Abstract This study presents the results of qualitative and documentary research that aimed to explore the so-called problematization of poverty in the discursive corpus of the Chilean government welfare program Seguridades y Oportunidades. Modes in which poverty is constituted as a problem of governance were traced. A corpus that was elaborated by the government in the frame of the creation of this public policy was collected and analyzed, including presidential messages and debates among senators and deputies. The results indicate that the problematization of poverty is constituted through a discourse in which business rhetoric and conservative rhetoric articulate; thus, the problem is not rooted in the economic model but rather in the dependence of subjects on the state and, in the specific case of women, in the crisis of values and the family. What is the logical consequence? The proposal for an entrepreneurial subject enabled by the state to inhabit the entrepreneurial “forces of liberty” through a series of individualizing techniques like entrepreneurialism. It is concluded that the production of a government technology based on the cross of a fierce neoliberalism and a new social conservatism reproduces the classic sexual division of labor within an entrepreneurial scheme.

Resumen En este texto se presentan los resultados de una investigación cualitativa y documental, que tuvo como propósito indagar acerca de las denominadas problematizaciones sobre la pobreza en un corpus discursivo del programa gubernamental de asistencia Chile Seguridades y Oportunidades. Se trazaron los modos en que la pobreza se construye en cuanto problema de gobierno. Se recolectó y analizó un corpus natural elaborado en el marco de la creación de esta política pública, compuesto por el programa de gobierno, los mensajes presidenciales y las discusiones de senadores y diputados. Los resultados indican que la problematización de la pobreza se construye mediante un discurso en el que se articulan la retórica empresarial y la conservadora; así el problema no radica en el modelo económico, sino en la dependencia que tienen los sujetos del Estado y, en el caso específico de las mujeres, en una crisis de los valores y de la familia. ¿La consecuencia lógica?: la propuesta de un sujeto emprendedor habilitado por el Estado para habitar las “fuerzas de la libertad” empresarial, a través de una serie de técnicas individualizantes como el emprendimiento. Se concluye que la producción de una tecnología de gobierno basada en el cruce de un férreo neoliberalismo y un nuevo conservadurismo social reproduce la clásica división sexual del trabajo en un esquema empresarial.

Abstract This paper aims to study the article 398 of the Chilean Code of Criminal Procedure according to the parameters of the offense principle. For this purpose, we will proceed as follows. In the first sections of the article, we will analyze the nature of petty crimes in the Chilean legal system. Then, we will study the subjective teleological content of the suspension of the sentence and its effects. Finally, we will study the criteria to differentiate the principle of offense and harm, focusing on the need to implement a reading that avoids excessive criminalization of misdemeanors in the Chilean criminal system.

Resumen Este trabajo busca estudiar la disposición del artículo 398 del Código Procesal Penal chileno según los parámetros del principio de ofensa. Para esto procederemos de la siguiente forma. En las primeras secciones del artículo, analizaremos la naturaleza de los delitos de bagatela en el ordenamiento jurídico chileno. Luego, estudiaremos el contenido teleológico subjetivo de la suspensión de la pena y sus efectos. Finalmente, presentaremos los criterios para diferenciar el principio de ofensa y del daño, enfocados en la necesidad de implementar una lectura desde la noción de ofensa que evite una sanción excesiva de faltas en el ordenamiento penal chileno.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of text messaging in improving adherence to occlusion therapy for amblyopia. The secondary objective was to correlate the responses given in a self-reporting questionnaire with treatment outcome (improvement in visual acuity). Methods: This is a prospective, randomized, blinded clinical trial. The patients’ parents or legal guardians in the intervention group received text messages reminding them of the importance of patching. The control group received no text messages. At final evaluation, after a period of three to six months, the patients’ parents or legal guardians answered a self-reporting questionnaire to evaluate adherence to treatment. Results: The study included 34 patients with an average age of 5.35 years, 20 in the intervention group and 14 in the control group. According to the results of the self-reporting questionnaire, 50% of the study population was considered as having low adherence to treatment, 29% as having medium adherence, and 21% as having good adherence. There was no significant difference between trial groups. The comparison between an improvement in visual acuity and the mean value obtained in the self-reporting questionnaire showed a significant association between this improvement and adherence to treatment (p=0.03). Conclusion: The present study did not find a correlation between text messaging and an improvement in adherence to occlusion therapy, as shown by previous studies for different treatments. A statistically significant association was identified between an improvement in visual acuity and a good therapeutic adherence, as measured by the self-reporting questionnaire. This finding allows us to recommend using a self-reporting questionnaire as a simple method to measure adherence to treatment and help decisions about therapeutic strategies to be adopted in the patient's continuing treatment.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia do envio de mensagens de texto na melhora da adesão ao tratamento oclusivo da ambliopia. O objetivo secundário foi correlacionar as respostas dadas no questionário autorreportado e os resultados obtidos no tratamento (melhora da acuidade visual). Métodos: Ensaio clínico prospectivo, mascarado e randomizado. Os pais ou responsáveis legais dos pacientes no grupo intervenção receberam mensagens de texto para lembrar a importância dos oclusores. O grupo controle não recebeu mensagens. Na avaliação geral após 3 a 6 meses, os responsáveis responderam a um questionário autorreportado para avaliar a aderência ao tratamento. Resultados: Foram incluídos 34 pacientes com idade média de 5,35 anos; 20 eram do grupo intervenção. A população do estudo foi considerada 50% pouco aderente ao tratamento, 29% com aderência média e 21% com boa aderência, de acordo com resultado do questionário autorreportado. Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos estudados. Quando comparada a relação entre a melhora da acuidade visual com o valor médio do questionário autorreportado, foi observada associação significativa da melhora com a adesão ao tratamento (p=0,03). Conclusão: Este estudo não mostrou melhora da aderência ao tratamento oclusivo com o envio de mensagens de texto, como tinha sido observado em estudos anteriores para outros tratamentos. Foi identificada uma relação estatisticamente significativa entre a melhora na acuidade visual e boa aderência terapêutica medida pelo questionário autorreportado. Isso permite recomendar o uso do questionário autorreportado como uma forma simples de mensurar aderência ao tratamento e auxiliar nas decisões sobre estratégias a serem adotadas na continuidade do seguimento do paciente.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To determine whether the axial length is associated with the education level in elderly patients with cataracts who were not exposed to electronic devices in the first two decades of life. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in elderly patients with cataracts in Campinas, Brazil. Patients were divided into 2 groups: Group 1 included those who completed, at most, elementary school (including the illiterate and those who partially or totally attended elementary school), which corresponded to 12 years of schooling; Group 2 included, at least, high school graduates (including those who completed high school and those who partially or fully attended university). The sample was selected randomly with stratification for sex and age. The main outcome was the axial length. Results: The sample consisted of 472 elderly patients (236 per group) who underwent cataract surgery. There were 272 (57.6%) men and 200 (42.4%) women; the distribution was symmetrical between the two groups. The median age (IQR; range) was 66 (12; 50-89) years. The median axial length (IQR; range) was 22.82 (1.51; 20.34-28.71) mm in Group 1 and 23.32 (1.45; 20.51-31.34) mm in Group 2 (p<0.001). Conclusion: A greater axial length was associated with a higher level of education in elderly patients with cataracts, suggesting that myopization is related to an increase in activities requiring near-vision even before exposure to electronic devices.

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar se o diâmetro axial está associado ao nível educacional em pacientes idosos com catarata que não foram expostos a dispositivos eletrônicos nas duas primeiras décadas de vida. Métodos: Este estudo transversal foi conduzido em pacientes idosos com catarata na cidade de Campinas, Brasil. Os Pacientes foram divididos em 2 grupos: no Grupo 1 foram incluídos aqueles que completaram, pelo menos, o ensino fundamental (incluindo analfabetos e aqueles com ensino fundamental completo ou incompleto), o que corresponde a 12 anos de escolaridade; no Grupo 2 foram incluídos indivíduos que, pelo menos, estudaram até o ensino médio (incluindo indivíduos com ensino médio completo e superior completo ou superior incompleto). A amostra foi selecionada aleatoriamente com estratificação por sexo e idade. O desfecho principal foi a medida do diâmetro axial. Resultados: A amostra foi constituída por 472 indivíduos que foram submetidos a cirurgia de catarata. Duzentos e trinta e seis indivíduos (50%) foram alocados no Grupo 1 e duzentos e trinta e seis indivíduos (50%) no Grupo 2. A mediana da idade (IIQ; intervalo) foi 66 (12; 50-89) anos. Duzentos e setenta e dois (57,6%) eram homens e duzentos (42,4%) mulheres, com distribuição simétrica entre os dois grupos. A mediana do diâmetro axial (IIQ; intervalo) foi 22,82 (1,51; 20,34-28,71) mm no Grupo 1 e 23,32 (1,45; 20,51-31,34) mm no Grupo 2 (p<0,001). Conclusão: Maiores medidas de diâmetro axial foram associadas a níveis educacionais mais elevados em pacientes idosos submetidos a cirurgia de catarata. Tal achado sugere que a miopização relacionada ao aumento de atividades que utilizam a visão de perto é fenômeno que ocorre antes mesmo da exposição a dispositivos eletrônicos.

Abstract Smaller companies are determining factors in the Chilean economy. The objective of this research is to identify and analyze key variables in the generation of competitiveness of the smallest companies in the Coquimbo Region - Chile, represented by micro, small and medium-sized companies (Mipyme). This is based on the perceptions of 384 members of the operating personnel of this type of companies and a multivariate analysis, using a structural equation model (based on covariance - MBC). It is confirmed with statistical reliability that competitiveness in smaller companies is a consequence of the influence of five constructs, which must be considered critical variables, since they positively, directly and indirectly influence the competitiveness of these companies, which are; transformational leadership, transactional leadership, performance effectiveness, extra effort, and job satisfaction. Variables that explain the variance of competitiveness by 69%.

Resumen Las empresas de menor tamaño son determinantes en la economía chilena. El objetivo de esta investigación es identificar y analizar variables claves en la generación de la competitividad de las empresas de menor tamaño de la Región de Coquimbo - Chile, representadas por las micro, pequeña y medianas empresas (Mipyme). Esto se fundamenta en las percepciones de 384 integrantes del personal operativo de este tipo de empresas y un análisis multivariado, empleando un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales (basado en covarianza - MBC). Se ratifica con confiabilidad estadística que la competitividad en las empresas de menor tamaño, es consecuencia de la influencia de cinco constructos, que deben ser consideradas variables críticas, pues influyen positiva, directa e indirectamente en la competitividad de estas empresas, las cuales son; liderazgo transformacional, liderazgo transaccional, efectividad en el desempeño, esfuerzo extra y satisfacción laboral. Variables que explican en un 69% la varianza de la competitividad.

Resumen Una de las tesis más interesantes de los escritos éticos y políticos de Aristóteles es que, quien legisla —el gobernante— también es el mejor educador de los ciudadanos. A través de las leyes, regula el cuidado y la forma de vivir de todos éstos, sobre todo de los más jóvenes. Sin embargo, no siempre es sencillo saber cómo se realiza esto, más allá de la potestad coercitiva. ¿A través de la aplicación de normas universales, como en la ciencia? ¿Mediante principios descubiertos en la práctica, como en el arte? ¿O quizá tal vez por ciertas disposiciones genéricas, que se auxilian después de otros agentes educativos, inmediatos y concretos, como los padres y los amigos?

Abstract One of the most interesting theses of Aristotle’s ethical and political writings is that the ruler —the one who legislates — is also the best educator of the citizens. Through the laws, he regulates the way of living and the education of all the citizens, especially of the youngest. However, it is not always easy to know how this is done, beyond coercive power. Through the application of universal norms, as in science? By principles discovered in practice, as in art? Or maybe because of certain generic dispositions, which are later helped by other immediate and concrete educational agents, such as parents and friends?

ABSTRACT Introduction: Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic parasitic infectious disease that affects the skin, mucous membranes and viscera. It is endemic in 98 countries and there are more than 350 million people at risk of transmission. In Colombia, the camps of the former Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia were located in jungle areas where the disease is present. The objective of this work is aimed at describing the practices and knowledge of ex-combatants of the FARC-EP about cutaneous Leishmaniasis and its management in combat scenarios when living with this disease. Methods: The study is qualitative/exploratory, where knowledge about the disease and its form of transmission were addressed, as well as those practices related to the use of medications for its treatment. Results: In the analysis of the interviews it was found that the ex-combatants know the cycle of the disease from their experiences and by oral transmission, as well as their own healing practices adapted to the context of the armed conflict, this experience led them to develop knowledge management strategies based on the evidence. Discussion: The interviews give an account of the empirical and clinical knowledge of the ex-combatants about the cycle of the disease; There is no documentary record, nor manuals of procedures carried out in the jungle by the FARC-EP on the treatment of diseases; the members of the FARC-EP to develop evidence-based knowledge management strategies; the context of conflict significantly affected the time and technical resources to manage Leishmaniasis, this made possible the alternative responses to the disease documented in this work.

RESUMEN Introducción: La Leishmaniasis es una enfermedad infecciosa parasitaria zoonótica que afecta la piel, las mucosas y las vísceras. Es endémica en 98 países y hay más de 350 millones de personas en riesgo de transmisión. En Colombia, los campamentos de las antiguas Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia, se ubicaban en zonas selváticas donde la enfermedad está presente. El objetivo del presente trabajo está dirigido a describir las prácticas y saberes de los excombatientes de las FARC-EP sobre la Leishmaniasis cutánea y su manejo en escenarios de combate al convivir con esta enfermedad. Métodos: El estudio es cualitativo/exploratorio, donde se abordaron los conocimientos sobre la enfermedad y su forma de transmisión, como también aquellas prácticas relacionadas con el uso de medicamentos para su tratamiento. Resultados: En el análisis de las entrevistas se encontró que los excombatientes conocen el ciclo de la enfermedad desde sus vivencias y por transmisión oral, como también de prácticas curativas propias adaptadas al contexto del conflicto armado, esta experiencia los llevó a desarrollar estrategias de gestión del conocimiento basado en la evidencia. Discusión: Las entrevistas dan cuenta del conocimiento empírico y clínico de los excombatientes sobre el ciclo de la enfermedad; no existe un registro documental, ni manuales de procedimientos realizados en la selva por las FARC-EP sobre tratamiento de enfermedades; los miembros de las FARC-EP a desarrollar estrategias de gestión del conocimiento basados en la evidencia; el contexto de conflicto afectó de manera importante el tiempo y los recursos técnicos para manejar la Leishmaniasis, esto posibilitó las respuestas alternativas a la enfermedad documentadas en este trabajo.

Background: An informed consent is mandatory to obtain any clinical audiovisual material from patients. Although there are some documents created for this purpose, there are some barriers for their application, such as the context in which they were created, the language and download availability. Aim: To create a proposal for an informed consent form (ICF) for the capture and different uses for audiovisual material from patients. Material and Methods: A bibliographic search was carried out to obtain different ICFs in Spanish and English, which were subjected to a process of translation, counter-translation and fragmentation. Subsequently, a panel of experts was formed by members of the Chilean Society of Plastic Surgery with extensive experience in social networks. Delphi methodology was applied to reach a consensus about the definitive content of the ICF based on the previously selected fragments. Results: ICFs available for download were identified. The panel was made up of seven Plastic Surgeons and two Delphi rounds were carried out through electronic surveys. At the end of the process, an ICF proposal was obtained for therapeutic, academic or scientific purposes and another for dissemination or education in the mass media. Conclusions: The proposed ICFs were liberated for their use among health care professionals in Chile, who could use them, provided that they are approved by the local healthcare ethics committees.

ABSTRACT: This article presents the delimitation of necessity and unbeatable fear. Thus, in the first section, we examine the concept of fear. Secondly, we will deal with the instinct of self-preservation under necessity. In the third section, we study the leading criterion of necessity defense. In the fourth section, we show an analytical-phenomenological under unbeatable fear. Fifthly, we will present the tolerance of imprecision under necessity and what kind of axiological premises have impact in this sort of cases. Finally, we present some considerations in which fear is a key factor under danger. Finally, we must indicate that this work considers the following hypothesis: unbeatable fear is a provision that must be applied in cases of serious disturbance in the face of a situation of danger or illegitimate aggression in which the agent is unable to fulfill.

RESUMEN: Este artículo estudia la delimitación del estado de necesidad y el miedo insuperable. Así, en la primera sección, realiza un análisis general del concepto del miedo. En segundo lugar, trata los fundamentos del instinto de conservación en la necesidad. En la tercera sección, estudia el criterio rector del estado de necesidad. En la cuarta sección, presenta una mirada analítico-fenomenológica del miedo insuperable. En quinto lugar, analiza la tolerancia de la imprecisión y qué tipo de premisas axiológicas inciden en la necesidad y, asimismo en la última sección expone cuándo el miedo es un factor determinante en casos de peligro. Finalmente, debemos indicar que este trabajo considera la siguiente hipótesis: el miedo insuperable es una disposición que debe ser aplicada en casos de perturbación grave ante una situación de peligro o agresión ilegítima en la cual el agente no puede cumplir con la selección del medio menos lesivo o perjudicial en el estado de necesidad o la necesidad racional del medio empleado en la legítima defensa.

SUMMARY: To describe the physical therapy protocols used in critically ill patients to attenuate skeletal muscle atrophy. We conducted a search in PubMed and Embase from inception to November 2020. Observational or experimental studies published in English or Spanish that evaluated the effect of physical therapy protocols on the attenuation of skeletal muscle atrophy in critically ill patients through muscle strength or mass measurement were considered eligible. Studies were only included if they reported a detailed description of the dosing of the interventions. Seventeen studies met the eligibility criteria. We included randomised clinical trials (n = 16) and observational studies (n = 1). The total population of the included studies was 872 critically ill patients. The studies aimed to evaluate the reliability, safety or effectiveness of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (n = 10) protocols, early mobilisation (n = 3), ergometer training (n = 2), transfers in tilt table (n = 1), and blood flow restriction (n = 1). Physical therapy protocols are part of the critically ill patient's integral management. Strategies such as passive mobilisation, in-bed and out-of-bed transfers, gait training, ergometer training, and neuromuscular electrical stimulation substantially impact critically ill patients' prognoses and quality of life after hospital discharge.

RESUMEN: Describir los protocolos de terapia física usados en pacientes críticos para atenuar la atrofia muscular esquelética. Realizamos una búsqueda en PubMed y Embase desde el inicio hasta noviembre de 2020. Se consideraron los estudios observacionales o experimentales publicados en inglés o español que evaluaron el efecto de los protocolos de terapia física en la atenuación de la atrofia del músculo esquelético en pacientes críticos a través de la medición de la fuerza o la masa muscular. Los estudios solo se incluyeron si informaron una descripción detallada de la dosificación de las intervenciones. Diecisiete estudios cumplieron los criterios de elegibilidad. Se incluyeron ensayos clínicos aleatorizados (n = 16) y estudios observacionales (n = 1). La población total de los estudios incluidos fue de 872 pacientes en estado crítico. Los estudios tuvieron como objetivo evaluar la confiabilidad, seguridad o efectividad de los protocolos de estimulación eléctrica neuromuscular (n = 10), movilización temprana (n = 3), entrenamiento con ergómetro (n = 2), transferencias en mesa basculante (n = 1) y restricción del flujo sanguíneo (n = 1). Los protocolos de terapia física forman parte del manejo integral del paciente crítico. Es- trategias como la movilización pasiva, los traslados dentro y fuera de la cama, el entrenamiento de la marcha, el entrenamiento con ergómetro y la estimulación eléctrica neuromuscular tienen un impacto sustancial en el pronóstico y la calidad de vida de los pacientes críticos después del alta hospitalaria.

Abstract The object of this article is to analyze the dolus indirectus concept. According to this dogmatic construction, these concepts of direct and indirect intention allow us to know the responsibility degree according to an unlawful behavior in which, by collateral effect, death is inflicted. New approaches objectified direct will to prevent a subjectivism risk in the imputation parameters. This work, in relation to these corrective measures, states that the differentiation between these types of intentions is necessary in unintentional cases. Concepts that don´t have criminal dogmatic space by the creation of dolus indirectus.

Resumen El objeto de este artículo es analizar el dolo indirecto. Según esta construcción dogmática, los conceptos de voluntad directa e indirecta permiten conocer el grado de responsabilidad en función de un comportamiento ilícito en el que por efecto colateral se inflige la muerte. Nuevos enfoques dogmáticos objetivan la voluntad directa para evitar un riesgo de extremo subjetivismo en los parámetros de imputación. Este trabajo, en relación con estos nuevos enfoques, afirma que la diferenciación entre estos tipos de intenciones es necesaria en los casos no intencionales. Conceptos que no tienen espacio dogmático por la creación de dolus indirectus.

ABSTRACT: This paper makes some comments on the Chilean Constitutional Court’s ruling related to the new regulation presented by article 119 of the Health Code. This modification allows the homicide of the unborn beyond sate of necessity. The aim is to show that, in opposition to what the Constitutional Court’s prevention indicates, the problem of the new article 119 is in an axiological field. The legal-criminal thesis presented in this article is based on the meta-rule of double effect, which requires a distinction to be made between actions in which the homicide of an innocent person (per se) is sought and those in which death is triggered as a collateral effect (per accident) in situations of state of necessity.

RESUMEN: En este trabajo se formulan algunos comentarios a la sentencia del Tribunal Constitucional chileno que declara constitucional la nueva regulación que presenta el art. 119 del Código Sanitario. Esta modificación permite la occisión del que está por nacer ante supuestas situaciones de necesidad e inexigibilidad. Se pretende exponer que, en oposición a lo que indica la prevención del Tribunal Constitucional, la problemática del nuevo art. 119 se encuentra situada un campo axiológico. La tesis jurídico-penal presentada en este artículo descansa en la metarregla del doble efecto, que exige distinguir entre aquellas acciones en que se procura el homicidio de un inocente (per se) y aquellas acciones en que la muerte se desencadena como efecto colateral (per accidens) en situaciones de estado de necesidad.

SUMMARY: Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are part of the functional balance of various systems, they can generate cellular damage by oxidative stress associated with disease processes such as atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and aging. Some studies report that copper induces damage to the endothelium, which could be associated with cardiovascular pathologies. This study was an experimental comparative, prospective, longitudinal, and controlled clinical trial in a murine animal model. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were included, the distribution of the groups was time-depending chronic exposition to copper, and a control group. Results show gradual alterations in the groups treated with copper: areas with loss of the endothelium, signs of disorganization of smooth muscle fibers in the tunica media, as well as areas with the fragmentation of the elastic sheets. A significant statistical difference was observed in the active- Caspase-3 analysis expression in the aortic endothelium and endothelium of the capillaries and arterioles of the lung between the control group vs 300 ppm of copper. Expression of eNOS was detected in the endothelium of the aorta and vessels of the lung. Our study shows histological changes in the walls of the great vessels of intoxicated rats with copper, and the increment of inflammatory cells in the alveoli of the study model, mainly at a high dose of copper exposition. These results will be useful to understand more about the mediators involved in the effect of copper over endothelium and cardiovascular diseases in chronic intoxication in humans.

RESUMEN: Las Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno (ROS) son parte del equilibrio funcional de varios sistemas, pueden generar daño celular por estrés oxidativo asociado a procesos patológicos como aterosclerosis, enfermedades cardiovasculares, diabetes y envejecimiento. Algunos estudios informan que el cobre induce daños en el endotelio, lo que podría estar asociado a patologías cardiovasculares. Este estudio fue un ensayo clínico experimental comparativo, prospectivo, longitudinal y controlado en un modelo animal murino. Se incluyeron veinticuatro ratas Wistar macho, la distribución de los grupos fue la exposición crónica al cobre en función del tiempo y un grupo de control. Los resultados muestran alteraciones graduales en los grupos tratados con cobre: áreas con pérdida del endotelio, signos de desorganización de las fibras musculares lisas en la túnica media, así como áreas con la fragmentación de las láminas elásticas. Se observó una diferencia estadística significativa en la expresión del análisis de caspasa-3 activa en el endotelio aórtico y el endotelio de los capilares y arteriolas del pulmón entre el grupo de control frente a 300 ppm de cobre. Se detectó expresión de eNOS en el endotelio de la aorta y los vasos del pulmón. Nuestro estudio muestra cambios histológicos en las paredes de los grandes vasos de ratas intoxicadas con cobre, y el incremento de células inflamatorias en los alvéolos del modelo de estudio, principalmente a una alta dosis de exposición de cobre. Estos resultados serán útiles para comprender más sobre los mediadores involucrados en el efecto del cobre sobre el endotelio y las enfermedades cardiovasculares en la intoxicación crónica en humanos.

RESUMO A relação entre infecção viral na gravidez e anomalias congênitas é relatada na literatura médica. Os riscos de o vírus SARS-CoV-2 interferir na implantação, crescimento e desenvolvimento fetal ainda não são totalmente conhecidos. Muitos medicamentos com potencial de risco teratogênico estão sendo usados para o tratamento. Os estudos clínicos com a vacina excluíram gestantes, o que tem impedido obter evidências de alta qualidade atualmente. Apresentamos uma revisão das anomalias mais comuns nos membros superiores causadas por infecção viral congênita e os riscos da terapia anti-COVID-19 e da vacina durante a gravidez. Nosso objetivo é alertar os cirurgiões ortopédicos e de mão para a possibilidade desses problemas no futuro. Nível de evidência V; Revisão narrativa.

ABSTRACT The relationship between viral infection in pregnancy and congenital anomalies is reported in the medical literature. The risks for the SARS-CoV-2 virus interfering with implantation, growth, and fetal development are not yet known. Many drugs with potential teratogenic risk are being used for treatment. The studies with the vaccine excluded pregnant women from clinical trials, currently preventing high-quality evidence. We present a review of the most common anomalies in the upper extremities caused by congenital viral infection and the risks of anti-COVID-19 therapy and vaccine during pregnancy. We aim to alert orthopedic and hand surgeons to the possibility of these conditions in the future. Level of evidence V; Narrative review.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the production, fat and fatty acids of milk as well as the diameter, classification and quantity of the milk fat globules (MFG) of goats consuming a diet with 15% of crude glycerin. Twelve multiparous Saanen goats weighing 40 ± 6 kg and 90 ± 5 days of lactation were used. The experimental design was completely randomized with two treatments (0 and 15% inclusion of glycerin). In this way, each milk sample is classified according to the percentage of milk fat globules that were included in these three size categories. For the variables milk production, fat, diameter, medium and large fat globules and amount of globules showed a significant effect of the inclusion of glycerin in the diet (p < 0.05). Fifteen fatty acids were found, mostly saturated. For caprylic, palmitic, and linoleic fatty acids, there was no significant influence of the inclusion of glycerin (p > 0.05). Can recommend the use of 15% double-distilled glycerin in the feeding of lactating goats increased milk production, the amount of fat, increased the size of the milk fat globule. Regarding the saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, they kept the level of 15% of glycerin.