RESUMEN El objetivo de este trabajo fue comparar las variables hortícolas de la lechuga iceberg utilizando dos dosis de compost Bokashi, solo y en combinación, con el bioactivador Penergetic (Penergetic International AG®) frente a la fertilización mineral estándar (NPK) en tres ciclos de cultivo. Los experimentos se realizaron en un invernadero de plástico en la Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Brasil (548 msnm). Los tratamientos fueron: control negativo (agua solamente); control positivo (NPK, 4-14-8); Penergetic solo; Bokashi en dosis de 5 y 10 g/planta con o sin combinación con Penergetic. Las plantas de lechuga se cultivaron en macetas llenas de tierra. Se evaluaron biomasa comercial (BC), diámetro de cabeza (DC), altura de planta (AP) e índice de clorofila (IC). En los tres ciclos evaluados, los tratamientos Bokashi 10 g/planta, Bokashi 10 g/planta + Penergetic y NPK superaron al testigo. En general, las variables estudiadas (BC, DC, AP y CI) en el tratamiento de menor dosis de Bokashi también fueron más altas que el control pero menores que con la dosis más alta de Bokashi y NPK. Penergetic aumentó la BC en el tratamiento con dosis más bajas de Bokashi solo en el primer ciclo de producción, probablemente debido al bajo contenido de materia orgánica en el suelo. El tratamiento Bokashi 10 g/planta mejoró significativamente las variables hortícolas de la lechuga frente al tratamiento de control y fue similar a la fertilización química en dos de los tres ciclos de cultivo.

ABSTRACT The aim of the study was to compare horticultural variables of iceberg lettuce using two Bokashi compost doses, alone and in combination, with the bioactivator Penergetic (Penergetic International AG®) against standard mineral fertilization (NPK) in three crop cycles. Experiments were conducted in a plastic greenhouse at the Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Brazil (548 m a.s.l.). The treatments were: negative control (water only); positive control (NPK, 4-14-8); Penergetic alone; Bokashi doses 5 g and 10 g/plant with or without a combination with Penergetic. Lettuce plants were grown in pots filled with soil. Commercial biomass (CM), head diameter (HD), plant height (PH) and chlorophyll index (CI) were evaluated. In the three cycles tested, the Bokashi 10 g/plant, Bokashi 10 g/plant + Penergetic, and NPK treatments surpassed the control. The studied variables (CM, HD, PH and CI) in the lower Bokashi dose treatment were also higher than controls but lower than higher Bokashi doses and NPK. Penergetic increased the CM in the lower Bokashi dose treatment just in the first production cycle, probably due to the poor organic matter content in the soil. The treatment Bokashi 10 g/plant improved significantly the lettuce horticultural variables vs. control treatments and was similar to chemical fertilization in two of three crop cycles.

RESUMO A produção de cogumelos vem crescendo no Brasil, devido à versatilidade culinária desse alimento e alto valor nutricional. Ainda são escassos estudos que associam os aspectos de sua qualidade com o perfil e preferência dos seus consumidores. Assim, nesse trabalho foi comparada a firmeza e composição bioquímica de Shimeji e Shitake, e verificado o perfil e a preferência dos consumidores para compra. Os cogumelos foram caraterizados pela firmeza, teores de proteínas, lipídios, compostos fenólicos totais, flavonoides totais e atividade antioxidade, além da realização de pesquisa de opinião com 308 consumidores de cogumelos. Os dois cogumelos contêm alto teor de proteínas e baixo de lipídios, além de concentrações expressivas de compostos bioativos e de atividade antioxidante, desejáveis aos consumidores exigentes em alimentos funcionais. O Shitake é aproximadamente 4 vezes mais firme quer o Shimeji e os maiores teores para todos os atributos bioquímicos analisados não diferiram entre os dois cogumelos, exceto para o teor de proteínas. A pesquisa de opinião indicou que mulheres jovens e adultas consomem mais cogumelos que os homens. A maioria deles adquire os cogumelos em supermercados, e são pessoas com escolaridade, majoritariamente, de nível superior. Não foi constatada significativa maior preferência dos consumidores por um dos dois cogumelos analisados, mas a maioria dos participantes relataram que na compra priorizam cogumelos com aroma e sabor característicos, textura macia e suculenta, e que permita rapidez no preparo de refeições.

ABSTRACT Mushroom production has been growing in Brazil due to the culinary versatility of this food and its high nutritional value. However, few studies associating the aspects of its quality with the profile and preference of its consumers can be found in literature. Thus, in this study, we aimed to evaluate the firmness and biochemical composition of Shimeji and Shitake, as well as, the consumers’ profile and preference for purchasing these mushrooms. The mushrooms were characterized by firmness, protein and lipid content, total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids and antioxidation activity. In addition we carried out a survey on opinion of 308 mushroom consumers. The two mushrooms contain high protein content and low lipid content, and also expressive concentrations of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity, suitable for these demanding functional food consumers. Shitake is approximately 4 times firmer than Shimeji and the highest levels for all analyzed biochemical attributes did not differ between the two studied mushrooms, except for protein content. The opinion survey indicated that young and adult women consume more mushrooms than men. Most of them buy mushrooms in supermarkets, and they are mostly higher educated people. No significant higher consumer preference for one of the two mushrooms analyzed was verified; however, most participants reported that they prioritize mushrooms which have characteristic aroma and flavor, smooth and juicy texture, being a convenient ingredient for a quick-cooking meal.

RESUMO Há estudos que comparam a qualidade do tomate em manejo orgânico e convencional, mas ainda são inconclusivos e muitos deles não abordam o manejo integrado. Objetivou-se avaliar as características físicas, bioquímicas e sensoriais dos tomates italianos produzidos em manejos orgânico e convencional e no manejo integrado Hightech. Foram avaliadas características físicas (firmeza, comprimento, largura, espessura do mesocarpo, massa fresca e volume), bioquímicas (acidez titulável, teores de açúcares, de sólidos solúveis, de vitamina C, de licopeno, de betacaroteno e capacidade antioxidante) e a análise sensorial dos frutos, baseada na aparência, aroma, sabor e textura, avaliados por 105 consumidores. Os frutos orgânicos apresentaram maior largura, massa fresca e espessura do pericarpo, glicose e vitamina C. Os frutos do manejo integrado destacaram-se por níveis mais elevados de betacaroteno, enquanto os frutos do manejo convencional apresentaram maior acidez e maior teor de licopeno, bem como menor firmeza. Não houve diferença na aceitação do tomate nos diferentes manejos, embora a maioria dos consumidores preferiram os tomates orgânicos, que eram os maiores e os mais doces. Não houve diferença na aceitação dos tomates produzidos em diferentes manejos, apesar da discriminação em características físicas e bioquímicas. O manejo afetou as características físicas e bioquímicas dos tomates italianos.

ABSTRACT Some studies comparing the quality of tomatoes under organic and conventional management can be found in literature; they are still inconclusive and many of them do not address integrated management, though. The aim of this study was to evaluate physical, biochemical and sensory traits of Italian tomatoes under organic, conventional and Hightech integrated managements. Physical (firmness, length, width, mesocarp thickness, mass and volume) and biochemical traits (titratable acidity, sugar content, soluble solids content, vitamin C content, lycopene content, beta-carotene content and antioxidant capacity) were evaluated, besides the sensory attributes as appearance, aroma, flavor and texture evaluated by 105 consumers. The organic fruits showed greater width, fresh mass and pericarp thickness, glucose and vitamin C. The fruits grown under integrated management stood out for higher levels of beta-carotene, whereas the fruits grown under conventional management showed greater acidity and higher lycopene content, as well as less firmness. No difference in relation to the acceptance of tomatoes under the different managements used was noticed, although most consumers preferred organic tomatoes, which were the largest and sweetest. No difference in relation to the acceptance of tomatoes produced under different managements was noticed, despite the discrimination in physical and biochemical traits. Hence, the managements affected only the physical and biochemical traits of Italian tomatoes.

Resumo O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a atividade enzimática em sementes de Annona x atemoya submetidas a tratamentos com reguladores vegetais do grupo dasgiberelinas e citocininas para superação de dormência, durante o processo de germinação. Inicialmente, foi determinada a curva de aquisição de água das sementes, sendo determinados dois pontos da fase II (72 e 144 horas) para a determinação da atividade das enzimas: superóxido dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) e catalase (CAT) em sementes de atemoia, após a aplicação dos reguladores vegetais. Os tratamentos com GA resultaram em maior atividade da enzima SOD, o que pode ter favorecido a maior porcentagem e a velocidade de germinação em comparação ao tratamento-controle. Nos casos em que a enzima SOD apresentou elevada, as demais enzimas apresentaram atividade reduzida, o que indica a produção predominantemente de superóxidos nesse período. A enzima POD também teve atividade em sementes tratadas com giberelina, o que sugere a interação das EROS com GA no processo de superação da dormência. Os tratamentos com citocinina e citocinina + giberelina resultaram em porcentagem de germinação semelhante ao controle e não foi observado um padrão na atividade das enzimas SOD, POD e CAT que pudesse ser correlacionado ao metabolismo germinativo.

Abstract The objective of this work was to validate the enzymatic activity in Annona x atemoyaseeds submitted to treatments with plant growth regulators belonging to the group of gibberellins and cytokinins for overcoming dormancy during the germination process. Initially, the water acquisition curve was determined, where two points of phase II (72 and 144 hours) were determined to evaluate the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) enzymes in atemoya seeds after the application of two plant growth regulators. Treatments with GA resulted in higher activity of SOD enzyme, which may be favored the higher germination percentage and speed in comparison to control treatment. In cases in which SOD enzyme presented high activity, other enzymes showed the opposite, which indicates the predominantly production of superoxides during this period. The POD enzyme also has activity in seeds treated with gibberellin, which suggests interaction of ROS with GA in the process of dormancy overcoming. Treatments with cytokinin and cytokinin + gibberellin resulted in germination percentage similar to control and no activity pattern of SOD, POD and CAT enzymes that could be correlated with germination metabolism was observed.

Abstract The main objective of this study was to estimate the genetic diversity levels and haplotype traceability in pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus from the breeding program located in Brazil by analyses of the mitochondrial DNA control region (mtDNA). Moreover, broodstocks from eight commercial fish farms were used for comparative evaluation, four from Brazil (Br1-Br4) and four from Argentina (Ar1-Ar4). The descriptive results revealed 47 polymorphic sites and 51 mutations, which evidenced 34 haplotypes. Ten haplotypes were shared among fish farms and 24 were exclusive. The nucleotide diversity (π) ranged from 0.00031 to 0.01462 and haplotype diversity (Hd) from 0.125 to 0.868. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated high structure present in the analyzed stocks (F ST = 0.13356 and ФST = 0.52707). The genetic diversity was high in most of the commercial broodstocks, especially those from Brazil. We observed seven haplotypes in the genetic breeding population, of which four were exclusive and three shared among the commercial fish farms. The genetic diversity was moderate (π = 0.00265 and Hd = 0.424) and considered appropriated for this breeding population of pacu. Our results provide support for the genetic diversity maintenance and mtDNA traceability of pacu commercial broodstocks.

RESUMO A cada ano, novas cultivares geradas por programas internacionais de melhoramento adentram no mercado brasileiro. Essas cultivares necessitam ser testadas quanto à sua adaptação ao clima de cada ambiente devido à grande variedade de climas existentes no país. O morango é um pseudofruto altamente apreciado devido às suas características bioquímicas e sensoriais, sendo considerado o mais importante. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar as propriedades físicas, bioquímicas e sensoriais por meio da avaliação sensorial de morangos comercialmente cultivados na região do sul de Minas Gerais, que é caracterizada por climas tropicais de altitude. Os dados foram analisados e os parâmetros estatísticos foram gerados por meio da análise de componentes principais (ACP), mapas de calor e dendrogramas para determinar o perfil genético de cada cultivar, bem como sua relação. Os tratamentos e variáveis analisadas foram divididos em quatro grupos com base no método UPGMA. Considerando os programas de melhoramento visando identificar e selecionar genótipos de morangos com melhores propriedades bioquímicas, o grupo III (‘Albion’ e ‘Oso Grande’) foi selecionado devido à sua alta atividade antioxidante DPPH, teor de antocianina intermediário e compostos fenólicos totais. A cultivar Albion apresentou excelentes atributos bioquímicos, principalmente no que se refere aos níveis de glicose, frutose, compostos fenólicos e capacidade antioxidante (FRAP e DPPH). Com base no agrupamento hierárquico e na qualidade sensorial dos pseudofrutos, a cultivar Camarosa apresentou os menores escores para a maioria dos atributos sensoriais avaliados. As cultivares Minas-C e Oso Grande apresentaram as maiores pontuações para todos os atributos avaliados, incluindo aceitação geral, aroma, cor e intenção de compra.

ABSTRACT New cultivars generated each year by international breeding programs enter the Brazilian market. These cultivars need to be tested for their adaptation to the climate in each environment due to the great variety of climates that exist in the country. Strawberry is a highly appreciated fruit due to its biochemical and sensory characteristics and is considered the most important berry. The objective of this study was to determine the physical, biochemical, and sensory properties by performing a sensory evaluation of strawberry fruits, commercially cultivated in the South Minas Gerais region, which is characterized by high-altitude tropical climates. Data were analyzed, and statistical parameters were generated using the principal component analysis (PCA), heat maps, and dendrograms to determine the genetic profile of each cultivar, as well as their relationship. The treatments and analyzed variables were divided into four groups based on the UPGMA method. Considering breeding programs aiming to identify and select strawberries genotypes with better biochemical properties, group III (‘Albion’ and ‘Oso Grande’) was selected due to its high DPPH antioxidant activity, intermediate anthocyanin content, and total phenolic compounds. The Albion cultivar showed excellent biochemical attributes, especially with regard to the levels of glucose, fructose, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant capacity (FRAP and DPPH). Based on the hierarchical grouping and sensorial quality of fruits, the Camarosa cultivar had the lowest scores for most of the sensory attributes evaluated. Minas-C and Oso Grande cultivars presented the highest scores for all the evaluated attributes, including overall acceptance, aroma, color, and purchase intention.

Abstract In the last decade, bacterial cellulose (BC) has received considerable attention around the world, including in Brazil. The unique properties of BC, such as mechanical stability, tensile strength, thermostability, crystallinity, purity and biocompatibility make it a promising candidate for commercial applications in different areas. This article provides a comprehensive synthesis of commercial applications and studies related to BC around the world and shows the importance and development of Brazilian research during the last decade. In this review we present an overview of BC structure, biosynthesis and possible applications of BC mainly in the food, electronics, bioengineering, cosmetics and biomedical areas. The most significant contributions of Brazilian researchers using BC have been carried out in the biomedical area. Despite the increase in BC reserch, Brazil also needs to develop strategies to expand the use and commercialization of BC products, for which government financial support is extremely necessary.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliamos os resultados da técnica de rotação de retalho conjuntival com uso de 5-fluorouracil e terapia adjuvante com ciclosporina A tópica a 0,05%, usada no pré e pós-operatório por curto período, quanto à prevenção da recidiva do pterígio primário Métodos: Estudo prospectivo, com 76 pacientes portadores de pterígio primário (76 olhos), divididos em dois grupos: controle com 31 pacientes que não receberam tratamento com ciclosporina e grupo ciclosporina com 45 pacientes que receberam ciclosporina tópica A (0,05%) duas vezes ao dia, por 10 dias antes e 10 dias após a cirurgia de excisão do pterígio. Os pacientes foram avaliados quanto à recorrência, efeitos colaterais e complicações com 10, 21 dias, 2 e 6 meses de pós-operatório. Dados demográficos, doenças sistêmicas e histórico oftalmológico foram coletados de todos os pacientes e esses dados foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva envolvendo o percentual absoluto e relativo de distribuição de frequência. O teste de Goodman para contrastes entre populações multinomiais foi utilizado para o estudo da associação entre a ciclosporina A e a recorrência Resultados: A maioria dos pacientes tinha entre 30 e 60 anos e 67,1% eram mulheres. Confirmamos uma maior recorrência em pacientes com exposição ocupacional ao sol. A ciclosporina A tópica utilizada 10 dias antes e 10 dias após a remoção do pterígio não reduziu significativamente a sua recorrência Conclusão: A ciclosporina A tópica a 0,05% quando utilizada por 10 dias no pré e 10 dias no pós-operatório, não previne ou reduz a recidiva do pterígio primário significativamente.

ABSTRACT Purpose: We evaluated the role of the conjunctival flap rotation technique using 5-fluorouracil and adjuvant therapy with topical cyclosporine A at 0.05% during short pre- and postoperative periods for the prevention of primary pterygium recurrence. Methods: In this prospective study, 76 patients with primary pterygium (76 eyes) were categorized into two groups: the control group with 31 patients who did not receive cyclosporine treatment, and the cyclosporine group with 45 patients who received topical cyclosporine A (0.05%) twice a day, for 10 days before and 10 days after the pterygium excision operations. Patients were examined for disease recurrence, side effects, and complications at 10 and 21 days, and at 2 and 6 months after the operation. Data on demography, systemic diseases, and ophthalmologic histories were obtained from all patients, and these data were analyzed using descriptive statistics involving the absolute and relative percentages of frequency distribution. Goodman test was used for contrasts among multinomial populations to study the association between cyclosporine A and recurrence. Results: Most patients were between 30 and 60 years of age, and 67.1% were women. We confirmed a higher recurrence in patients with occupational sunlight exposure. The cyclosporine A used topically 10 days before and 10 days after the pterygium removal did not significantly reduce the recurrence of the pterygium. Conclusion: Topical 0.05% cyclosporine A when used for 10 days before and 10 days after the pterygium removal does not prevent or reduce the recurrence of primary pterygium.

RESUMO: Estudos demonstram que o cultivo consorciado de alho em lavouras de morangueiro reduz a população de pragas. No entanto, a influência do consórcio na produção destas culturas não foi testada. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade de pseudofrutos de morango e bulbos de alho em monocultivo e em sistema de cultivo consorciado. Foram realizadas avaliações dessa produção, razão equivalente de terra, razão de competição e receita bruta. Os experimentos foram realizados em três áreas de cultivo (dois a céu aberto e uma em cultivo protegido) no município de Londrina. Os tratamentos nas áreas de cultivo a céu aberto foram: alho ou morangueiro em cultivo solteiro (controles); morangueiro em consórcio com uma, duas ou três linhas de cultivo de alho por parcela. Em experimentos em cultivo protegido, as plantas foram cultivadas em vasos com os seguintes tratamentos: alho ou morangueiro em cultivo solteiro, duas plantas de morangueiro (2M) + duas plantas de alho por parcela (2 PAP), 2M+4PAP e 2M+5PAP. Produções semelhantes tanto de alho, quanto de morangos, foram obtidas entre os tratamentos. O cultivo consorciado aumentou a eficiência no uso da terra. O índice razão equivalente de terra variou entre 1,34 a 2,55. A receita bruta aumentou com aumento da densidade de cultivo de alho. Os resultados demonstram que o cultivo consorciado de alho e morangueiro aumenta o uso eficiente da terra e a receita bruta. As produções de pseudofrutos de morangueiro e bulbos de alho não foram influenciadas pelos sistemas de cultivo consorciado, comparado ao monocultivo destas culturas.

ABSTRACT: Studies showed that intercropping garlic reduced pests in strawberry field crops. However, influence of intercropping on yield was not tested. The objective of the study was to evaluate the strawberry pseudofruit and garlic bulb productions in monocropping and intercropping systems. Assessments of the yields and calculation of the land equivalent ratio, competition ratio and gross income were performed. The experiments were conducted in three areas (two open field and one greenhouse) in Londrina municipality. Treatments in the field experiments were garlic or strawberry in monocrops (controls), strawberry (S) + one garlic row (GR), S + 2GR or S + 3GR per plot. In the greenhouse experiment, plants were grown in pots with following treatments: garlic or strawberry in monocrops, 2S + 2 garlic plants per plot (GPP), 2S + 4GPP or 2S + 5GPP. Similar yields (garlic bulbs and strawberry pseudofruits) were observed among the treatments. Intercropping garlic among strawberry plants increased the land equivalent ratio. The intercrop land equivalent ratio index ranged from 1.34 to 2.55. An increasing in gross income were observed when increasing garlic plant densities in intercropping with strawberry. Results showed that intercropping garlic with strawberry increases land equivalent ratio and gross income. Production of strawberry pseudofruits and garlic bulbs were not influenced by intercropping systems compared to monocropping.

Abstract Acetaldehyde, associated with consumption of alcoholic beverages, is known to be a carcinogen and to be related to the tongue dorsum. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between acetaldehyde concentration in mouth air and bacterial characteristics on the tongue dorsum. Methodology Thirty-nine healthy volunteers participated in the study. Acetaldehyde concentrations in mouth air were evaluated by a high-sensitivity semiconductor gas sensor. A 16S rRNA gene sequencing technique was used to compare microbiomes between two groups, focusing on the six samples with the highest acetaldehyde concentrations (HG) and the six samples with lowest acetaldehyde concentrations (LG). Results Acetaldehyde concentration increased in correlation with the increase in bacterial count (p=0.048). The number of species observed in the oral microbiome of the HG was higher than that in the oral microbiome of the LG (p=0.011). The relative abundances of Gemella sanguinis, Veillonella parvula and Neisseria flavescens in the oral microbiome of the HG were higher than those in the oral microbiome of the LG (p<0.05). Conclusion Acetaldehyde concentration in mouth air was associated with bacterial count, diversity of microbiome, and relative abundance of G. sanguinis, V. parvula, and N. flavescens.

ABSTRACT Fear behavioral studies provide knowledge on animal welfare, and fearful behaviors can be used as selection criteria of individuals adapted to intensive rearing system. The survival analysis methodology was applied to estimate tonic immobility (TI) duration, as an indicator of fear, of red-winged tinamous (Rhynchotus rufescens) reared in captivity and to determine if TI is genetically influenced. A number of 539 birds born between 2006 and 2010 were evaluated. The exploratory data analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier estimate (KM), and the covariates were then fit to a Cox model, considering month of observation nested within year of birth and body weight as fixed effects and the random effect of sire as frailty term. In order to predict genetic values and to estimate heritability, the model of proportional hazards was applied, using a Weibull distribution as the baseline hazard. Birds born in the last year presented shorter TI duration than those born in the previous year, as shown by the survival KM curves, indicating a decline in fearfulness from one year to the next. The Cox analysis detected that hazard function was reduced as body weight increased. The frailty term was significant (p<0.05), showing that sires induced variation in the TI duration of the offspring. Heritability estimated as 0.37, indicating the influence of additive genes. These findings suggest that the selection of for short TI duration may allow reducing fearfulness of a red-winged tinamou population after some generations.

RESUMO: A infestação de bicho-mineiro e a sua predação por vespas foram avaliadas em lavouras comerciais de café orgânico sombreadas com leucena ou consorciadas com feijão guandu. As lavouras situadas na região Norte do Paraná foram avaliadas a cada duas semanas de junho de 2011 a dezembro de 2012. Determinou-se o percentual de folhas infestadas, o número de minas por folha e a porcentagem de predação por vespas (indicada pela laceração das minas). Menor infestação do Bicho-mineiro e o menor número de minas por folha foi verificada na lavoura consorciada com feijão guandu (28,4% e 0,3; respectivamente) em relação a lavoura sombreada com leucina (48,1% e 0,8; respectivamente). Maior predação por vespas foi verificada na lavoura sombreada (27,2%) em relação a lavoura consorciada (13,18%). Sugestões de novas pesquisas e para o manejo do bicho-mineiro em lavouras de café são apresentadas.

ABSTRACT: The infestation of coffee leaf miner and its predation by wasps were assessed in commercial organic coffee plantings shaded with leucaena or intercropped with pigeon pea. Plantings in northern Paraná were assessed every two weeks from June 2011 to December 2012. The percent of infested leaves, number of mines per leaf and the percent of predation by wasps (indicated by lacerations) were determined. Fewer coffee leaf miners and fewer mines per leaf were found in pigeon pea intercropped plantings (28.4% and 0.3, respectively) than in shaded plantings with leucaena (48.1% and 0.8, respectively). More predation by wasps was found in the shaded (27.2%) than in the intercropped (13.2%) plantings. Suggestions for new studies are presented along with suggestions for managing the leaf miner in coffee plantings.