ABSTRACT Species associations in a pasture are frequent and include the harmonious and balanced interrelation between two or more grasses and legumes. Legumes not only increase the nutritional value of the associated grass, but are also capable of increasing the dry matter production with a more uniform seasonal distribution and less inter-annual variability. That is why the objective is to evaluate the consociation Adesmia bicolor "Babosita" (Fam. Leguminosae) with Festuca arundinacea "Tall fescue" (Fam. Poaceae). Eight treatments were applied resulting from the combination of two proportions of legume vs. grass, the two pure cultures and two transplant arrangements. Throughout one year, the coverage percentage of both species, weeds and bare soil, morphological characters of A. bicolor, and carbohydrate mobilization dynamics in both species were estimated. When A. bicolor and F. arundinacea are associated, they are able to grow and remain stable during the second year since implantation. Both species together provide coverage to the soil, growing in a complementary way in space and time. Although a negative effect on the height, number of stolons and number of buds.m -2 of A. bicolor is detected when it grows associated with F. arundinacea, the sum of the contributions of each species could increase the total production of the mixture. The dynamics of carbohydrate mobilization in A. bicolor is slightly affected by the association with F. arundinacea, while that of the latter species is not affected. There are no significant differences between the two transplant ratios, as well as between the two transplant arrangements.

RESUMEN Las asociaciones de especies en una pastura son cada vez más frecuentes y comprenden la interrelación armónica y equilibrada entre dos o más gramíneas y leguminosas. Las leguminosas no sólo incrementan el valor nutritivo de la gramínea asociada, sino que además son capaces de aumentar la producción de materia seca en las praderas con una distribución estacional más uniforme y menor variabilidad interanual. Es por ello que se plantea como objetivo evaluar la consociación Adesmia bicolor "Babosita" (Fam. Leguminosas) con Festuca arundinacea "Festuca alta" (Fam. Poáceas). Se aplicaron ocho tratamientos resultantes de la combinación de dos proporciones de leguminosa vs. gramínea, los dos cultivos puros y dos arreglos de trasplantes. A lo largo de un año se estimó el porcentaje de cobertura de ambas especies, malezas y suelo desnudo; los caracteres morfológicos de A. bicolor y la dinámica de movilización de carbohidratos totales en ambas especies. La consociación A. bicolor-F. arundinacea es capaz de desarrollarse y mantenerse estable durante el segundo año desde la implantación del ensayo. Ambas especies proporcionan cobertura al suelo, creciendo en forma complementaria tanto en el espacio como en el tiempo. Se observa un efecto negativo sobre la altura, número de estolones y número de yemas.m-2 de A. bicolor cuando crece consociada con F. arundinacea, mientras que la morfología foliar no registra diferencias entre tratamientos. La dinámica de movilización de carbohidratos totales en A. bicolor es ligeramente afectada por la consociación con F. arundinacea, mientras que la de esta última especie no presenta diferencias con respecto al cultivo puro. No se observan diferencias en la mayoría de las variables al comparar las dos proporciones de trasplante, como tampoco entre los dos arreglos de trasplante.

Background: The use of glucose lowering agents with favorable weight profile is a growing practice in Diabetology. Aim: To characterize medication combinations in patients with type 2 Diabetes (T2D) and their effect on metabolic control. Material and Methods: Review of medical records of 249 outpatients with T2D with a median age of 66 years, cared for at a medical network. Clinical characteristics, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), details of Diabetes treatment (types of drugs or insulin), renal function, lipids and B12 vitamin levels were registered. Results: The median disease duration was 16 years. The most recent HbA1c was 7.4%. No patient was using sulfonylureas, 45 were using Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors, 113 were using Sodium-glucose Cotransporter-2 (SGLT2i) Inhibitors, 21 used Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists (GLP1ra), 158 used basal insulin and 61 on basal plus bolus insulin. The use of SGLT2i or GLP1ra was associated with a metabolic control similar to those patients not using them, while patients on rapid insulin had a significantly worse metabolic control and a tendency to greater body mass index. The use of basal insulin and rapid insulin was significantly associated with more hypoglycemia events. Conclusions: The use of SGLT2i and GLP1ra in patients with T2D is associated with better metabolic control than rapid insulin with less risk of hypoglycemia. The use of these therapies should be prioritized in the future.

Samplers based on the diffusive gradients in thin films for organics (o-DGT) were developed and applied in Brazilian aqueous matrices for the determination of four emerging contaminants (EC): 4-octylphenol, 4-nonylphenol, triclosan, and bisphenol A. The OASIS HLB resin used as the binding phase presented a high sorption capacity and the extraction associated with sonication, using a mixture of acetonitrile and methanol (2:1, v v-1) as the solvent, provided a higher desorbed mass of the compounds. The diffusion coefficients determined experimentally were in the range of the values found in the literature and the pH and ionic strength influenced the sorption of some compounds by the binding phase. The substances were detected and quantified in tap and river water samples after 7 days of deployment using gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Finally, the results indicate deficiencies in the current wastewater, as well as water treatment systems, and could contribute in the future to the improvement of public policies on basic sanitation in Brazil.

Resumo Fundamentos: A importância da validação científica de técnicas coadjuvantes a diversos tratamentos de saúde é inquestionável. Desta forma, a influência da drenagem linfática manual (DLM) na natriurese e na lipólise sob interação de anticoncepcional oral precisa ser investigada. Objetivos: Avaliar o efeito agudo da DLM sobre a natriurese e lipólise de mulheres jovens usuárias ou não de anticoncepcional oral. Método: Participaram 29 mulheres não usuárias de anticoncepcional oral e 29 usuárias, autodeclaradas saudáveis, sedentárias e eutróficas. As análises foram realizadas em dois dias distintos, Controle (C), sem intervenção terapêutica e DLM. Nos dias C e DLM coletamos 4 amostras de urina com intervalos de 60 min. Seguimos o método de Leduc, abdomem e membros inferiores, durante 45 min. Analisamos o fluxo urinário e excreção urinária de sódio, glicerol e peptideo natriurético atrial. A normalidade dos dados foi analisada pelo teste Shapiro-Wilk. Os dados que não obedeceram à normalidade foram apresentados em mediana e intervalo interquartil (25%-75%), enquanto os que obedeceram foram apresentados em média ± erro padrão. O teste de Mann-Whitney foi usado para dados não pareados e Wilcoxon para dados pareados. Dados com normalidade foram avaliados pelo teste t-Student não pareado. O nível de significância estatística adotado foi de 5%. Resultados: O efeito agudo de uma sessão de DLM promove aumento da natriurese em mulheres não usuárias de anticoncepcional oral, por outro lado, em usuárias induz aumento na liberação de glicerol e de ANP. Conclusão: O uso de anticoncepcional oral interfere no efeito da DLM sobre a natriurese.

Abstract Background: The importance of scientific validation of supporting techniques to various treatments is unquestionable. In this context, the influence of manual lymphatic drainage (MLD) on natriuresis and lipolysis and its interaction with oral contraceptives still need to be investigated. Objectives: To evaluate the acute effect of MLD on natriuresis and lipolysis in young women using or not oral contraceptives. Methods: Twenty-nine non-users of oral contraceptives and 29 oral contraceptive users, self-reported healthy, sedentary, normal weight women were enrolled. Analyses were conducted on two different days - control (C), without therapeutic intervention and MLD day. Four urine samples were collected at 60-minute intervals. MLD was performed in lower limbs and abdomen for 45 min following the Leduc method. Urinary flow rate and urinary sodium, glycerol and atrial natriuretic peptide excretion were analyzed. Data normality was tested by the Shapiro-Wilk test. Data without normal distribution were expressed as median and interquartile range (25%-75%), while normally distributed data were expressed as mean ± standard error. Mann-Whitney test was used for unpaired data and Wilcoxon test for paired data. Data with normal distribution were evaluated by the unpaired t-Student test. Statistical significance was set at 5%. Results: One MLD session had an acute effect on both groups, increasing natriuresis in non-users of oral contraceptives and glycerol and atrial natriuretic peptide excretion in oral contraceptive users. Conclusion: Oral contraceptives influence the effect of MLD on natriuresis.

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of fertilization with composted sewage sludge and irrigation with drinking water (DW) and fertigation with wastewater (WW) in wheat crop using fuzzy rule-based system. The experiment was conducted in the Department of Soil and Environmental Resources, of FCA, UNESP - Botucatu, with factorial 6 × 2, which were applied 6 doses of sewage sludge (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250% of nitrogen recommendation) and two types of effluents (treated water and sewage). In the developing of the system based in fuzzy rules, it was used the Mamdani inference method, where the input variables were sewage sludge doses and water types and the output variables used were the number of tillers, length and number spike per plant; number of spikelet per plant, grain mass per spike and dry mass of the aerial parts. It can be seen that the sewage sludge and the effluent contributed to the higher increase of production, and at 150% sludge dose occurred higher production.

Triticales (x Triticosecale Wittmack) and Tricepiros (x Triticosecale Witt. X x Agrotricum A. Camus) are improved in order to obtain dual-purpose cultivars (forage and grain). In order to use them for human consumption the quality of triticale four is frequently evaluated by measuring the diameter and spread factor of cookies. These indicators are strongly related to the contents of damaged starch, protein and non-starch polysaccharides of four, which determine its water absorption properties. During 2012, twenty-five experimental strains, eight triticale and one tricepiro cultivars were evaluated in Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina by means of simple correlation and cluster analysis. Positive correlations between the values of solvent retention capacity of water, sodium carbonate, lactic acid and sucrose, retention rate of alkaline water, soluble pentosans and damaged starch were observed. The characterization of the tested fours and their differentiation based on their physicochemical properties allowed the selection of genotypes with different functional properties. In the cluster analysis, cluster 1 pooled the materials with the best physicochemical features of four, which increases the possibilities of its use for human consumption.

Triticales (x Triticosecale Wittmack) y tricepiros (x Triticosecale Witt. X x Agrotricum A. Camus) se mejoran con la finalidad de obtener cultivares de doble propósito (forraje y grano). Para su utilización en consumo humano, la calidad de las harinas de triticales es frecuentemente evaluada midiendo el diámetro y factor de expansión de las galletitas horneadas. Estos indicadores están fuertemente relacionados al contenido de almidón dañado, proteína y polisacáridos no amiláceos de la harina que determinan sus propiedades de absorción de agua. Se evaluaron 25 líneas experimentales, ocho cultivares de triticale y uno de tricepiro en Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina, durante 2012, mediante análisis de correlación simple y de conglomerados. Se observaron correlaciones positivas entre los valores de la capacidad de retención del solvente agua, carbonato de sodio, ácido láctico y sacarosa, índice de retención de agua alcalina, pentosanos solubles y almidón dañado. La caracterización de las harinas y la separación en grupos según sus propiedades fisicoquímicas permitieron la selección de genotipos con diferentes propiedades funcionales. En el análisis de conglomerados, el cluster 1 agrupó los materiales con mejores características fisicoquímicas de las harinas, lo cual aumenta las posibilidades de su empleo en la alimentación humana.

Objective: Memory impairment is an important contributor to the reduction in quality of life experienced by older adults, and genetic risk factors seem to contribute to variance in age-related cognitive decline. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is an important nerve growth factor linked with development and neural plasticity. The Val66Met polymorphism in the BDNF gene has been associated with impaired episodic memory in adults, but whether this functional variant plays a role in cognitive aging remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism on memory performance in a sample of elderly adults. Methods: Eighty-seven subjects aged > 55 years were recruited using a community-based convenience sampling strategy in Porto Alegre, Brazil. The logical memory subset of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised was used to assess immediate verbal recall (IVR), delayed verbal recall (DVR), and memory retention rate. Results: BDNF Met allele carriers had lower DVR scores (p = 0.004) and a decline in memory retention (p = 0.017) when compared to Val/Val homozygotes. However, we found no significant differences in IVR between the two groups (p = 0.088). Conclusion: These results support the hypothesis of the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism as a risk factor associated with cognitive impairment, corroborating previous findings in young and older adults.

ABSTRACT Several research lines are required to ensure a proper disposal of sewage sludge in Brazil; among them, we may highlight agricultural use. In this sense, this study aimed at assessing the effect of exchanging nitrogen sourcing via conventional fertilization (chemical) with growing doses of composted sewage sludge (CSS) on wheat crop performance. The experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with seven treatments and ten replications, being defined as T0 (control – without fertilization); T1 (100% mineral fertilization); T2 (50% mineral + 50% CSS); T3, T4, T5, and T6 (100, 150, 200, and 250% nitrogen fertilizing from CSS). Results showed that the use of CSS increased wheat production and development, therefore enhancing its performance. Thus, exchanging mineral fertilization with CSS application raised wheat yields.

Objetivo Investigar a validade e confiabilidade de uma abordagem de múltiplos informantes para a mensuração de maus-tratos na infância, composta por sete questões avaliando maus-tratos na infância respondidas pelas crianças e seus pais em uma ampla amostra comunitária. Métodos A amostra foi composta por 2.512 crianças com idades entre 6 e 12 anos e seus pais. Maus-tratos na infância foram avaliados com três questões respondidas pelas crianças e quatro respondidas pelos seus pais, investigando violência física, negligência física, violência emocional e violência sexual. Análises fatoriais confirmatórias foram utilizadas para comparar os índices de ajuste de diferentes modelos. Validade convergente e divergente foi testada utilizando escores de relato parental e de relato dos professores no Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Validade discriminante foi investigada utilizando a entrevista Development and Well-Being Assessment para dividir os participantes em cinco grupos diagnósticos: controles com desenvolvimento típico (n = 1.880), transtornos do medo (n = 108), transtornos do estresse (n = 76), transtorno de déficit de atenção-hiperatividade (n = 143) e transtorno opositivo-desafiador/conduta (n = 56). Resultados Um modelo de segunda ordem com um fator de segunda ordem (maus-tratos na infância) englobando dois fatores de primeira ordem (relato da criança e relato parental) demonstrou o melhor ajuste aos dados, e os resultados de confiabilidade desse modelo foram aceitáveis. Como esperado, maus-tratos na infância estiveram positivamente associados a medidas de psicopatologia e negativamente associados a medidas pró-sociais. Todos os grupos de categorias diagnósticas tiveram níveis mais altos de maus-tratos na infância do que as crianças com desenvolvimento típico. Conclusões Foram encontradas evidências de validade e confiabilidade dessa medida breve de maus-tratos na infância utilizando dados de um grande levantamento combinando o relato de pais e seus filhos.

Objective To investigate the validity and reliability of a multi-informant approach to measuring child maltreatment (CM) comprising seven questions assessing CM administered to children and their parents in a large community sample. Methods Our sample comprised 2,512 children aged 6 to 12 years and their parents. Child maltreatment (CM) was assessed with three questions answered by the children and four answered by their parents, covering physical abuse, physical neglect, emotional abuse and sexual abuse. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to compare the fit indices of different models. Convergent and divergent validity were tested using parent-report and teacher-report scores on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Discriminant validity was investigated using the Development and Well-Being Assessment to divide subjects into five diagnostic groups: typically developing controls (n = 1,880), fear disorders (n = 108), distress disorders (n = 76), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (n = 143) and oppositional defiant disorder/conduct disorder (n = 56). Results A higher-order model with one higher-order factor (child maltreatment) encompassing two lower-order factors (child report and parent report) exhibited the best fit to the data and this model's reliability results were acceptable. As expected, child maltreatment was positively associated with measures of psychopathology and negatively associated with prosocial measures. All diagnostic category groups had higher levels of overall child maltreatment than typically developing children. Conclusions We found evidence for the validity and reliability of this brief measure of child maltreatment using data from a large survey combining information from parents and their children.

Objectives: To compare hair cortisol concentrations (HCC) in drug-naïve first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients and healthy controls and to investigate the correlations between HCC and psychopathology. Methods: Twenty-four drug-naïve FEP patients and 27 gender- and age-matched healthy control subjects were recruited. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-1) was used to confirm/rule out diagnoses, and the Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale (PANSS) was used to assess symptom severity. Hair samples (2-3 cm long) obtained from the posterior vertex region of the scalp were processed in 1-cm segments considering a hair growth rate of 1 cm per month. The 1-cm segments were classified according to their proximity to the scalp: segment A was the closest to the scalp and referred to the month prior to inclusion in the study. Segments B and C referred to the 2nd and 3rd months prior to the time of evaluation respectively. Hair steroid extraction was performed using a known protocol. Results: Two-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with gender and age as covariates revealed a group effect (F1.106 = 4.899, p = 0.029) on HCC. Between-segment differences correlated with total PANSS score and with PANSS General Psychopathology subscale and total score. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, as assessed by long-term (3-month) cortisol concentration, is abnormal in the early stages of psychosis. The magnitude of changes in HCC over time prior to the FEP correlates to psychopathology. HPA axis abnormalities might begin prior to full-blown clinical presentation requiring hospital admission.

The main objective of the present work was to validate a chromatographic method to determine herbicides commonly applied in the irrigated rice farming. For this, matrix-matched calibration was employed along with the extraction and clean-up of the samples by quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) method and determination of the analytes by high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with electrospray ionization in the positive mode. By this method, it was possible to achieve the ionization and detection of a total of 18 herbicides, with quantification of 12 of them. The method presented adequate precision and accuracy according to the European Commission and the International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines for analytes in low concentrations. The limits of quantification ranged from 0.015 μg g-1 for oxadiazon to 0.165 μg g-1 for imazapyr. The method showed good linearity with R2> 0.99 and recovery values from 92 to 103%. The proposed protocol is adequate for monitoring bispyribac-sodium, cyclosulfamuron, cycloxydim, clomazone, ethoxysulfuron, fenoxaprop-p-ethyl, imazapic, imazapyr, imazethapyr, metsulfuron-methyl, oxadiazon and thiobencarb in rice grains in concentrations up to 109 times lower than the maximum residue limits established by the Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA) for these compounds in rice samples.

Triticales and tricepiros are annual forage alternatives of winter cereals for the subhumid-semiarid pampean region of Argentina. Triticale (x Triticosecale Wittmack) derived from Triticum L. x Secale L. crosses in broad sense. Tricepiro is the common name of the trigeneric hybrids obtained from crosses between triticales and trigopiros (Triticum L. x Thinopyrum Á. Löve). The aim of this study was to analyze forage yield, genotypeenvironment interaction and stability in experimental strains. Twenty-three genotypes were tested for five years in Río Cuarto, Córdoba and Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina, using a random complete block design. The genotype, environment and genotype-environment interaction main effects were determined by ANOVA. All of them were statistically significant. The stability was assessed using regression analysis, Pi index and AMMI2 and SREG models. A strain of triticale had high performance and low genotype-environment interaction with all methods. Another triticale strain showed high yield and stability in regression analysis and Pi index, high yield but low stability in AMMI, and high performance in only one environment according to SREG. Regarding tricepiro, four strains of higher than average forage yield were stable according to the regression method. However, the Pi index qualified only one as stable and all of them were unstable in AMMI analysis. The SREG method qualified one of these tricepiro strains as stable with high yield, another with median stability and good yield but near the average, and the remaining two were qualified as unstable. The combination of regression and SREG analyses was the most appropriate to analyze stability of these materials. Three strains were identified to be released as cultivars.

Triticales y tricepiros son alternativas forrajeras anuales que diversifican la oferta de cereales invernales. El triticale (x Triticosecale Wittmack) es producto de la cruza de Triticum L. x Secale L. en sentido amplio. Tricepiro es el nombre vulgar de las combinaciones trigenéricas obtenidas por cruzamientos entre triticales y trigopiros (Triticum L. x Thinopyrum Á. Löve). El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la interacción genotipoambiente y la estabilidad del rendimiento en forraje de líneas experimentales. Se emplearon 23 genotipos evaluados durante cinco años en Río Cuarto, Córdoba y Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina, empleando un diseño en bloques completos al azar. Mediante ANAVA se determinaron los efectos principales genotipo, ambiente y la interacción genotipo-ambiente, los cuales fueron estadísticamente significativos. La estabilidad se determinó mediante análisis de la regresión, índice Pi y modelos AMMI2 y SREG. Una línea de triticale resultó de alto rendimiento y escasa interacción genotipo-ambiente con todos los métodos, mientras que otra, de alto rendimiento y muy estable según la regresión y el índice Pi, resultó de muy buen rendimiento pero poco estable según AMMI y de alto rendimiento sólo en un ambiente según SREG. Respecto a las líneas de tricepiro, cuatro de rendimiento superior al promedio resultaron estables según el método de la regresión pero el índice Pi calificó como estable a sólo una y en el AMMI todas resultaron inestables. En el análisis SREG una resultó estable y rendidora, otra tuvo mediana interacción genotipoambiente y rendimiento superior pero muy cercano a la media, y las restantes resultaron inestables. La combinación de regresión y SREG resultó la más apropiada para analizar estabilidad en estos materiales. Los análisis permitieron identificar tres líneas para su registro como cultivares.

Fundamento: Alertar para o diagnóstico da síndrome da deleção 22q11.2 (SD 22q11.2) em pacientes com cardiopatias congênitas. Objetivo: Descrever as principais cardiopatias, alterações fenotípicas, metabólicas e imunológicas em uma série de 60 pacientes com a SD22q11.2. Métodos: Foram incluídos 60 pacientes com SD22q11.2 avaliados entre 2007 e 2013 (M:F = 1,3; idades entre 14 dias a 20 anos e 3 meses) em um centro pediátrico de referência para imunodeficiências primárias. O diagnóstico foi feito pela detecção da microdeleção 22q11.2 através de FISH (n = 18) e/ou MLPA (n = 42), associados a dados clínicos e laboratoriais. Foram analisadas as cardiopatias, aspectos fenotípicos evolutivos da fácies, a hipocalcemia e alterações imunológicas associadas. Resultados: Cardiopatias congênitas ocorreram em 77% dos casos, sendo que a tetralogia de Fallot ocorreu em 38,3%. Correção cirúrgica da cardiopatia foi realizada em 34 pacientes. Os dismorfismos craniofaciais foram detectados em 41 pacientes: face (60%) e/ou nariz alongados (53,3%), fenda palpebral estreita (50%), orelhas displásicas com hiperdobramento (48,3%), lábios finos (41,6%), dedos alongados (38,3%) e baixa estatura (36,6%). Hipocalcemia foi observada em 64,2% com redução do nível de paratormônio (PTH) em 25,9%. Observou-se número reduzido de linfócitos totais, CD4 e CD8 em 40%, 53,3%, e 33,3%, respectivamente. Detectou-se hipogamaglobulinemia em um paciente e redução das concentrações de imunoglobulina M (IgM) em outros dois pacientes. Conclusão: Deve-se suspeitar da SD22q11.2 em todos os portadores de cardiopatia congênita com hipocalcemia e/ou dismorfismos faciais, ressaltando-se que muitas dessas alterações podem ser evolutivas. A microdeleção 22q11.2 deve ser confirmada por testes moleculares em todos os pacientes.

Background: To alert for the diagnosis of the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) in patients with congenital heart disease (CHD). Objective: To describe the main CHDs, as well as phenotypic, metabolic and immunological findings in a series of 60 patients diagnosed with 22q11.2DS. Methods: The study included 60 patients with 22q11.2DS evaluated between 2007 and 2013 (M:F=1.3, age range 14 days to 20 years and 3 months) at a pediatric reference center for primary immunodeficiencies. The diagnosis was established by detection of the 22q11.2 microdeletion using FISH (n = 18) and/or MLPA (n = 42), in association with clinical and laboratory information. Associated CHDs, progression of phenotypic facial features, hypocalcemia and immunological changes were analyzed. Results: CHDs were detected in 77% of the patients and the most frequent type was tetralogy of Fallot (38.3%). Surgical correction of CHD was performed in 34 patients. Craniofacial dysmorphisms were detected in 41 patients: elongated face (60%) and/or elongated nose (53.3%), narrow palpebral fissure (50%), dysplastic, overfolded ears (48.3%), thin lips (41.6%), elongated fingers (38.3%) and short stature (36.6%). Hypocalcemia was detected in 64.2% and decreased parathyroid hormone (PTH) level in 25.9%. Decrease in total lymphocytes, CD4 and CD8 counts were present in 40%, 53.3% and 33.3%, respectively. Hypogammaglobulinemia was detected in one patient and decreased concentrations of immunoglobulin M (IgM) in two other patients. Conclusion: Suspicion for 22q11.2DS should be raised in all patients with CHD associated with hypocalcemia and/or facial dysmorphisms, considering that many of these changes may evolve with age. The 22q11.2 microdeletion should be confirmed by molecular testing in all patients.