Abstract This study investigated the magnitude and trends of cause-specific mortality among children 5 to 14 years of age in the state of Rio de Janeiro (RJ) from 2000 to 2019. We performed an ecological study, using data from the Mortality Information System (MIS). We calculated mortality rates per 100,000 children by chapters, groups, and categories of causes of death (ICD-10). Trends were estimated by joinpoint regression. Mortality rates among children aged 10 to 14 years were higher than those among children 5 to 9. The five leading causes of death were the same in both age groups, but they ranked differently. The two leading ones were external causes and neoplasms (31% and 15% among children aged 5 to 9 years; 45% and 11% among children aged 10 to 14 years). Among children 5 to 9 years, the mortality trend showed an annual decline (8%) from 2011 to 2015. Among children aged 10 to 14 years, the annual decline was 1.3% from 2000 to 2019. Mortality due to external causes decreased in both age groups, except for the category “Assault by unspecified firearm” (boys, 10 to 14 years) and “Unspecified drowning and submersion” (boys, 5 to 9 years). Mortality caused by neoplasms remained steady in both age groups. Infectious and respiratory diseases decreased differently between the two groups. Most causes of death are preventable or treatable, indicating the need for health and intersectoral investments.

Resumo Objetivou-se investigar a magnitude e a tendência da mortalidade de crianças de 5 a 14 anos por causas, no estado do Rio de Janeiro, de 2000 a 2019. Estudo ecológico de tendência temporal utilizando dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM). Calcularam-se taxas de mortalidade por 100 mil crianças, por capítulos, grupos e categorias (CID-10). Estimou-se a série temporal por regressão joinpoint. As taxas de mortalidade de 10 a 14 anos foram superiores às da faixa de 5 a 9 anos. As cinco principais causas foram as mesmas de 5 a 14 anos, com diferente ordem de importância. As duas principais foram causas externas e neoplasias (31% e 15% para 5 a 9 anos; 45% e 11% para 10 a 14 anos). De 5 a 9 anos, a tendência da mortalidade teve declínio anual (8%) entre 2011 e 2015. De 10 a 14 anos, o declínio anual foi 1,3%, de 2000 a 2019. A mortalidade por causas externas decresceu em ambas as faixas, menos para a categoria “Agressão por arma de fogo” (meninos,10-14 anos) e “Afogamento” (meninos, 5-9 anos). A mortalidade por neoplasias ficou estável para todos. Doenças infecciosas e respiratórias decresceram de forma diferenciada entre os grupos. A maioria das causas de morte é evitável ou tratável, apontando necessidade de investimentos em saúde e intersetoriais.

Resumo Objetivou-se investigar a magnitude e a tendência da mortalidade de crianças de 5 a 14 anos por causas, no estado do Rio de Janeiro, de 2000 a 2019. Estudo ecológico de tendência temporal utilizando dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM). Calcularam-se taxas de mortalidade por 100 mil crianças, por capítulos, grupos e categorias (CID-10). Estimou-se a série temporal por regressão joinpoint. As taxas de mortalidade de 10 a 14 anos foram superiores às da faixa de 5 a 9 anos. As cinco principais causas foram as mesmas de 5 a 14 anos, com diferente ordem de importância. As duas principais foram causas externas e neoplasias (31% e 15% para 5 a 9 anos; 45% e 11% para 10 a 14 anos). De 5 a 9 anos, a tendência da mortalidade teve declínio anual (8%) entre 2011 e 2015. De 10 a 14 anos, o declínio anual foi 1,3%, de 2000 a 2019. A mortalidade por causas externas decresceu em ambas as faixas, menos para a categoria “Agressão por arma de fogo” (meninos,10-14 anos) e “Afogamento” (meninos, 5-9 anos). A mortalidade por neoplasias ficou estável para todos. Doenças infecciosas e respiratórias decresceram de forma diferenciada entre os grupos. A maioria das causas de morte é evitável ou tratável, apontando necessidade de investimentos em saúde e intersetoriais.

Abstract This study investigated the magnitude and trends of cause-specific mortality among children 5 to 14 years of age in the state of Rio de Janeiro (RJ) from 2000 to 2019. We performed an ecological study, using data from the Mortality Information System (MIS). We calculated mortality rates per 100,000 children by chapters, groups, and categories of causes of death (ICD-10). Trends were estimated by joinpoint regression. Mortality rates among children aged 10 to 14 years were higher than those among children 5 to 9. The five leading causes of death were the same in both age groups, but they ranked differently. The two leading ones were external causes and neoplasms (31% and 15% among children aged 5 to 9 years; 45% and 11% among children aged 10 to 14 years). Among children 5 to 9 years, the mortality trend showed an annual decline (8%) from 2011 to 2015. Among children aged 10 to 14 years, the annual decline was 1.3% from 2000 to 2019. Mortality due to external causes decreased in both age groups, except for the category “Assault by unspecified firearm” (boys, 10 to 14 years) and “Unspecified drowning and submersion” (boys, 5 to 9 years). Mortality caused by neoplasms remained steady in both age groups. Infectious and respiratory diseases decreased differently between the two groups. Most causes of death are preventable or treatable, indicating the need for health and intersectoral investments.

Abstract Background Cardiovascular risk factors are prognostic factors in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and have been scarcely studied in Brazil. Objective The aim of this study was to assess the impact of cardiovascular risk factors on the outcomes of patients admitted for COVID-19. Methods From July 2020 to February 2021, 200 patients from two public hospitals were enrolled. Patients were included if they had typical symptoms or signs of COVID-19, a positive real-time polymerase chain reaction test (RT-PCR) for COVID-19, and an age above 18 years. This is a prospective, observational, and longitudinal study. Data were collected within 24 h of admission. The primary endpoint was a combination of hospital lethality, mechanical ventilation, hemodialysis, or length of hospital stay >28 days. Continuous variables were compared with the Student’s t-test for independent samples or the Mann-Whitney test. For comparisons of proportions, the χ 2 test was applied. ROC curves and survival curves were constructed. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify independent predictors of events. The level of significance was 0.05. Results There were 98 (49%) events during the hospital course, and 72 (36%) died in the hospital. Patients with a primary endpoint were older and more likely to have a history of hypertension, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Vital signs at admission associated with events were diastolic blood pressure, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation in ambient air (O 2 Sat). Serum creatinine >1.37 mg/dL at admission had a sensitivity of 51.6 and a specificity of 82% to predict the primary endpoint, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.68. In multivariate analysis, age, diabetes, CKD, and COPD were independent predictors of the primary endpoint. Age and CKD were independent predictors of in-hospital lethality. Conclusion Cardiovascular risk factors, such as diabetes and CKD, were related to a worse prognosis in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in this sample from two public hospitals in the state of Rio de Janeiro.

Resumo Objetivo: Analisar a tendência das desigualdades sociodemográficas no acesso e utilização do pré-natal na Baixada Litorânea, estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, em 2000-2020. Métodos: Estudo ecológico - série temporal - do número de consultas e da adequação do acesso ao pré-natal. Desigualdades absolutas (diferenças) e relativas (razões) foram calculadas entre categorias extremas das variáveis; tendências foram estimadas por regressão joinpoint. Resultados: Foram estudadas 185.242 gestantes. A proporção de ≥ 7 consultas aumentou anualmente 2,4% (IC95% 1,1;3,7) entre 2013 (54,4%) e 2020 (63,4%), estável para escolaridade menor que oito anos. A adequação de acesso aumentou 2,6% (IC95% 1,2;4,0) entre 2014 e 2020, estável para mulheres ≥ 35 anos e escolaridade ≥ 12 anos. Diminuíram desigualdades absolutas (entre 3,5% e 6,4%) para idade e raça/cor da pele, e relativas (entre 7,7% e 20,0%) para todas as variáveis. Conclusão: Acesso e número de consultas aumentaram, mas permaneceram menores para mulheres adolescentes, de baixa escolaridade e raça/cor da pele preta e parda.

Abstract Objective: To analyze trends in sociodemographic inequalities in the access to and use of prenatal care in Baixada Litorânea, a region of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2000-2020. Methods: This was an ecological time-series study of the number of visits and adequacy of access to prenatal care. Absolute (differences) and relative (ratios) inequalities were calculated between extreme categories of variables; trends were estimated using joinpoint regression. Results: A total of 185,242 pregnant women were studied. A proportion of ≥ 7 visits increased annually by 2.4% (95%CI 1.1;3.7) between 2013 (54.4%) and 2020 (63.4%), stable for less than eight years of schooling. Adequacy of access increased 2.6% (95%CI 1.2;4.0) between 2014 and 2020, stable for women ≥ 35 years old and schooling ≥ 12 years. Absolute inequalities decreased (between 3.5% and 6.4%) for age and race/skin color, and relative inequalities decreased (between 7.7% and 20.0%) for all variables. Conclusion: Access and number of prenatal consultations increased, however, remained lower for adolescents, women with low level of schooling and those of Black and mixed race/skin color.

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar la tendencia de las desigualdades sociodemográficas en el acceso y uso de la atención prenatal (APN) en la “Baixada Litorânea” en Rio de Janeiro, 2000-2020. Métodos: Estudio ecológico - serie temporal - del número de consultas y adecuación del acceso a la APN. Se calcularon desigualdades absolutas (diferencias) e relativas (razones) entre categorías extremas de variables. Tendencias fueron estimadas por regresión joinpoint. Resultados: Se estudiaron 185.242 gestantes. La proporción de ≥ 7 consultas aumentó en un 2,9% (IC95% 0,7;5,1), anualmente, entre 2013 (54,4%) e 2020 (64,7%), estable para menos de ocho años de escolaridad. La adecuación del acceso aumentó 2,6% (IC95% 1,2;4,0), estable en mujeres ≥ 35 años, e con ≥ 12 años de escolaridad. Disminuyeron las desigualdades absolutas (entre 3,5% y 6,4%) para edad y color/raza, y relativas (entre 7,7% y 20,0%) para todas las variables. Conclusión: Acceso e consultas aumentaron, pero persistieron menores entre adolescentes, baja escolaridad y raza/color de piel negro y marrón.

Resumo Objetivo: Analisar a tendência das desigualdades sociodemográficas no acesso e utilização do pré-natal na Baixada Litorânea, estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, em 2000-2020. Métodos: Estudo ecológico - série temporal - do número de consultas e da adequação do acesso ao pré-natal. Desigualdades absolutas (diferenças) e relativas (razões) foram calculadas entre categorias extremas das variáveis; tendências foram estimadas por regressão joinpoint. Resultados: Foram estudadas 185.242 gestantes. A proporção de ≥ 7 consultas aumentou anualmente 2,4% (IC95% 1,1;3,7) entre 2013 (54,4%) e 2020 (63,4%), estável para escolaridade menor que oito anos. A adequação de acesso aumentou 2,6% (IC95% 1,2;4,0) entre 2014 e 2020, estável para mulheres ≥ 35 anos e escolaridade ≥ 12 anos. Diminuíram desigualdades absolutas (entre 3,5% e 6,4%) para idade e raça/cor da pele, e relativas (entre 7,7% e 20,0%) para todas as variáveis. Conclusão: Acesso e número de consultas aumentaram, mas permaneceram menores para mulheres adolescentes, de baixa escolaridade e raça/cor da pele preta e parda.

Abstract Objective: To analyze trends in sociodemographic inequalities in the access to and use of prenatal care in Baixada Litorânea, a region of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2000-2020. Methods: This was an ecological time-series study of the number of visits and adequacy of access to prenatal care. Absolute (differences) and relative (ratios) inequalities were calculated between extreme categories of variables; trends were estimated using joinpoint regression. Results: A total of 185,242 pregnant women were studied. A proportion of ≥ 7 visits increased annually by 2.4% (95%CI 1.1;3.7) between 2013 (54.4%) and 2020 (63.4%), stable for less than eight years of schooling. Adequacy of access increased 2.6% (95%CI 1.2;4.0) between 2014 and 2020, stable for women ≥ 35 years old and schooling ≥ 12 years. Absolute inequalities decreased (between 3.5% and 6.4%) for age and race/skin color, and relative inequalities decreased (between 7.7% and 20.0%) for all variables. Conclusion: Access and number of prenatal consultations increased, however, remained lower for adolescents, women with low level of schooling and those of Black and mixed race/skin color.

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar la tendencia de las desigualdades sociodemográficas en el acceso y uso de la atención prenatal (APN) en la “Baixada Litorânea” en Rio de Janeiro, 2000-2020. Métodos: Estudio ecológico - serie temporal - del número de consultas y adecuación del acceso a la APN. Se calcularon desigualdades absolutas (diferencias) e relativas (razones) entre categorías extremas de variables. Tendencias fueron estimadas por regresión joinpoint. Resultados: Se estudiaron 185.242 gestantes. La proporción de ≥ 7 consultas aumentó en un 2,9% (IC95% 0,7;5,1), anualmente, entre 2013 (54,4%) e 2020 (64,7%), estable para menos de ocho años de escolaridad. La adecuación del acceso aumentó 2,6% (IC95% 1,2;4,0), estable en mujeres ≥ 35 años, e con ≥ 12 años de escolaridad. Disminuyeron las desigualdades absolutas (entre 3,5% y 6,4%) para edad y color/raza, y relativas (entre 7,7% y 20,0%) para todas las variables. Conclusión: Acceso e consultas aumentaron, pero persistieron menores entre adolescentes, baja escolaridad y raza/color de piel negro y marrón.

Abstract Background Cardiovascular risk factors are prognostic factors in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and have been scarcely studied in Brazil. Objective The aim of this study was to assess the impact of cardiovascular risk factors on the outcomes of patients admitted for COVID-19. Methods From July 2020 to February 2021, 200 patients from two public hospitals were enrolled. Patients were included if they had typical symptoms or signs of COVID-19, a positive real-time polymerase chain reaction test (RT-PCR) for COVID-19, and an age above 18 years. This is a prospective, observational, and longitudinal study. Data were collected within 24 h of admission. The primary endpoint was a combination of hospital lethality, mechanical ventilation, hemodialysis, or length of hospital stay >28 days. Continuous variables were compared with the Student’s t-test for independent samples or the Mann-Whitney test. For comparisons of proportions, the χ 2 test was applied. ROC curves and survival curves were constructed. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify independent predictors of events. The level of significance was 0.05. Results There were 98 (49%) events during the hospital course, and 72 (36%) died in the hospital. Patients with a primary endpoint were older and more likely to have a history of hypertension, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Vital signs at admission associated with events were diastolic blood pressure, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation in ambient air (O 2 Sat). Serum creatinine >1.37 mg/dL at admission had a sensitivity of 51.6 and a specificity of 82% to predict the primary endpoint, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.68. In multivariate analysis, age, diabetes, CKD, and COPD were independent predictors of the primary endpoint. Age and CKD were independent predictors of in-hospital lethality. Conclusion Cardiovascular risk factors, such as diabetes and CKD, were related to a worse prognosis in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in this sample from two public hospitals in the state of Rio de Janeiro.