Distributed generation (DG) in radial distribution systems helps improving energy efficiency by reducing technical losses, which enhances power quality, improves reliability, decreases network congestion, and provides other benefits. Although DG must be useful in distribution systems with commercial losses, better relationships and solutions are necessary, especially those that include renewable sources. In this research, we used photovoltaic panels, wind turbines, and capacitors to evaluate the effects of compensating real and reactive power in distribution systems with a high percentage of commercial losses. As the search for the best place to compensate the network necessitates considering a combination of real power, reactive power, and nodes, we considered finding solutions using three metaheuristic algorithms: a genetic algorithm (GA), a particle swarm optimization (PSO), and a bat-inspired algorithm (BA). The main results showed that locating and sizing renewable-energy sources and capacitors, according to commercial losses, help reducing technical losses and power generation costs. Wind turbines reduced technical losses further because they had both the lowest investment costs and a large amount of available resources compared with the results obtained with photovoltaic panels, which showed only some technical loss reduction and a small increase in costs. The hybrid system also showed a good reduction, especially when fewer photovoltaic panels were used.

El uso de la Generación Distribuida (GD) en sistemas de distribución radial ayuda a mejorar la eficiencia energética mediante la reducción de pérdidas técnicas, lo que mejora la calidad de la energía eléctrica, mejora la confiabilidad, reduce la congestión de la red y proporciona otros beneficios. Aunque la GD puede ser usada en sistemas de distribución con pérdidas comerciales, se necesitan mejores relaciones y soluciones, especialmente aquellas que incluyan recursos renovables. En esta investigación, hemos usado paneles solares, turbinas eólicas y capacitores para evaluar los efectos de la compensación de potencia activa y reactiva en sistemas de distribución con altos porcentajes de pérdidas comerciales. Debido a que la búsqueda de las mejores ubicaciones para compensar la red necesita considerar combinaciones de potencia activa, potencia reactiva y nodos de ubicación, consideramos tres algoritmos metaheurísticos: algoritmo genético (GA), enjambre de partículas (PSO) y algoritmo basado en murciélagos (BA). Los resultados principales muestran que la localización y dimensionamiento de los recursos de energía renovables y capacitores, considerando pérdidas comerciales, ayudan a reducir las pérdidas técnicas y los costos de generación. Las turbinas eólicas redujeron las pérdidas técnicas porque tenían bajos costos de inversión y una gran cantidad de recursos disponibles en comparación con los resultados obtenidos con los paneles solares, los que mostraron solo alguna reducción de pérdidas técnicas y un pequeño aumento en los costos. El sistema híbrido también mostró una buena reducción de las pérdidas, especialmente cuando se utilizaron menos paneles solares.

Objetivo: Identificar como centros de hematologia brasileiros trataram e diagnosticaram os casos de leucemia mieloide aguda no ano de 2009. Métodos: Estudo epidemiológico, observacional, multicêntrico de 11 centros brasileiros cadastrados para tratamento de leucemia mieloide aguda e transplante de medula óssea. Os dados foram coletados a partir de prontuários de pacientes com leucemia mieloide aguda tratados nos centros citados entre os anos de 2005 e 2009. Foi avaliada a disponibilidade para realização de exames de imunofenotipagem e citogenética nos centros estudados. Resultados: Foram diagnosticados 345 casos novos de leucemia mieloide aguda no ano de 2009. Observaram-se diferenças na realização de exames entre pacientes que iniciaram o tratamento no centro em relação àqueles referenciados para tratamento. Dos centros participantes, 72% realizaram algum tipo de pesquisa molecular em leucemia mieloide aguda ao diagnóstico. Conclusão: O tratamento da leucemia mieloide aguda no Brasil apresenta resultados muito inferiores quando comparado a outros centros mundiais.

Objective: To identify how the Brazilian hematology centers treated and diagnosed cases of acute myeloid leukemia in 2009. Methods: An epidemiological observational multicenter study of 11 listed Brazilian centers that treat acute myeloid leukemia and perform bone marrow transplantation. Data were collected from clinical charts of patients with acute myeloid leukemia treated at the said centers between 2005 and 2009. The availability for immunophenotyping and cytogenetic tests was assessed. Results: During 2009, a total of 345 new cases of acute myeloid leukemia were diagnosed. Differences were noted in the tests performed between patients who initiated treatment at the center and those referred for treatment. Of the participating centers, 72% conducted some type of molecular study in acute myeloid leukemia upon diagnosis. Conclusion: Treatment for acute myeloid leukemia in Brazil shows significantly inferior results when compared to other centers worldwide.

Objetivo: Identificar a incidência de aloimunização em pacientes com doença falciforme, a incidência de autoanticorpos e o perfil fenotípico dos pacientes para os seguintes grupos de antígenos eritrocitários: Rh, Kell, Kidd, Duffy e MNS. Métodos: Foram avaliados 57 pacientes em acompanhamento no Ambulatório de Anemias da Irmandade da Santa Casa de São Paulo, sendo realizada a pesquisa de anticorpos irregulares e a fenotipagem eritrocitária. Resultados: A mediana de idade foi de 25 anos, sendo que 22,6% dos pacientes apresentavam anticorpos irregulares. O anticorpo anti-Kell foi o mais frequente (7,5%), seguido de anti-C (5,7%). Conclusão: Foi determinada a prevalência de aloimunização e de pacientes com autoanticorpos em indivíduos com anemia falciforme seguidos no Ambulatório de Anemias da Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São de Paulo. O risco de aloimunização foi maior em pacientes que receberam mais do que 3 unidades de hemácias nos últimos 2 anos. Os aloanticorpos mais prevalentes foram anti-Kell e anti-C.

Objective: To identify the incidence of alloimmunization in sickle cell disease patients, as well as autoantibodies and the phenotypic profile of these patients for the following erythrocyte antigen groups: Rh, Kell, Kidd, Duffy and MNS. Methods: fifty-seven patients were evaluated during follow-up at the Anemia Outpatient Clinic of Irmandade da Santa Casa de São Paulo, where a search for irregular antibodies and phenotyping was carried out. Results: Patients’ median alloimmunization age in sickle cell disease was 25 years, and irregular antibodies were found in 22.6% of them. Anti-Kell antibody was the most frequent (7.5%) followed by anti-C (5.7%). Conclusion: The prevalence of alloimmunization and of patients with autoantibodies among individuals with sickle cell disease followed at the Anemia Outpatient Clinic of Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São de Paulo was determined. The risk of alloimmunization was higher in patients who received more than 3 red blood cell units in the past 2 years. The most prevalent alloantibodies were anti-Kell and anti-C.

Objetivo: Analisar a evolução de pacientes tratados com gemtuzumabe ozogamicina combinado à terapêutica convencional no Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein. Métodos: 14 pacientes que tinham alto risco (leucemia secundária, citogenética desfavorável e doença refratária) foram tratados com gentuzumabe ozogamicina associado à terapêutica convencional, e sua evolução foi analisada por meio de seus prontuários médicos. Resultados: A taxa total de resposta foi de 58%, com 43% chegando a resposta completa, em acompanhamento médio de 11 meses, e três meses com intervalo de sobrevivência livre. Foram a óbito 11 pacientes, 6 deles por leucemia mieloide aguda. Somente quatro pacientes apresentaram graus 3 a 4 de toxicidade e apenas um paciente teve síndrome de obstrução sinusoidal após transplante de medula. Conclusão: Gemtuzumabe ozogamicina associado à terapêutica quimioterápica convencional é um tratamento factível em pacientes com leucemia mieloide aguda. Contudo, novos estudos são necessários para esclarecer qual o subgrupo de pacientes que pode se beneficiar desse tratamento.

Objective: To analyze the outcome of patients treated with gemtuzumab ozogamycin combined with conventional therapy treated at Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein. Methods: 14 patients who had high risk features (secondary leukemia, unfavorable cytogenetics, and refractory disease) were treated with gemtuzumab ozogamycin combined with conventional therapy and their outcome was analysed by reviewing their medical records. Results: Overall response rate was 58%, with 43% achieving complete response, with a median follow-up of 11 months, event-free survival was 3 months. Eleven patients died, 6 of them due to refractory acute myeloid leukemia. Only four patients presented with grade 3 to 4 toxicities and only one patient had sinusoidal obstruction syndrome after bone marrow transplant. Conclusion: gemtuzumab ozogamycin combined with chemotherapy is a feasible treatment regimen in acute myeloid leukemia patients. However, further studies are necessary to clarify which subgroup of patients may beneft from this treatment.