ABSTRACT Short administration periods of a health ministry can jeopardize the implementation and effectiveness of state policies due to changes in management orientation, altering the natural learning process, or other factors. The aim of this article was to determine and compare the tenure length of the ministry of health in Peru, describe its characteristics and discuss its relationship with public health achievements. Between 1935 and 2021, the average tenure was of 13,7 months and the median was 11 months, the longest was found to be 67 months, by Constantino Carvallo, and the shortest was one day, by Javier Correa. The length of ministerial tenure in Peru has a wide range of variation (1 day up to 67 months), it is shorter compared to that of other countries and is decreasing since 2016. Although longer tenures would not be sufficient to guarantee health achievements, it might contribute to the sustainability of health-related actions and have a positive effect on long-term policies.

RESUMEN Los periodos breves en la gestión de un ministerio de salud pueden poner en riesgo la implementación y la efectividad de políticas de Estado por cambios en la orientación de la gestión, por un proceso natural de aprendizaje, o por otros factores. El propósito de este artículo fue determinar y comparar la duración de la gestión ministerial en salud en Perú, describir sus características y discutir su relación con los logros en salud pública. Entre 1935 y 2021, la media de duración de la gestión fue de 13,7 meses y la mediana fue de 11 meses, siendo la más extensa de 67 meses, de Constantino Carvallo, y la más breve de un día, de Javier Correa. La duración de la gestión ministerial en el Perú tiene un amplio rango de variación (1día hasta 67 meses), es menor comparada con la de otros países, y está disminuyendo desde el 2016. Si bien, una duración mayor a la encontrada no sería suficiente para garantizar los logros en salud, podría contribuir en el sostenimiento de las acciones de salud y tener un efecto positivo en las políticas de largo plazo.

ABSTRACT Short administration periods of a health ministry can jeopardize the implementation and effectiveness of state policies due to changes in management orientation, altering the natural learning process, or other factors. The aim of this article was to determine and compare the tenure length of the ministry of health in Peru, describe its characteristics and discuss its relationship with public health achievements. Between 1935 and 2021, the average tenure was of 13,7 months and the median was 11 months, the longest was found to be 67 months, by Constantino Carvallo, and the shortest was one day, by Javier Correa. The length of ministerial tenure in Peru has a wide range of variation (1 day up to 67 months), it is shorter compared to that of other countries and is decreasing since 2016. Although longer tenures would not be sufficient to guarantee health achievements, it might contribute to the sustainability of health-related actions and have a positive effect on long-term policies.

RESUMEN Los periodos breves en la gestión de un ministerio de salud pueden poner en riesgo la implementación y la efectividad de políticas de Estado por cambios en la orientación de la gestión, por un proceso natural de aprendizaje, o por otros factores. El propósito de este artículo fue determinar y comparar la duración de la gestión ministerial en salud en Perú, describir sus características y discutir su relación con los logros en salud pública. Entre 1935 y 2021, la media de duración de la gestión fue de 13,7 meses y la mediana fue de 11 meses, siendo la más extensa de 67 meses, de Constantino Carvallo, y la más breve de un día, de Javier Correa. La duración de la gestión ministerial en el Perú tiene un amplio rango de variación (1día hasta 67 meses), es menor comparada con la de otros países, y está disminuyendo desde el 2016. Si bien, una duración mayor a la encontrada no sería suficiente para garantizar los logros en salud, podría contribuir en el sostenimiento de las acciones de salud y tener un efecto positivo en las políticas de largo plazo.

ABSTRACT Childhood anemia is a public health problem in Peru. A variety of preventive strategies are being developed, among them the use of social networks. Little evidence is available about the best ways to interact with audiences in this space. The purpose of the study was to explore the perception of users of social networks of the Peruvian Ministry of Health about a video promoting food to reduce the risk of childhood anemia and estimate the scope and interaction it achieved through the social networks. An exploratory qualitative-quantitative study was conducted of an intervention based on a music video disseminated by the Ministry of Health in the social networks Facebook, Twitter and YouTube. Most of the users commenting on the video (58 / 77) in Facebook reported a positive perception. The largest number of replays was reached at four months' follow-up in Facebook (364 000 replays), trebling the results of Twitter and YouTube together. The broadest scope was achieved during the first week. The highest interaction rate at four months occurred in Facebook (7.1%), followed by Twitter (5.2%) and YouTube (0.3%). The greatest scope and interaction rate of the study video occurred in Facebook. Perception was positive, but the interaction rate was low. Social networks are a swift though ephemeral form of communication with a great potential in public health.

RESUMEN En Perú la anemia infantil es un problema de salud pública. Se están desarrollando diferentes estrategias preventivas, entre ellas el uso de las redes sociales. Hay poca evidencia disponible sobre las mejores formas de interactuar con las audiencias en este espacio. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo explorar la percepción de los usuarios de las redes sociales del Ministerio de Salud del Perú sobre un video que promueve la alimentación para reducir el riesgo de anemia infantil y estimar el alcance y la interacción que consiguió a través de las redes sociales. Se hizo un estudio de carácter cuali-cuantitativo exploratorio de una intervención con un video musical del Ministerio de Salud, difundido a través de las redes sociales (Facebook, Twitter y Youtube). La mayoría de los usuarios (58/77) que comentaron el video en Facebook tuvo una percepción positiva. A los cuatro meses de seguimiento se logró el mayor alcance en Facebook (364 000 reproducciones), que triplicó lo alcanzado de forma conjunta en Twitter y Youtube. Durante la primera semana se logró el mayor alcance. La mayor tasa de interacción a los cuatro meses se produjo en Facebook (7,1 %) seguida de Twitter (5,2 %) y Youtube (0,3 %). El mayor alcance y tasa de interacción del video estudiado fue a través de Facebook. La percepción fue positiva; sin embargo, la tasa de interacción fue baja. Las redes sociales son una forma de comunicación veloz, pero efímera, con un gran potencial en salud pública.

RESUMO Objetivo Este estudo teve por objetivo comparar os achados videoendoscópicos da deglutição orofaríngea em distintas consistências de alimento na Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica (ELA). Método Estudo clínico retrospectivo com amostra de conveniência. Foram incluídos 20 indivíduos com diagnóstico de ELA e disfagia orofaríngea confirmada por avaliação clínica e objetiva de deglutição, independentemente do tipo, bulbar ou esquelética, e tempo de diagnóstico neurológico, 13 do sexo masculino e sete do sexo feminino, faixa etária variando de 34 a 78 anos, média de 57 anos. Foram analisados os achados da videoendoscopia de deglutição (VED) nas consistências líquida (N=18), líquida espessada (N=19) e pastosa (N=20) no volume de cinco ml. Os achados sobre escape oral posterior, resíduos faríngeos, penetração laríngea e/ou aspiração foram comparados nas três consistências de alimento e a análise estatística utilizou o teste ANOVA de Friedman. Resultados Não foi encontrada alteração na sensibilidade laríngea nessa população. Não houve diferença estatística significativa entre as consistências de alimento na presença de escape oral posterior, penetração e/ou aspiração. Houve diferença estatística significativa somente com resíduos faríngeos na consistência líquida espessada e pastosa na ELA. Conclusão Dentre os achados videoendoscópicos da deglutição na ELA, somente o resíduo faríngeo teve maior frequência na dependência da consistência de alimento.

ABSTRACT Purpose This study aimed to compare the fiberoptic endoscopic findings of oropharyngeal swallowing of distinct food consistencies in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Methods This was a retrospective clinical study of a convenience sample of 20 individuals (13 males and seven females aged 34 to 78 years old) with a diagnosis of ALS and oropharyngeal dysphagia confirmed by clinical and objective evaluation of swallowing, regardless of the bulbar or skeletal type and of the time of neurological diagnosis. The fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) of the liquid (N = 18), thickened liquid (N = 19) and pureed samples (N = 20) in a volume of 5 ml were analyzed. Data related to posterior oral spillage, pharyngeal residues, laryngeal penetration and/or aspiration after swallowing the three food consistencies were analyzed statistically by the Friedman ANOVA test. Results No impairment of laryngeal sensitivity was found in this population. There was no statistically significant difference in posterior oral spillage, penetration and/or aspiration between food consistencies. There was a statistically significant difference only related to pharyngeal residues of the thickened liquid and pureed consistency. Conclusion Among the fiberoptic endoscopic findings of swallowing in ALS, only pharyngeal residues had a higher frequency depending on the consistency of food.

ABSTRACT Objectives. To determine the ratio of microcephaly in newborns in level II and III health facilities of the Ministry of Health (MINSA) of Peru for the period 2005-2013. Materials and Methods. A secondary analysis of the databases of the Perinatal Information System was carried out during 2005-2013. Microcephaly was identified applying World Health Organization (WHO), Fenton, mixed (WHO-Fenton), and proportionality criteria. The ratios and indices of microcephaly were estimated per 10,000 live births (LB) by region and concordance was compared, using the WHO parameter as a reference. Results. The ratio of microcephaly during 2005 to 2013 was 3.4%, the average rate of microcephaly was 335 per 10,000 LBs according to the WHO criterion. The mixed parameter showed a substantial concordance (Kappa of 0.635), while the proportionality parameter showed a reasonable concordance (Kappa of 0.298). Conclusions. The ratio of microcephaly in MINSA Level II and III health facilities was higher than that reported in other countries in the region before the appearance of Zika in the Americas. The frequency variations observed with those of other countries and among Peruvian regions could be explained by different factors, such as the technique for measuring head circumference, data capture, constitutional factors, and social determinants. We suggest standardizing measurements and their recording, harmonizing diagnostic criteria, and establishing health strategies to strengthen the epidemiological surveillance of the causes of microcephaly.

RESUMEN Objetivos. Determinar la proporción de microcefalia en recién nacidos en establecimientos de salud (EESS) de nivel II y III del Ministerio de Salud (MINSA) de Perú durante el periodo 2005-2013. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un análisis secundario de las bases de datos del Sistema Informático Perinatal durante 2005-2013. La identificación de microcefalia se realizó aplicando los criterios de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), de Fenton, mixto (OMS-Fenton) y de proporcionalidad. Se estimaron las proporciones y tasas de microcefalia por 10 000 nacidos vivos (NV) por regiones y se comparó la concordancia, considerando al parámetro de OMS como referencia. Resultados. La proporción de microcefalia durante el 2005 a 2013 fue de 3,4%, la tasa promedio de microcefalia fue de 335 por 10 000 NV según el criterio de OMS. El parámetro mixto mostró una concordancia sustancial (Kappa de 0,635), mientras que el de proporcionalidad mostró una concordancia razonable (Kappa de 0,298). Conclusiones. La proporción de microcefalia en EESS de nivel II y III del MINSA fue mayor a lo reportado en otros países de la región antes de la aparición del Zika en las Américas. Las variaciones de las frecuencias observadas con las de otros países y entre las regiones peruanas, se podrían explicar por diferentes factores, como la técnica de medición del perímetro cefálico, captura de datos, factores constitucionales y determinantes sociales. Sugerimos estandarizar las mediciones y su registro, uniformizar los criterios de diagnóstico y establecer las estrategias sanitarias para fortalecer la vigilancia epidemiológica de las causas de la microcefalia.

Objectives. To determine the ratio of microcephaly in newborns in level II and III health facilities of the Ministry of Health (MINSA) of Peru for the period 2005-2013. Materials and Methods. A secondary analysis of the databases of the Perinatal Information System was carried out during 2005-2013. Microcephaly was identified applying World Health Organization (WHO), Fenton, mixed (WHO-Fenton), and proportionality criteria. The ratios and indices of microcephaly were estimated per 10,000 live births (LB) by region and concordance was compared, using the WHO parameter as a reference. Results. The ratio of microcephaly during 2005 to 2013 was 3.4%, the average rate of microcephaly was 335 per 10,000 LBs according to the WHO criterion. The mixed parameter showed a substantial concordance (Kappa of 0.635), while the proportionality parameter showed a reasonable concordance (Kappa of 0.298). Conclusions. The ratio of microcephaly in MINSA Level II and III health facilities was higher than that reported in other countries in the region before the appearance of Zika in the Americas. The frequency variations observed with those of other countries and among Peruvian regions could be explained by different factors, such as the technique for measuring head circumference, data capture, constitutional factors, and social determinants. We suggest standardizing measurements and their recording, harmonizing diagnostic criteria, and establishing health strategies to strengthen the epidemiological surveillance of the causes of microcephaly.

Objetivos. Determinar la proporción de microcefalia en recién nacidos en establecimientos de salud (EESS) de nivel II y III del Ministerio de Salud (MINSA) de Perú durante el periodo 2005-2013. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un análisis secundario de las bases de datos del Sistema Informático Perinatal durante 2005-2013. La identificación de microcefalia se realizó aplicando los criterios de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), de Fenton, mixto (OMS-Fenton) y de proporcionalidad. Se estimaron las proporciones y tasas de microcefalia por 10 000 nacidos vivos (NV) por regiones y se comparó la concordancia, considerando al parámetro de OMS como referencia. Resultados. La proporción de microcefalia durante el 2005 a 2013 fue de 3,4%, la tasa promedio de microcefalia fue de 335 por 10 000 NV según el criterio de OMS. El parámetro mixto mostró una concordancia sustancial (Kappa de 0,635), mientras que el de proporcionalidad mostró una concordancia razonable (Kappa de 0,298). Conclusiones. La proporción de microcefalia en EESS de nivel II y III del MINSA fue mayor a lo reportado en otros países de la región antes de la aparición del Zika en las Américas. Las variaciones de las frecuencias observadas con las de otros países y entre las regiones peruanas, se podrían explicar por diferentes factores, como la técnica de medición del perímetro cefálico, captura de datos, factores constitucionales y determinantes sociales. Sugerimos estandarizar las mediciones y su registro, uniformizar los criterios de diagnóstico y establecer las estrategias sanitarias para fortalecer la vigilancia epidemiológica de las causas de la microcefalia.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Thyroid storm is a rare complication of hyperthyroidism, with 10 times greater risk of developing during pregnancy. The term "storm" describes the intensity of the clinical manifestation and the significant concentration of thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodothyronine (T3). CLINICAL CASE: Woman of 25 years with a gestational age of 29 weeks with poor prenatal control, referred to our institution due to fetal tachycardia. Clinically, he had a heart rate of up to 161 per minute, a fetal heart rate of 178, hot skin, bilateral exophthalmos, Plumer's nails, bilateral 3N diffuse goiter, bilateral jugular vein enlargement, bilateral lung crepitations with predominance of bases, lower limb edema. He presented a score of 60 on the Burch and Wartofsky criteria for thyroid storm. Antithyroid drugs, beta blockers and support measures were established. Patient developed a threat of preterm delivery and persistent fetal tachycardia, so an emergency caesarean section was indicated. CONCLUSIONS: Screening for hyperthyroidism in pregnant women with a personal history and symptoms is the best measure of thyroid storm prevention. The suspicion of thyroid storm should be treated immediately by a multidisciplinary team. Fetal well-being should be evaluated continuously and determine the end of pregnancy if there are fetal indications or the mother does not respond to the treatment established.

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: La tormenta tiroidea es una complicación rara del hipertiroidismo, con riesgo 10 veces mayor de aparecer durante el embarazo. El término “tormenta” describe la intensidad de la manifestación clínica y la significativa concentración de tiroxina (T4) y tri-yodotironina (T3). CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente de 25 años, con embarazo de 29 semanas, control prenatal deficiente, enviada al Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal de Lima, Perú, por taquicardia fetal. A la exploración clínica se encontró: frecuencia cardiaca de 161 latidos por minuto, frecuencia cardiaca fetal de 178; piel caliente, exoftalmos bilateral, uñas de Plumer, bocio difuso 3N bilateral, ingurgitación yugular bilateral, estertores crepitantes bilaterales de predominio en ambas bases y edema en los miembros inferiores. De acuerdo con los criterios de Burch y Wartofsky, se estimó un puntaje de 60 para establecer el diagnóstico de tormenta tiroidea. Se indicaron fármacos antitiroideos, betabloqueadores y medidas de soporte. La paciente tuvo amenaza de parto pretérmino y taquicardia fetal persistente, por lo que se programó para cesárea de urgencia. La evolución para la madre y su hijo fue satisfactoria. CONCLUSIONES: El tamizaje para hipertiroidismo en pacientes embarazadas con antecedentes personales y síntomas relacionados es la mejor medida de prevención de la tormenta tiroidea. La sospecha de tormenta tiroidea debe tratarse de manera inmediata, por un equipo multidisciplinario. El bienestar fetal debe evaluarse continuamente y estimar el tiempo de finalización del embarazo, además de considerar si existen indicaciones poco satisfactorias en cuanto al tratamiento indicado.

RESUMO Este estudo teve por objetivo descrever o desempenho longitudinal da deglutição orofaríngea em indivíduo com distrofia miotônica tipo 1. Estudo de caso único de indivíduo de 66 anos, sexo masculino, com diagnóstico neurológico em 2010. Realizou a primeira avaliação clínica e objetiva da deglutição após quatro anos do diagnóstico neurológico. Foram realizadas sete avaliações objetivas da deglutição, por meio de videoendoscopia de deglutição, nas consistências pastosa, líquida espessada e líquida, com 3, 5, 10 ml, durante o processo de diagnóstico e gerenciamento da deglutição, por um ano e dois meses. Foram analisados sensibilidade laríngea, escape oral posterior, resíduos faríngeos, por meio da Yale Pharyngeal Residue Severity Rating Scale, penetração laríngea e/ou aspiração laringotraqueal, com aplicação da Penetration-Aspiration Scale (PAS). Constatou-se, durante o período de estudo, que não houve alteração na sensibilidade laríngea. Escape oral posterior, resíduos faríngeos e penetração laríngea estiveram presentes desde o início das avaliações objetivas. Após quatro meses da primeira avaliação, na consistência pastosa, o nível de resíduos faríngeos passou de vestígio residual para moderado, em recessos piriformes, já em valéculas, e o aumento no índice da gravidade evidenciou-se no último mês. Houve aumento na PAS em todas as consistências de alimento testadas. A presença de aspiração laringotraqueal ocorreu com líquido ralo, no último mês. Durante o período de acompanhamento da deglutição orofaríngea na distrofia miotônica tipo 1, os resíduos faríngeos e a penetração laríngea estiveram presentes desde o início das avaliações, porém, a aspiração laringotraqueal somente ocorreu no último mês do acompanhamento, com líquido ralo.

ABSTRACT The purpose of the present study was to describe the longitudinal performance of oropharyngeal swallowing in individuals with type 1 myotonic dystrophy. A single case report of a 66-year-old man with a neurological diagnosis in 2010. He was submitted to his first clinical and objective evaluation of swallowing four years after the neurological diagnosis. Seven objective evaluations of swallowing were performed by fiberopitic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing using pureed food, thickened liquid and liquid consistencies (3, 5, and 10 ml) during the diagnosis and management of swallowing over a period of one year and two months. Laryngeal sensitivity, oral spillage and pharyngeal residues were evaluated using the Yale Pharyngeal Residue Severity Rating Scale, and laryngeal penetration and/or laryngotracheal aspiration were determined using the Penetration-Aspiration Scale (PAS). No change in laryngeal sensitivity was observed during the study period, whereas oral spillage, pharyngeal residues and laryngeal penetration were observed since the beginning of the objective evaluations. Four months after the first evaluation, the level of pharyngeal residues of pureed consistency changed from trace to moderate in piriform recess, and in the vallecula the increase in the severity index was demonstrated in the last month. There was an increase in PAS score for all consistencies tested. Laryngotracheal aspiration occurred with thin liquid in the last month. During the follow-up of oropharyngeal swallowing in myotonic dystrophy type 1, pharyngeal residues and laryngeal penetration were present since the beginning of the evaluations, but laryngotracheal aspiration occurred only in the last month of follow-up and with thin liquid.

Resistance to third-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) is an increasingly frequent event in clinical practice; however, the exact mechanisms by which tumor cells develop such resistance allowing their survival are unknown. A case of resistance to osimertinib (AZD9291) in non small cell lung cancer, evidenced by next generation sequencing (NGS) and its possible therapeutic approach is described.

La resistencia a inhibidores de tirosina kinasa (TKI) de tercera generación son un evento cada vez más frecuente en la práctica clínica, a pesar de ello, se desconoce aún los mecanismos exactos mediante los cuales las células tumorales desarrollan dicha resistencia permitiendo sus supervivencia. Se describe un caso de resistencia a osimertinib (AZD9291) en cáncer de pulmón de celulas no pequeñas, evidenciado por secuenciamiento genético (NGS) y su posible planteamiento terapéutico.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar na literatura brasileira e internacional produções científicas correlacionando a Fonoaudiologia e a Psicanálise. Foi realizada revisão de literatura utilizando as bases de dados BVS, Scielo, Scopus e PubMed. Foram utilizados os descritores “Fonoaudiologia”, “Psicanálise”, “Comunicação”, “Speech Therapy”, “Psychoanalysis” e “Communication” e identificados 65 artigos completos entre os anos de 1980 a 2015. A análise foi realizada por meio de um “Protocolo de Classificação de Artigos”. Foi possível verificar que o tipo de trabalho mais publicado é o Artigo Original. Observou-se que SCOPUS e BVS foram as bases de dados mais comuns. Há um predomínio de artigos no idioma português, seguido por inglês, francês e alemão. Várias especialidades da Fonoaudiologia apresentaram interface com a psicanálise, especialmente, Linguagem e Neuropsicologia. Os trabalhos foram publicados principalmente em periódicos da Psicologia, sendo encontrados também na área da Fonoaudiologia e da Interdisciplinar. Este trabalho de revisão evidenciou a interferência psicanalítica na clínica fonoaudiológica, verificando a necessidade de mais estudos relacionando ambas as áreas que possam contribuir para a atuação desses profissionais e, consequentemente, possibilitar uma melhora na qualidade de vida do sujeito psíquico.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to verify the Brazilian and international scientific productions by correlating Speech Language and Hearing Sciences and Psychoanalysis. A literature review was performed using the databases BVS, Scielo, Scopus and PubMed. The used descriptors were “Fonoaudiologia”, “Psicanálise”, “Comunicação”, “Speech Therapy”, “Psychoanalysis” and “Communication”, identifying 65 full articles between the years 1980 and 2015. The analysis was performed using a “Protocol for article classification”. It was verified that Original Articles are the most published type, SCOPUS and BVS being the most common databases. There is a predominance of articles in the Portuguese language, followed by English, French and German. Several specialties of Speech Language and Hearing Sciences presented interface with Psychoanalysis, especially Language and Neuropsychology. The studies were published mainly in Psychology journals, also found in the area of audiology and interdisciplinary area. This review showed the psychoanalytic interference in speech language and hearing clinic, highlighting the need for further studies correlating both areas that may contribute to the work of these professionals and, consequently, enable an improvement in the quality of life of psychic subjects.

ABSTRACT This article describes the concept of global health security and its development over time. It emphasizes the need to control challenges against global health such as those produced by biologic agents both natural and intentional. It presents world initiatives that have developed during the last two decades and the contribution of Peru to the Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA) and the Monitoring and Evaluation Framework. In order to accelerate the implementation of the International Health Regulations Peru has played an important role to accelerate the implementation of International Health Regulations (IHR), participating with a group of countries, World Health Organization (WHO), and GHSA in the creation of the Joint External Evaluation Tool (JEE).

RESUMEN El artículo describe el concepto de la seguridad sanitaria mundial, su evolución en el tiempo y discute la importancia de enfrentar los problemas que amenazan la salud global producidas por agentes biológicos de manera natural, accidental o intencional. Asimismo, presenta las iniciativas surgidas en las últimas dos décadas en el mundo, y el rol del Perú en el desarrollo de la Agenda para La Seguridad Sanitaria Mundial o Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA) y la Alianza para las Evaluaciones Externas. Al respecto, el Perú ha cumplido un papel importante participando con un grupo de países, la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y la GHSA en el proceso de desarrollo de un instrumento de evaluación externa conjunta denominado Joint External Evaluation Tool (JEE) con el objetivo último de acelerar la implementación del Reglamento Sanitario Internacional (RSI).