ABSTRACT The consumption of potassium (K) fertilizers in Brazilian agriculture exceeds the national production of this input by more than ten times, indicating the need for alternatives to reduce imports of these products. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of the remineralizing rocks phonolite and olivine melilitite as sources of K and other nutrients, as well as the effects of inoculation with Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus megaterium on the solubilization of these rocks in the soil. A greenhouse experiment was conducted using a randomized block design, with four replications, in a factorial arrangement consisting of three K sources (potassium chloride, phonolite, and olivine melilitite), three rates (150, 300, and 600 kg ha-1 K2O), with and without inoculant, and two controls without K (one with and one without inoculant). The experimental units consisted of pots containing 3 kg of soil and a strawberry plant grown for eight months. The treatment with olivine melilitite inoculated with rhizobacteria favored phosphate solubilization when applied the highest rate. Olivine melilitite remineralizer, alone or inoculated with rhizobacteria, increased K+ and Ca2+ contents in the soil when applied at the intermediate and highest rates (300 and 600 kg ha-1 K2O), highlighting this remineralizer as an alternative potassium source for plants.

RESUMO O consumo de fertilizante potássico pela agricultura brasileira supera em mais de dez vezes a produção nacional desse insumo, fato que indica a necessidade de alternativas para diminuir a dependência de sua importação. Diante disso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho dos remineralizadores fonolito e olivina melilitito, como fonte de potássio e outros nutrientes, bem como o efeito da inoculação dessas rochas com as rizobactérias Bacillus subtilis e Bacillus megaterium, no incremento da solubilização destes materiais. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação, sendo conduzido em delineamento blocos casualizados em arranjo fatorial, sendo três fontes (cloreto de potássio, fonolito e olivina melilitito), três doses (150, 300 e 600 kg ha-1 de K2O) com a presença ou ausência da inoculação, além de dois controles, sem adição de potássio, um com e outro sem inoculação, aplicados em 4 repetições. Foram avaliados os teores de potássio e outros nutrientes no solo. O tratamento com olivina melilitito inoculado com rizobactérias favorece a solubilização de fosfato na maior dose. O remineralizador olivina melilitito, isolado ou inoculado com rizobactérias aumentou os teores de K+ e Ca2+ no solo nas doses intermediária e máxima (300 e 600 kg ha-1 de K2O), destacando esse remineralizador como fonte alternativa de potássio para as plantas.

ABSTRACT The concentration of linoleic and α-linolenic fatty acids (FA) in grasses can be increased through agronomic techniques; however, there is little information in this regard for tropical grasses. Therefore, the objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of N fertilization and regrowth age management on the FA profile of three tropical grasses. To do this, three plots of 100 m2 each were used for the species: Urochloa decumbens (Stapf) R.D. Webster, U. humidicola (Rendle) Morrone & Zuloaga, and Megathyrsus maximus (Jacq.) B.K. Simon & S.W.L. Jacobs. The study was conducted during dry and rainy seasons. In each period, they were divided into two subplots and only one of them was fertilized. Grass sampling was carried out on days 20, 25, and 30 after fertilization. Five samples were taken from each subplot and an agronomic evaluation was made before each cut. The chemical composition and lipid profile were then determined. An ANOVA of a randomized complete block design with split plot arrangement was performed. The concentration of linoleic and α-linolenic acid was higher in M. maximus during drought (48.5 g 100 g-1 FA) and in U. humidicola during the rainy season (55.1 g 100 g-1 FA). This proportion was higher on day 20 (50.5 g 100 g-1 FA) compared to that recorded on days 25 and 30 (50.1 and 45.7 g 100 g-1 FA, respectively). The fertilized grasses had a higher concentration of linoleic and α-linolenic acid compared to the unfertilized ones (53.4 vs. 44.3 g 100 g-1 FA). It is concluded that fertilization with 50-20-00 (N-P-K) increases the proportion of linoleic and α-linolenic acids in grasses; however, such concentration decreases with increasing plant maturity.

RESUME : L'étude du lien entre la rentabilité et la fidélité du client intéresse les universitaires et les entrepreneurs en raison de son influence sur la valeur du client, la durabilité et la croissance de l'entreprise. Cet article explore le concept de valeur et la chaîne d'effets de la valeur perçue, de la satisfaction et d'autres liens intermédiaires, tels que la confiance et l'engagement qui conduisent à la fidélisation des clients. On a utilisé l'analyse comparative qualitative (ACQ) pour étudier cette chaîne d'effets, difficile à observer en raison de l'absence de sources standardisées. L'article apporte des contributions méthodologiques pour accroître la fidélité des clients. L'analyse montre les déterminants qui influencent les relations commerciales B2B menant à des clients fidèles. Les conclusions mettent en évidence les possibilités de combinaisons « gagnantes » dans la chaîne des effets pour les entreprises afin d'évaluer leur utilité dans l'interaction avec leurs clients lors de l'application de stratégies visant à accroître leur fidélité dans le processus d'achat. L'approche qualitative la plus utile souligne l'importance de la satisfaction du client, liée à la confiance et à l'engagement, pour attirer et conserver des clients fidèles.

RESUMO: O estudo do binómio rentabilidade-lealdade do cliente desperta o interesse de académicos e empresários pela influência que tem sobre o valor do cliente, a sustentabilidade e o crescimento da empresa. Este artigo explora o conceito de valor e a cadeia de efeitos do valor percebido, a satisfação e outros vínculos intermediários como a confiança e o compromisso que conduzem à lealdade do cliente. É utilizada a análise qualitativa comparada (QCA, por sua sigla inglês) para estudar essa cadeia de efeitos difíceis de observar devido à ausência de fontes padronizadas. Este artigo realiza contribuições de caráter metodológico para aumentar o grau de lealdade nos clientes. A análise mostra os condicionantes que influenciam nas relações comerciais B2B que levam à obtenção de clientes leais. As conclusões ressaltam as possibilidades de combinações "ganhadoras" na cadeia de efeitos para que as empresas avaliem sua utilidade na interação com seus clientes quando aplica estratégias para aumentar sua lealdade no processo de compra. A abordagem qualitativa mais útil evidencia a importância da satisfação do cliente, vinculada à confiança e ao compromisso para captar e manter aos clientes leais.

RESUMEN: El estudio del binomio rentabilidad-lealtad del cliente suscita el interés de académicos y empresarios por la influencia que tiene sobre el valor del cliente, la sostenibilidad y el crecimiento de la empresa. Este artículo explora el concepto de valor y la cadena de efectos del valor percibido, la satisfacción y otros vínculos intermedios como la confianza y el compromiso que conducen a la lealtad del cliente. Se utiliza el análisis cualitativo comparado (QCA, por sus siglas en inglés) para estudiar esta cadena de efectos difíciles de observar debido a la ausencia de fuentes estandarizadas. El artículo realiza contribuciones de carácter metodológico para incrementar el grado de lealtad en los clientes. El análisis muestra los condicionantes que influyen en las relaciones comerciales B2B conducentes a la obtención de clientes leales. Las conclusiones resaltan las posibilidades de combinaciones "ganadoras" en la cadena de efectos para que las empresas evalúen su utilidad en la interacción con sus clientes cuando aplica estrategias para incrementar su lealtad en el proceso de compra. La aproximación cualitativa más útil evidencia la importancia de la satisfacción del cliente, enlazada con la confianza y el compromiso para captar y mantener a los clientes leales.

ABSTRACT The study of the customer profitability-loyalty binomial has generated great interest among scholars and businesspeople due to its influence on customer value and the sustainability and growth of companies. This article explores the concept of value and the chain of effects of perceived value, satisfaction, and other intermediate links, such as trust and commitment, that lead to customer loyalty. Qualitative comparative analysis (QGA) is used to study this chain of effects, which are difficult to observe due to the absence of standardized methods. This article provides methodological contributions to increase the degree of customer loyalty. The analysis presented shows the conditions that influence B2B business relationships leading to attaining loyal customers. Our conclusions highlight the "winning" combinations in the aforementioned chain of effects, so companies could evaluate their usefulness as part of the interaction with their customers when applying strategies aimed at increasing loyalty. The most useful qualitative approach emphasizes the importance of customer satisfaction, which is linked to trust and commitment in order to attract and keep loyal customers.

Abstract Acne is a chronic inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous unit with multifactorial etiology. Abnormal proliferation of keratinocytes, altered sebum production, inflammation of the sebaceous follicle, and colonization by Cutibacterium acnes have been traditionally implicated. However, the diet has also been highlighted in the pathogenesis because of its direct relation with some biochemical markers and the transcription of specific genes associated with sebaceous gland activity, inflammation, and bacterial proliferation, which together promote the development of the disease, affect the severity of the condition, and modify its response to treatment.

Resumen El acné es una enfermedad inflamatoria crónica de la unidad pilosebácea de etiología multifactorial, en la que clásicamente se han implicado la proliferación anormal de queratinocitos, la producción alterada de sebo, la inflamación del folículo sebáceo y la colonización por Cutibacterium acnes. Sin embargo, también destaca la dieta en la patogenia al relacionarse directamente con la alteración de algunos marcadores bioquímicos y transcripción de ciertos genes que se asocian con la actividad de la glándula sebácea, la inflamación y la proliferación bacteriana, que en conjunto promueven el desarrollo de la enfermedad, afectan la gravedad del cuadro y modifican su respuesta al tratamiento.

Abstract Classic phase retrieval techniques use intensity patterns to obtain typical aberrations such as coma or astigmatism. However, the patterns obtained using the transport of intensity equation techniques have not been studied yet. In this work, we propose a method to obtain intensity distributions of some aberration wavefronts. We expect that this characterization method may facilitate new testing strategies in optical workshops.

Resumen Los estudios de morfometría brindan información sobre el funcionamiento hidrológico en una cuenca. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar parámetros morfométricos en la subcuenca del rio Páez, Cartago necesarias para planificación de las actividades de la cuenca y para un apropiado manejo. La construcción de la morfometría se basó en las curvas de nivel del Gran Área Metropolitana, escala 1:10000, y utilizando los Sistemas de Información Geográfica, se realizó la digitalización de las curvas de nivel, los drenajes y el parteaguas. Resultado del análisis morfométrico, se obtiene un área de 28,34 km2 y un perímetro de 47,4270 km. Está compuesta por 22 microcuencas, un factor de forma de 0,1171indicando una subcuenca alargada. Un coeficiente de compacidad de 2,4942, indicando que es una cuenca elongada. Muestra una curva hipsométrica de tipo cóncava, donde el pico de la distribución altimétrica corresponde con las altitudes entre los 3315 m y los 980 m. El parámetro pendiente con un valor de 29,3% de pendiente promedio. Es evidente la función que cumple la subcuenca para el desarrollo de las actividades productivas y para el abastecimiento de agua potable en algunos sitios Cartago.

Abstract Morphometric studies provide information on the hydrological functioning in a basin. The objective of the present study was to determine morphometric parameters in the sub-basin of the Páez River, located in the province of Cartago, Costa Rica, necessary for land use planning within the basin and its proper management. Morphometric construction was based on the 1:10,000 scale contour lines available for the Gran Area Metropolitana (translated as the Greater Metropolitan Area) and geographic information systems utilized to digitalize contour lines, drainages and watershed. Resulting from the morphometric analysis, a sub-basin area of 28.34 km2 and perimeter distance of 47.4270 km were estimated. The sub-basin is comprised of 22 micro-basins and overall exhibits a form factor value of 0.1171, thus indicating an elongated sub-basin. A compactness coefficient value of 2.4942 indicates an elongated basin. The sub-basin exhibits a concave hypsometric curve, where the peak of its altimetry distribution corresponds to altitudes between 3315 m and 980 m. The slope parameter has an average value of 29.3% slope. It is evident the role played by the Páez River sub-basin for the development of productive activities and water supply of some localities in the province of Cartago.

Abstract Background: Mentzelia (Loasaceae) is primarily distributed in western North America. The genus is classified into six monophyletic sections, among which species of section Bartonia are particularly poorly understood. Questions: What species of Mentzelia section Bartonia occur in Mexico? What are the species distribution ranges and what are their defining attributes? Study species: Mentzelia section Bartonia. Methods: Field, herbarium, distribution, and scanning electron microscopy studies were conducted to assess species diversity. Seed coat microsculpture patterns were evaluated to confirm species identities and understand their distributions throughout Mexico. Results: Six species from section Bartonia were recognized, with taxa distributed into either the Chihuahuan or Sonoran deserts. Mentzelia longiloba var. pinacatensis is the only Mexican endemic. Conclusions: Although this work comprehensively addressed the species of section Bartonia in Mexico, two groups will continue to present identification challenges: the M. longiloba and M. mexicana-M. saxicola complexes. Overlapping and variable characters will continue to complicate species identification in the M. longiloba complex, while the late-season loss of primary leaves will obscure species identification between M. mexicana and M. saxicola.

Resumen Antecedentes: Mentzelia (Loasaceae) se distribuye principalmente en el oeste de Norteamérica. El género se clasifica en seis secciones monofiléticas, entre las cuales las especies de la sección Bartonia son particularmente poco entendidas. Preguntas: ¿Cuáles son las especies de Mentzelia sección Bartonia en México?, ¿Cuáles son sus rangos de distribución y cuáles son los atributos que las distinguen? Especies de estudio: Mentzelia sección Bartonia. Métodos: Se realizaron estudios de campo, herbario, distribución y microscopía electrónica de barrido para evaluar la diversidad de especies. Se analizaron los patrones de microescultura de la testa de la semilla para confirmar la identidad de las especies y comprender su distribución en México. Resultados: Se reconocieron seis especies de la sección Bartonia, con taxones distribuídos en los desiertos Chihuahuense o Sonorense. Mentzelia longiloba var. pinacatensis es el único taxón endémico de México. Conclusiones: Aunque este trabajo abordó exhaustivamente las especies de la sección Bartonia en México, dos grupos continuarán presentando desafíos de identificación: los complejos de M. longiloba y M. mexicana-M. saxicola. Los caracteres superpuestos y variables continuarán complicando la identificación en el complejo M. longiloba, mientras que la pérdida en temporada tardía de las hojas primarias dificultará la identificación entre M. mexicana y M. saxicola.

ABSTRACT The freshwater prawn Macrobrachium acanthurus represents a valuable resource for fishermen's communities in Mexico, although the information of its culture conditions and nutrition is still scarce. Prebiotics are defined as non-digestible components that are metabolized by specific health-promoting bacteria in the host's digestive system, improving the health status and growth performance of cultured aquatic organisms. Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) are among the most used prebiotics in aquaculture. The present work aimed to determine the effects of dietary FOS and MOS in the growth performance, immune responses, and sexual maturity of juvenile freshwater prawn Macrobrachium acanthurus. Juveniles (0.06 ± 0.001 g) were fed with diets supplemented with a 3 g kg−1 diet of commercial FOS and MOS for 80 days. At the end of the feeding trial, the following indices were calculated: weight gain, specific growth rate, and feed conversion efficiency, as well as superoxide dismutase and lysozyme activities in hepatopancreas tissue. The growth performance, survival, juveniles’ protein contents did no show significant differences among the groups. No differences were detected in superoxide dismutase and lysozyme activities among experimental groups. Around day 60 of the feeding trial, the females fed with the prebiotics maturated, and by the end of the trial, several of them were carrying eggs. It seems that prebiotics might have a role in sexual maturation, but further research is necessary to establish if prebiotics influences the early maturation of M. acanthurus.

Abstract Oat flour was heat treated at 80, 100 or 130 °C for 30 min, then used to replace 10 or 20 % wheat flour in bread-making process. Water retention capacity, viscosity profile, specific volume, and texture profile analysis were determined at 0, 2 and 7 days after bread-making. Viscosity parameters were affected by the two levels of oat flour substitution and heat treatment. When using oat flour treated at 100 °C and substitution level of 10 and 20 %, the specific volume of bread increased (2.64 and 2.75 cm3/g). The texture profile was also affected by the level of substitution and heat treatment at 7 days of storage, the firmness of the bread decreased when 10 % of oat flour treated at 130 °C (12.86 N) was used in comparison to that made with wheat flour (19.63 N). Heat treatments in oat flour used to replace wheat flour can be an important alternative to improve the quality of bread-making products.

Resumen La harina de avena fue tratada térmicamente a 80, 100 y 130 °C durante 30 min para después ser utilizada en sustitución del 10 y 20 % de harina de trigo para la elaboración de pan. Se determinó capacidad de retención de agua, perfil de viscosidad, volumen específico y análisis de perfil de textura a los 0, 2 y 7 días de elaborado el pan. Los parámetros de viscosidad fueron afectados por los dos niveles de sustitución de harina de avena y el tratamiento térmico. Al utilizar harina de avena tratada a 100 °C a 10 y 20 % de sustitución, el volumen específico de pan aumentó (2.64 y 2.75 cm3/g). El perfil de textura, también se vio afectado por el nivel de sustitución y el tratamiento térmico a los 7 días de almacenamiento, la firmeza del pan disminuyó cuando se usó 10 % de harina de avena tratada a 130 °C (12.86 N) en comparación al elaborado con harina de trigo (19.63 N). Los tratamientos térmicos en harina de avena empleada para sustituir la harina de trigo pueden ser una alternativa importante para mejorar la calidad en productos de panificación.

Abstract Previous studies have investigated technology’s impact on international affairs, but few have analyzed the effect of artificial intelligence on the international system structure. This study integrates heterogeneous datasets and network science concepts with several power factors and artificial intelligence advances as a methodology to understand the evolution of the international system with a perspective around research, knowledge, innovation, and technology as an endogenous variable. Our findings indicate that the international fitness variable could be considered as a mechanism to interpret the system dynamics, especially when artificial intelligence interacts with different topics of the system. Overall, we provide quantitative evidence of the evolution of artificial intelligence innovations and technological power to identify system structure changes, both in central and peripheral countries.

ABSTRACT The difficulties of applying the audiometry in pediatric populations and its methodological limitations in implanted patients have spurred the development of new alternative auditory evaluation methods. This study aimed to show an objective method to estimate hearing thresholds in pediatric cochlear implanted patients through Electrical Cochlear Response (ECR) and to quantify the hearing performance by using an Auditory Skills Questionnaire (ASQ) and a Calibrated Sounds Test (CST) designed on purpose. Eighteen implanted patients, 1-6 years old underwent standard audiometry, ECR, and ASQ in two evaluation sessions T1 and T2. At T2, in addition, patients underwent CST. For patients ≤3 years old (G1), Pure Tone Averages (PTA and PTAECR)showed a statistically significant difference between them at T1 and T2. At T2 improvements in audiometric and ECR thresholds were observed (p<0.05), regarding T1. Patients older than 3 years (G2) had significantly better ASQ and CST scores. CST detection scores at 40 dBHL for groups G1 and G2, 36% and 70% respectively, showed a better relationship to ECR thresholds. The relationship observed between ECR thresholds and CST detection scores seems to confirm that ECR brings the feasibility of objective hearing threshold estimation and provides a better frequency resolution than audiometry.

RESUMEN Las dificultades para la aplicación de la audiometría en la población pediátrica además de sus limitaciones metodológicas en pacientes usuarios de implante coclear, señalan la necesidad de métodos audiométricos alternos. En el presente trabajo se utiliza el potencial eléctrico, denominado Respuesta Coclear Eléctrica (ECR) observado solamente en usuarios de implante coclear, para la estimación de umbrales auditivos prescindiendo de la participación consiente del paciente, además de evaluar el desempeño auditivo mediante un Cuestionario de Habilidades Auditivas (ASQ) y la Prueba de Sonidos Calibrados (CST). A dieciocho participantes de 1 a 6 años, se les practicó Audiometría, ECR y ASQ en dos sesiones, T1 y T2; adicionalmente, en T2 se aplicó CST. En T1 y T2 los promedios de tonos puros, PTA y PTAECR, de pacientes ≤ 3 años (G1), mostraron una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre ellos. En T2 los umbrales audiométricos y ECR (p <0.05), mejoraron respecto de T1. Pacientes > 3 años (G2) lograron puntuaciones ASQ y CST significativamente mejores. Los puntajes de detección CST a 40 dBHL, G1(36%) y G2(70%), mostraron mejor relación con los umbrales ECR. Esta relación entre los umbrales ECR y los puntajes de detección CST indican que la ECR permite estimar el umbral de audición, logrando adicionalmente mayor resolución en frecuencia que la audiometría.

Resumen Xylella fastidiosa es una bacteria Gram negativa que infecta plantaciones de vid (Vitis vinifera L.) en el municipio de Parras, Coahuila, México. La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo identificar la subespecie de X. fastidiosa y determinar su asociación con diferentes especies de plantas cultivadas y silvestres en el municipio. Durante el verano y otoño de 2018 se obtuvieron, en dos predios del municipio de Parras, 83 muestras procedentes de árboles frutales (n = 36), incluyendo vid, árboles forestales (n = 4), plantas ornamentales (n = 2) y plantas silvestres (n = 41). Para la identificación de la bacteria se amplificaron por PCR secuencias parciales de los genes gyrB, HL y 16S rRNA, así como de los genes de mantenimiento (MLST) leuA, petC, malF, cysG, holC, nuoL y gltT, además del gen de adherencia a superficies pilU. La reconstrucción filogenética mostró que las secuencias amplificadas correspondieron a X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa. El clado X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa mostró que las secuencias concatenadas de los genes MLST se agruparon con las secuencias ST1, ST2 y ST3, y las del gen pilU con la secuencia ST1. Los resultados confirmaron la presencia de X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa en las especies cultivadas de Carya sp., Cydonia sp., Ficus carica, Olea europaea y V. vinifera, y en las especies silvestres Celtis pallida, Baccharis sp., Phragmites sp. y Rubus sp. Sólo en Cydonia sp., O. europaea, Phragmites sp. y V. vinifera se registró síntoma de escaldadura en las hojas, característico de X. fastidiosa. Los resultados indican que en el municipio de Parras, Coahuila se presentan infecciones recurrentes que representan una fuente de inóculo de la bacteria para los viñedos, principal cultivo de la región. Este es el primer reporte de X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa en Cydonia sp., la cual se propone como nuevo hospedante de la bacteria.

Summary Xylella fastidiosa is a Gram negative bacterium that infects vine plantations (Vitis vinifera L.) in the municipality of Parras, Coahuila, México. This research aimed to identify the subspecies of X. fastidiosa and determine its association with different species of cultivated and wild plants in the municipality. During Summer and Autumn 2018, 83 samples of fruit trees (n = 36), including vine, forest trees (n = 4), ornamental plants (n = 2) and wild plants (n = 41) were collected from two sites in the municipality of Parras. For bacterial identification, partial sequences of the gyrB, HL, and 16S rRNA genes were amplified by PCR, as well as the housekeeping genes (MLST) leuA, petC, malF, cysG, holC, nuoL and gltT, in addition to the pilU adherence to surface gene. Phylogenetic reconstruction showed that the amplified sequences corresponded to X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa. Clade X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa and that the concatenated sequences of the MLST genes were grouped with the sequences ST1, ST2 and ST3, and those of the pilU gene with ST1. Results confirmed the presence of X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa in the cultivated species of Carya sp., Cydonia sp., Ficus carica, Olea europaea and V. vinifera, and in the wild species Celtis pallida, Baccharis sp., Phragmites sp. and Rubus sp. Only in Cydonia sp., O. europaea, Phragmites sp. and V. vinifera scalding symptom was registered on the leaves, a characteristic of X. fastidiosa. Results show the presence of recurrent infections in the municipality of Parras, Coahuila, that represent a source of inoculum of the bacteria for the vineyards, the main crop in the region. This is the first report of X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa in Cydonia sp., which is proposed as a new host for the bacterium.

Abstract Childhood from bioarchaeological and archaeological perspectives has not been well studied in Mesoamerica and Oaxaca. To better understand this issue, we examined differences in the funerary treatment provided for children and adults and assessed axes of variation between these different age-defined samples. Of over 100 human skeletons in the osteological collection of El Palmillo dating to the Classic period (250-850 AD), a study could be made from the evaluation of the biological age. A statistical analysis of aggregated burials at the site examine the distribution by age, position, location, chronology, among other variables Finally, we compare our results to the mortuary practices reported for Monte Albán to evaluate if there is a consistent pattern in Zapotec funerary treatment or if there are differences between the sites.

Resumen Desde la perspectiva bioarqueológica y arqueológica, la niñez no se considera en las investigaciones de Mesoamérica y Oaxaca. Para comprender mejor este problema, examinamos las diferencias en el tratamiento funerario para niños y adultos y evaluamos los ejes de variación entre estas diferentes muestras definidas por edad. De los más de 100 esqueletos humanos en la colección osteológica de El Palmillo que data del periodo Clásico (250-850 dC), se pudo realizar un estudio a partir de la evaluación de la edad biológica. Se utilizó un análisis estadístico de conglomerados para conocer la distribución de los entierros en el sitio por edad, posición, ubicación, cronología, entre otras variables. Finalmente, comparamos nuestros resultados con las prácticas mortuorias, hasta el momento publicadas en Monte Albán, para evaluar si existe un patrón constante en el tratamiento funerario zapoteco o si hay diferencias entre los sitios. Encontramos un patrón en los depósitos de subadultos que podrían relacionarse con la edad social.

ABSTRACT Introduction . The antibiotic resistance of Gram positive bacteria is a serious public health problem where some palliative measures can be found in the antimicrobial principles of filamentous fungi. Objective. : To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of secondary metabolites of a clinical isolation of Aspergillus fumigatus on clinical strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Methods . The liquid fermentation of A. fumigatus was carried out in a liquid broth sulfate, potato and dextrose; using ethyl acetate for the extraction of secondary metabolites. The antimicrobial activity considered as a halo greater than 6 mm was evaluated using the diffusion disk methodology. Results . A mean of 24,02 ± 2,51 mm and 23,62 ± 4,68 mm was obtained on sensitive and resistant Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. For Streptococcus pneumoniae sensitive and non-susceptible, the means were 25,82 ± 4,05 mm and 26,5 ± 5,39 mm, respectively. Conclusions . The crude extract of A. fumigatus has secondary metabolites of alkaloid nature and unsaturated sterols with antimicrobial activity.

RESUMEN Introducción . La resistencia a los antibióticos de bacterias Gram positivas es un grave problema de salud pública donde algunas medidas paliativas pueden encontrarse en los principios antimicrobianos de hongos filamentosos. Objetivo . Evaluar la actividad antimicrobiana de metabolitos secundarios de un aislamiento clínico de Aspergillus fumigatus sobre cepas clínicas de Staphylococcus aureus y Streptococcus pneumoniae. Métodos . La fermentación líquida de A. fumigatus se realizó en un caldo líquido sulfato, papa y dextrosa, utilizando acetato de etilo para la extracción de metabolitos. Mediante la metodología de disco difusión se evaluó la actividad antimicrobiana considerada como un halo mayor de 6 mm. Resultados . Se obtuvo una media de 24,02 ± 2,51 mm y 23,62 ± 4,68 mm de halo de inhibición sobre Staphylococcus aureus sensible y resistente oxacilina, respectivamente. Para Streptococcus pneumoniae sensibles y no sensibles a penicilina las medias fueron de 25,82 ± 4,05 mm y 26,5 ± 5,39 mm, respectivamente. Conclusiones . El extracto crudo de A. fumigatus posee metabolitos secundarios de naturaleza alcaloide y esteroles insaturados con actividad antimicrobiana.

Resumen Introducción: Las infecciones nosocomiales son aquellas adquiridas por los pacientes durante la hospitalización. Son de gran importancia en medicina humana pero aún se desconoce cuál es su papel en medicina veterinaria. Objetivo: Identificar la presencia de bacterias asociadas a infecciones hospitalarias en ambientes y superficies en una clínica veterinaria. Materiales y métodos: Se realizaron dos muestreos, se determinó a través de sedimentación y torunda la presencia de bacterias en el ambiente y las superficies de las 8 unidades de la clínica veterinaria. La presencia de nosocomiales se determinó por el crecimiento y purificación en medios diferenciales, la identificación se hizo por descripción macroscópica de las colonias y tinción de Gram y posteriormente se realizó una caracterización bioquímicamente por medio del API20E y API50 CH/E y un antibiograma en las cepas relacionadas con resistencia a antibióticos. Resultados: Se obtuvo 95 aislados y se logró determinar la presencia de 28 agentes potencialmente nosocomiales, donde se destaca la presencia de Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus sp. y Staphylococcus sp. microorganismos relacionados con infecciones asociadas a hospitales veterinarios. Conclusiones: Se realiza la primera aproximación a este tipo de infecciones en hospitales veterinarios en Antioquia, y se evidencia la circulación en ambiente y superficies de potenciales bacterias nosocomiales en la clínica veterinaria.

Abstract Introduction: Care associated infections are of importance in human medicine but few is known in veterinary medicine. Aims: To identify pathogenic bacteria in surfaces of veterinary clinics. Materials and methods: Two samples with cotton hissops were obtained in inert surfaces from 8 veterinary clinics. The presence of pathogenic bacteria was established by growth in agar media, identification of species was performed through colonies morphology and Gram stain and biochemistry identification with API20E and API50 CH/E system and antibiogram. Results: 95 isolates were characterized and within them 28 were pathogenic. The most prevalent were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus sp. and Staphylococcus sp. Conclusions: This is the first description of pathogenic microorganisms present in veterinary clinics in Antioquia that have potential for clinical consequences for personnel working at this veterinary centers.