighty-four patients with hemophilia A were evaluated, from November 2012 to February 2015. From the patients evaluated, 149 (80.98%) showed no inhibitor presence, while in 35 patients (19.02%) the presence of the inhibitor was detected. Among inhibitor carriers, most hemophilia patients had high titers of the inhibitor (57.2%). Conclusion: The high incidence of factor VIII inhibitor in the study population can be explained by the type of treatment used at HEMOCE, which is based on the factor VIII in its recombinant form. The results should be evaluated carefully, so that the treatment and monitoring of these patients are conducted in the safest way possible.

Resumo Objetivo Determinar parâmetros de estresse oxidativo em eritrócitos de crianças com doença falciforme e compará-los com os mesmos parâmetros em eritrócitos de crianças saudáveis, pois o estresse oxidativo desempenha um importante papel na fisiopatologia da doença falciforme, considerada um sério problema de saúde pública em muitos países. Métodos Foram obtidas amostras de sangue de 45 crianças com doença falciforme (21 meninos e 24 meninas com média de 9 anos, variação de 3 a 13) e 280 amostras de sangue de crianças sem hemoglobinopatias (137 meninos e 143 meninas com média de 10 anos, variação de 8 a 11), como grupo controle. Em todas as amostras foram determinados meta-hemoglobina, glutationa reduzida, substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico, porcentagem de hemólise, espécies reativas de oxigênio e atividade das enzimas glucose6-fosfato desidrogenase, superóxido dismutase e catalase. Os dados foram analisados com o teste t de Student e foram expressos como média ± desvio padrão. Um valor de p < 0,05 foi considerado significativo. Resultados Foram observadas diferenças significativas entre as crianças com doença falciforme e o grupo controle para os parâmetros meta-hemoglobina, substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico, porcentagem de hemólise, espécies reativas de oxigênio e atividade da enzima glucose6-fosfato desidrogenase, com níveis aumentados nos pacientes. Conclusões Foi possível determinar parâmetros de estresse oxidativo em eritrócitos de crianças, com técnicas laboratoriais simples e pequenos volumes de sangue. Esses biomarcadores podem ser úteis na avaliação da progressão e dos resultados de tratamentos da doença.

Abstract Objective To determine eight parameters of oxidative stress markers in erythrocytes from children with sickle cell disease and compare with the same parameters in erythrocytes from healthy children, since oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathophysiology of sickle cell disease and because this disease is a serious public health problem in many countries. Methods Blood samples were obtained from 45 children with sickle cell disease (21 males and 24 females with a mean age of 9 years; range: 3–13 years) and 280 blood samples were obtained from children without hemoglobinopathies (137 males and 143 females with a mean age of 10 years; range: 8–11 years), as a control group. All blood samples were analyzed for methemoglobin, reduced glutathione, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, percentage of hemolysis, reactive oxygen species, and activity of the enzymes glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase. Data were analyzed using Student's t-test and were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. A p-value of <0.05 was considered significant. Results Significant differences were observed between children with sickle cell disease and the control group for the parameters methemoglobin, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, hemolysis, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, and reactive oxygen species, with higher levels in the patients than in the controls. Conclusions Oxidative stress parameters in children's erythrocytes were determined using simple laboratory methods with small volumes of blood; these biomarkers can be useful to evaluate disease progression and outcomes in patients.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effects of quercetin, rutin, hesperidin and myricetin against reactive oxygen species production with the oxidizing action of tert-butylhydroperoxide in erythrocytes from normal subjects and sickle cell anemia carriers treated with hydroxyurea. METHODS: Detection of intracellular reactive oxygen species was carried out using a liposoluble probe, 2',7'-dichlorfluorescein-diacetate (DCFH-DA). A 10% erythrocyte suspension was incubated with flavonoids (quercetin, rutin, hesperidin or myricetin; 30, 50, and 100 µmol/L), and then incubated withtert-butylhydroperoxide (75 µmol/L). Untreated samples were used as controls. RESULTS: Red blood cell exposure to tert-butylhydroperoxide resulted in significant increases in the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species compared to basal levels. Reactive oxygen species production was significantly inhibited when red blood cells were pre-incubated with flavonoids, both in normal individuals and in patients with sickle cell anemia. Quercetin and rutin had the highest antioxidant activity, followed by myricetin and hesperidin. CONCLUSION: Flavonoids, in particular quercetin and rutin, showed better antioxidant effects against damage caused by excess reactive oxygen species characteristic of sickle cell anemia. Results obtained with patients under treatment with hydroxyurea suggest an additional protective effect when associated with the use of flavonoids.

A doença falciforme promove anemia hemolítica e oclusão dos pequenos vasos, causados pela presença de altas concentrações de hemoglobina S, cujas consequências incluem a produção aumentada de espécies reativas de oxigênio e diminuição da capacidade de defesa antioxidante. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a ação protetora de um extrato padronizado de Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761), selecionado devido ao seu alto conteúdo de flavonóides e terpenóides, em eritrócitos de pacientes com anemia falciforme (HbSS, eritrócitos SS) submetidos ao estresse oxidativo usando terc-butil-hidroperóxido e 2,2-azobis-(amidinopropano)-diidrocloreto, in vitro. Índices de hemólise, glutationa reduzida, concentração de metemoglobina, peroxidação lipídica e espécies reativas de oxigênio foram determinados. Eritrócitos de pacientes com anemia falciforme apresentaram taxas aumentadas de oxidação da hemoglobina e peroxidação lipídica e a concentração de EGb 761 necessária para atingir o mesmo efeito antioxidante foi pelo menos duas vezes maior em relação aos eritrócitos normais (HbAA, eritrócitos AA), inibindo a formação de espécies reativas de oxigênio (IC50 de 13.6 µg/mL), prevenindo parcialmente a peroxidação lipídica (IC50 de 242.5 µg/mL) e prevenindo a hemólise (IC50 de 10.5 µg/mL). Portanto, EGb 761 possui um efeito benéfico no estado oxidativo dos eritrócitos SS. Entretanto, o EGb 761 não preveniu a oxidação da hemoglobina e da glutationa reduzida, nas concentrações examinadas.

Sickle cell disease promotes hemolytic anemia and occlusion of small blood vessels due to the presence of high concentrations of hemoglobin S, resulting in increased production of reactive oxygen species and decreased antioxidant defense capacity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective action of a standardized extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761), selected due to its high content of flavonoids and terpenoids, in erythrocytes of patients with sickle cell anemia (HbSS, SS erythrocytes) subjected to oxidative stress using tert-butylhydroperoxide or 2,2-azobis-(amidinepropane)-dihydrochloride, in vitro. Hemolysis indexes, reduced glutathione, methemoglobin concentrations, lipid peroxidation, and intracellular reactive oxygen species were determined. SS erythrocytes displayed increased rates of oxidation of hemoglobin and membrane lipid peroxidation compared to normal erythrocytes (HbAA, AA erythrocytes), and the concentration of EGb 761 necessary to achieve the same antioxidant effect in SS erythrocytes was at least two times higher than in normal ones, inhibiting the formation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (IC50 of 13.6 µg/mL), partially preventing lipid peroxidation (IC50 of 242.5 µg/mL) and preventing hemolysis (IC50 of 10.5 µg/mL). Thus, EGb 761 has a beneficial effect on the oxidative status of SS erythrocytes. Moreover, EGb 761 failed to prevent oxidation of hemoglobin and reduced glutathione at the concentrations examined.

INTRODUÇÃO: O tempo de protrombina (TP) é o teste de escolha para monitorar o nível de anticoagulação em pacientes que fazem uso de anticoagulantes orais. Nestes, atualmente, a anticoagulação é monitorada pelo valor da relação normatizada internacional (RNI). OBJETIVO: A finalidade deste trabalho foi determinar se um pool de plasma caseiro, com cinco (P5) e 20 (P20) amostras, pode ser usado como controle normal do TP e se o uso deste pool interfere no resultado da RNI. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Foram 32 dias de experimentos. Os dois pools de plasma caseiro foram analisados em relação a um controle normal de plasma comercial (PC). Para cada dia de experimento, fez-se o TP de P5, P20 e PC e também se determinou o valor de RNI para P5, P20 e PC em pacientes que fazem uso de anticoagulante oral. As ferramentas estatísticas utilizadas foram média (X), análise de variância e teste de Tukey. RESULTADOS: A análise estatística demonstrou que os valores do TP e da RNI não são significativamente diferentes para PC, P5 e P20. CONCLUSÃO: O pool de plasma caseiro pode ser utilizado como controle normal do TP e o seu uso não interfere no valor da RNI.

INTRODUCTION: The prothrombin time (PT) test is commonly used to monitor anticoagulant levels in patients undergoing oral anticoagulant therapy. Currently, anticoagulation levels have been assessed through the international normalized ratio (INR) value. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine if in-house preparations of polled plasma, containing five (P5) and 20 (P20) samples, respectively, may be used as normal control of PT and to assess its interference in INR values. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The experiment was performed in 32 days. Both polled plasma preparations were analyzed in comparison with a commercial control (PC). PT was performed for PC, P5 and P20 daily and the INR value for PC, P5 and P20 was assessed in patients undergoing oral anticoagulant therapy. The applied statistical tools were mean value (X), analysis of variance and Tukey test. RESULTS: There were no statiscally significant differences in PT and INR for PC, P5 and P20. CONCLUSION: In-house polled plasma (P5 and P20) may be applied as normal control of PT and it does not interfere in the INR value.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this work was to establish reference values for methemoglobin levels in 6 to 10-year-old children. METHODS: Methemoglobin concentrations were studied in clinically healthy children. The method for methemoglobin measurement used, neither uses highly toxic chemical compounds nor expensive enzymatic methods, thus it is feasible in the laboratory routine. RESULTS: The results showed higher reference values for clinically healthy children (from 3.61 to 6.44%) than for adults (from 1.9 to 3.8%). CONCLUSIONS: The higher concentrations of methemoglobin in children may be explained by smaller amounts of soluble cofactor cytochrome b5 and reduced activity of the cytochrome b5 reductase enzyme in red blood cells which make children particularly susceptible to the development of methemoglobinemia. Methemoglobin concentrations in children are higher than in normal adult subjects thus, adult reference values cannot be used to interpret infant methemoglobinemia.

Os analisadores de hematologia oferecem vários parâmetros que podem ser obtidos de diversas maneiras, de conformidade com o modelo ou a marca dos mesmos. No presente trabalho são estudadas dois equipamentos automatizados, analisadores Coulter STKS e Sysmex XE-2100D, e são avaliados de maneira comparativa os parâmetros do eritrograma em 383 pessoas escolhidas ao acaso, no Hospital de Clínicas, da Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brasil. Todos os parâmetros estudados, exceto a CHCM, apresentaram um bom coeficiente de correlação entre os dois equipamentos. Os parâmetros hematócrito (HCT), volume corpuscular médio (VCM), hemoglobina corpuscular média (HCM) e concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média (CHCM) apresentaram menos de 4% de erro entre os valores médios, entretanto, com significação estatística (ANOVA). O VCM e o CHCM apresentaram alto grau de imprecisão (1-R²), que poderia ser explicado pelas diferentes formas em que HCT e VCM são obtidas pelos equipamentos. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho destacam o fato de que é necessário o conhecimento das metodologias nos dispositivos automáticos para a obtenção dos parâmetros do eritrograma, por parte dos profissionais que trabalham na área de hematologia.

Hematology analyzers provide several parameters that can be obtained in a distinct way, in accordance with the model or brand name. In the present work, two automated hematology equipment Coulter STKS and Sysmex XE-2100D analyzers are studied, evaluating, in a comparative way, the erythrogram parame- of 383 individuals, chosen randomly at the Hospital de Clinicas of the Universidade Federal do Paraná. All the studied parameters, except the HCMC, had presented a good correlation coefficient for the equipments. The HCT, MCV, MCH and HCMC parameters presented less than 4% error between the average values, although, with statistical significance (ANOVA). MCV and HCMC presented a high degree of imprecision (1-R²) that could be explained by the different ways HCT and MCH are obtained through the equipments. The results obtained in this work underline the fact that knowledge of the methodologies in the automated devices is necessary for attaining the erythrogram parameters by professionals who work in the area of hematology.

Los analizadores de hematología ofrecen varios parámetros que se pueden obtener de maneras distintas, en conformidad con el modelo o la marca de los mismos. En el presente trabajo se estudian dos equipos automatizados, analizadores Coulter STKS y Sysmex XE-2100D, y se evalúan de manera comparativa los parámetros del eritrograma en 383 personas elegidas al azar, en el Hospital de Clínicas, de la Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brasil. Todos los parámetros estudiados, excepto la CHCM, presentaron un buen coeficiente de correlación entre los dos equipos. Los parámetros hematocrito (HCT), volumen corpuscular medio (VCM), hemoglobina corpuscular media (HCM) y concentración de hemoglobina corpuscular media (CHCM) presentaron menos de 4% de error entre los valores promedio, sin embargo, con significación estadística (ANOVA). El VCM y el CHCM presentaron alto grado de imprecisión (1-R²), que podría explicarse por las diferentes formas que HCT y VCM son obtenidos por los equipos. Los resultados obtenidos en este trabajo destacan la necesidad del conocimiento de las metodologías en los dispositivos automáticos para la obtención de los parámetros del eritrograma, por parte de los profesionales que trabajan en el área de hematología.

INTRODUÇÃO: A utilização correta de um plasma-controle para a comparação com o plasma do paciente nos testes de coagulação é fundamental para a garantia de um resultado seguro dessas provas laboratoriais. OBJETIVO: O presente estudo analisou a viabilidade do uso de um pool de plasma caseiro, realizado com cinco (P5) e 20 (P20) amostras a partir de pacientes normais, para ser utilizado como controle normal do tempo de tromboplastina parcial (TTP). MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Os dois pools de plasma caseiro foram analisados em relação a um controle normal comercial (AP). Foram 10 dias de experimento e a cada dia os dois pools caseiro eram feitos. Para cada dia foi feito o TTP de P5, P20 e AP. Todos os pacientes com solicitação de TTP, em cada dia do experimento, tiveram a relação de tempos (R) determinada frente a P5, P20 e AP. As ferramentas estatísticas utilizadas foram média (X), análise de variância e teste de Tukey. RESULTADOS: A análise estatística demonstrou que os valores de TTP são significativamente diferentes entre AP e P5 e entre AP e P20, mas não há diferença significativa entre P5 e P20. Quando a relação de tempos foi analisada, não houve diferença significativa entre AP, P5 e P20. CONCLUSÃO: O estudo demonstrou que pode ser utilizado como controle normal um pool de plasma caseiro, feito a partir de cinco ou 20 amostras.

INTRODUCTION: Proper utilization of plasma control for comparison with the plasma of patients with coagulation tests is critical to ensure a safe outcome of these laboratory tests. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this work was to know if in-house preparations of polled plasma can be used as a normal control of partial thromboplastin time (PTT). MATERIAL AND METHOD: We make two polled plasma, one with five (P5) samples and another with 20 (P20) samples, both of them from normal patients. Both pooled plasma were analyzed in comparison with a commercial lyophilized control (AP). The experiment was performed in 10 days, and P5 and P20 were made daily. At each day PTT was performed for P5, P20 and AP. All patients who asked for TTP, in each day of this experience, got a time relation (R) determined by a P5, P20 e AP. Tukey test was used as statistical analysis. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were detected among the PTT for AP and P5, AP and P20, but no difference between P5 and P20 was observed. When the time relations were tested, there were no significant difference, among AP, P5, and P20. CONCLUSION: We found that in-house preparations of polled plasma (P5 and P20) can be used as a normal control of PTT.