Abstract Permanent preservation areas reduce the exposure of sediments and nutrients in aquatic medium and improve the quality of water. The analysis of natural features and anthropic use in rivers’ surroundings makes it possible detecting potential ecological unbalance. This study analyzed the potential and emerging environmental fragility in Permanent Preservation Areas (PPA). Environmental fragilities around drainage areas composing the sub-basin were assessed based on soil, relief, rainfall, land use/land cover (LULC) features. The degrees of emerging environmental fragility observed in the second-order stream were lower than those in first-order ones: 3.07 and 2.68, on average, respectively; and standard deviation of approximately 0.7 was recorded in each group. First-order streams are more closely associated with high slopes, and it increases their fragility. Then reduction of fragility levels around water springs due to conservationist practices will decrease material and energy transfer throughout network connections and rebalance the assessed aquatic ecosystem.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: To review data regarding the effects of hepatitis C virus eradication on glycemic control and insulin resistance. METHODS: This is an integrative literature review, carried out in the PubMed, SciELO, and Lilacs databases. Studies published in the past five years that were fully available, written in English or Portuguese, and have addressed the effects of eradication of the hepatitis C virus on glycemic control and insulin resistance were selected. RESULTS: Nine studies were selected. Among the results found, it was observed that there is no consensus on the effects of viral eradication on glycemic control and IR, as some authors show an eventual improvement in insulin resistance and glycemic control, while other studies indicate that there are no significant differences between the parameters evaluated after viral eradication. CONCLUSIONS: Although there is a relationship between hepatitis C virus infection and the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus and recent advances in research, it was observed that there is no consensus on improving insulin resistance and glycemic control after antiviral treatment, probably due to methodological differences between studies. However, it emphasizes the need to guide people diagnosed with hepatitis C, regarding changes in lifestyle, encouragement of multidisciplinary monitoring, and control of other risk factors.

BACKGROUND Non-human primates contribute to the spread of the yellow fever virus (YFV) and the establishment of transmission cycles in endemic areas. OBJECTIVE To describe the severe histopathological aspects of YFV infection, 10 squirrel monkeys were infected with YFV and blood, brain, liver, kidney, spleen, heart, lung, lymph node and stomach were collected at 1-7, 10, 20 and 30 days post-infection (dpi). METHODS Histopathological analysis and detection of the genome and viral antigens and neutralising antibodies were performed by RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and neutralisation test, respectively. FINDINGS Only one animal died from the experimental infection. The genome and viral antigens were detected in all investigated organs (1-30 dpi) and the neutralising antibodies from seven to 30 dpi. The brain contained perivascular haemorrhage (6 dpi); in the liver, midzonal haemorrhage and lytic necrosis (6 dpi) were observed. The kidney had bleeding in the Bowman’s capsule and tubular necrosis (6 dpi). Pyknotic lymphocytes were observed in the spleen (1-20 dpi), the lung had haemorrhage (2-6 dpi), in the endocardium it contained nuclear pyknosis and necrosis (2-3 dpi) and the stomach contained blood in the lumen (6 dpi). MAIN FINDINGS Squirrel monkeys reliably reproduced the responses observed in human cases of yellow fever and, therefore, constitute an excellent experimental model for studies on the pathophysiology of the disease.

Abstract This research aims to evaluate the physico-mechanical properties of wood-plastic composites produced with recycled polyethylene terephthalate, high-density polyethylene, low-density polyethylene and polypropylene, and sawdust from the following species: Pinus caribaea, Pinus cubensis, Cedrela odorata, Talipariti elatum and Eucalyptus sp. Composites were obtained by extrusion with dimension of 1,000 × 250 × 16 mm (length × width × thickness), through six treatments. The following physico-mechanical properties were evaluated: density, moisture content, water absorption and thickness swelling, compression, static bending and traction. Treatment 6 obtained the best results, with 1,060 kg m-3 density, 5.23% moisture content, 0.32% water absorption, and 0.18% thickness swelling. Compressive strength was 138.10 MPa, static bending 18.53 MPa, and traction 29.4 MPa. The technology developed has prospects for large-scale production.

The Guidelines Project, an initiative of the Brazilian Medical Association, aims to combine information from the medical field in order to standardize procedures to assist the reasoning and decision-making of doctors. The information provided through this project must be assessed and criticized by the physician responsible for the conduct that will be adopted, depending on the conditions and the clinical status of each patient.

The Guidelines Project, an initiative of the Brazilian Medical Association, aims to combine information from the medical field in order to standardize producers to assist the reasoning and decision-making of doctors. The information provided through this project must be assessed and criticized by the physician responsible for the conduct that will be adopted, depending on the conditions and the clinical status of each patient.

ABSTRACT The manufacture of forest products with high physical and mechanical properties contribute to the development of the forest industry in obtaining more resistant products with potential in the construction sector. In this context, to contribute to the study of reconstituted panels this article discusses the manufacture of panels reinforced with recycled thermoplastics (WPC), which had as raw material sawdust of Pinus caribaea and as recycled thermoplastics polyethylene terephthalate, low-density polyethylene and polypropylene. The panels were obtained by extrusion and developed in four treatments with different proportions of raw material. Thickness swelling rates of the manufactured WPC were evaluated by immersing them in water at room temperature and monitoring thickness changes for several weeks. A swelling model developed by Saeed Kazemi Najafi was used to study the thickness swelling process of WPC. The WPC were characterized by thickness swelling, apparent density, static blending, longitudinal compression and tensile strength. The treatment with 50% sawdust and blend of all thermoplastics (T5) showed a tendency to reduce the thickness swelling because it absorbs 0.28% of water and maintains the balance of water absorption in 16.2% the apparent density was 1206 kgm-3. For the mechanical properties, the static blending, longitudinal compression and tensile strength are around 24.6, 142.4 and 32.8 MPa, respectively. These characteristics make a treatment the best response. Hence, is suggested this board be used for structural applications, such as interior or exterior walls, since the water absorption index is low and high mechanical properties allow being more resistant.

Abstract The Toa River basin is one of the main reserves for biodiversity and natural resources in Cuba. We studied the communal opinion about the extension programs designed to mitigate overexploitation currently affecting the basin. Our interviews and surveys found that there farmers and producers know little about forest extension methods, that current land use favors erosion, and that pollution originates in nearby towns and industries.

Resumen La cuenca del río Toa es una de las principales reservas de biodiversidad y recursos naturales en Cuba. Estudiamos la opinión comunal sobre los programas de extensión diseñados para mitigar la sobreexplotación que actualmente afecta a la cuenca. Nuestras entrevistas y encuestas descubrieron que los agricultores y productores saben poco sobre los métodos de extensión forestal, que el uso actual de la tierra favorece la erosión y que la contaminación se origina en las ciudades e industrias cercanas.

ABSTRACT Introduction: A total of 57,960 new cases of breast cancer were expected in Brazil in 2016 according to data from the National Cancer Institute, corresponding to 25% of cancers in the country (excluding non-melanoma skin tumors). This study aims at presenting a surgical approach for immediate breast reconstructions with upper retropectoral and lower mixed subcutaneous cavities. Methods: The authors performed breast reconstruction using flaps of the pectoral muscle and inferior cutaneous pedicle associated with insertion of silicone breast implants. The medical records of patients operated between 2012 and 2016 at the Plastic Surgery Service of the senior author’s private clinic at Daher Hospital and Armed Forces Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Results: The results were satisfactory, with low complication rates and high patient and author satisfaction. Thirty-six patients, with a mean age of 59 years, underwent breast reconstruction using the described technique. The complications were nipple-areola complex necrosis, dehiscence, seroma, hematoma, liponecrosis, implant displacement, and deep venous thrombosis. No patient needed salvage surgery or had recurrence of mammary neoplasia during the study period. Conclusion: The present technique preserves the skin located at the lower portion of the breast, with a low risk of dehiscence or extrusion of the implant in this region, providing a double protection of the implant, with the pectoralis major muscle in the upper two thirds and the cutaneous-dermis-fat flap in the lower third, characterizing a “dual-plane” positioning.

RESUMO Introdução: Segundo dados do Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA) de 2016, estima-se em 57.960 novos casos de câncer de mama no Brasil, o que corresponde a 25% dentre todos os tipos de cânceres no país (excluindo-se os tumores de pele não melanoma). O presente artigo visa apresentar uma forma de abordagem para as reconstruções mamárias imediatas com loja retropeitoral superior e subcutânea mista inferior. Métodos: Os autores descrevem da técnica de reconstrução mamária com retalho do músculo peitoral e pedículo cutâneo inferior, associado à inclusão de implante mamário de silicone. Foi realizada análise retrospectiva de prontuários das pacientes operadas entre os anos 2012 e 2016 no Serviço de Cirurgia Plástica da clínica privada do autor sênior, no Hospital Daher e no Hospital das Forças Armadas. Resultados: Os resultados são satisfatórios, com baixos índices de complicações e com satisfação elevada para os pacientes e os autores. Trinta e seis pacientes foram submetidas à reconstrução mamária com a técnica descrita, com média de idade de 59 anos. As complicações apresentadas foram necrose de complexo areolopapilar, deiscência, seroma, hematoma, liponecrose, deslocamento do implante e trombose venosa profunda. Nenhuma paciente teve necessidade de resgate da reconstrução ou apresentou recidiva da neoplasia mamária durante o período do estudo. Conclusão: Trata-se de técnica que preserva a pele da mama em sua parte inferior, com baixa possibilidade de deiscência ou extrusão do implante nesta região, proporcionando uma dupla proteção deste implante com o músculo peitoral maior nos dois terços superiores e o retalho cutâneodermogorduroso no terço inferior, caracterizando um “dual-plane”.

Resumo Apesar de ser um fruto disponível durante todo o ano, nas regiões de cultivo irrigado das diferentes regiões do país, a goiaba apresenta grande desperdício pós-colheita, associado ao rápido amadurecimento, necessitando da aplicação de técnicas de processamento que diminuam o desperdício deste fruto. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, estudar o processo de transferência de massa durante a desidratação osmótica de fatias de goiaba, além de avaliar os parâmetros sensoriais da goiaba-passa obtida sob diferentes temperaturas de processo e concentrações de sacarose. Fatias de goiaba cv. Paluma (3,0 × 2,0 × 0,9 cm) foram submetidas à desidratação osmótica em xaropes de sacarose a 40 °Brix, 50 °Brix e 60 °Brix, combinados com temperaturas de 30 °C, 40 °C e 50 °C, por meio de planejamento fatorial com ponto central. O pré-tratamento osmótico foi complementado com secagem convectiva a 60 °C e as goiabas-passa foram estudadas quanto ao processo de transferência de massa na desidratação osmótica, seguida de avaliação sensorial. Verificou-se que a máxima transferência de massa ocorreu durante as quatro horas iniciais de desidratação, sendo a concentração de sacarose o efeito com maior influência na diminuição da quantidade de água e no aumento da incorporação de sólidos. A avaliação dos parâmetros sensoriais demonstrou uma maior preferência dos provadores pelas passas obtidas em menor concentração de sacarose, para os atributos aparência, cor, textura e sabor. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre as notas atribuídas pelos provadores para o atributo odor. O perfil sensorial aplicado revelou a boa aceitação do pré-tratamento osmótico quando comparado ao fruto sem tratamento osmótico e seco apenas por secagem convectiva.

Abstract Despite being a fruit available throughout the year in the irrigated regions of the different regions of the country, guava shows great post-harvest losses associated with its rapid ripening, requiring the application of processing techniques that reduce the loss of this fruit. The objective of this work was to study the mass transfer process during the osmotic dehydration of guava slices and evaluate the sensory parameters of the dried guava obtained at different osmosis temperatures and sucrose concentrations. Guava cv. Paluma slices (3.0 × 2.0 × 0.9 cm) were subjected to osmotic dehydration in sucrose syrup at 40 °Brix, 50 °Brix and 60 °Brix combined with temperatures of 30 °C, 40 °C and 50 °C using a factorial central point design. The osmotic pre-treatment was complemented by convective drying at 60 °C and the dried guava slices studied with respect to mass transfer during the process of osmotic dehydration followed by a sensory evaluation. It was found that the maximum mass transfer occurred during the initial 4 hours of dehydration and the concentration of sucrose had the greatest influence in reducing the amount of water and increasing the incorporation of solids. The sensory assessment parameters demonstrated that the product most preferred by the panellists was that obtained with lower sucrose concentrations for the attributes of appearance, colour, texture and flavour. No significant differences were observed between the scores awarded by the panellists for the attribute of odour. The sensory profile applied showed good acceptance of the osmotic pre-treatment when compared to the in natura fruit dried only by convective drying.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the mechanical resistance and resistance to degrading agents in particleboard with eucalyptus wood residue and Urea-Formaldehyde, Phenol-Formaldehyde and Tannin-Formaldehyde adhesives at two temperatures (120 ºC and 140 ºC). The panels were produced in the dimensions of 40 cm × 40 cm × 1.25 cm (width, length and thickness, respectively); 10% and 20% of tannin (50% solution) was added to the pure adhesives. The following parameters were evaluated: Modulus of Rupture (MOR) and Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) in static bending, internal bonding, screw withdrawal, resistance to rotting fungi and dry wood termite. MOR showed better results at 120 °C. None of the treatments reached the minimum standard for the MOE, contrary to the internal bonding. The Trametes versicolor fungus caused greater mass loss to the tested panels when compared to Postia placenta. The proportion of tannin (90:10) in the phenolic adhesive contributed to a decrease in the resistance of the panel to the dry wood termite.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la resistencia mecánica y la resistencia a agentes degradadores en tableros de partículas con madera de eucalipto con adhesivos a base de urea-formaldehído, phenol-formaldehído y tanino-formaldehído a dos temperaturas (120 °C y 140 °C). Las dimensiones de los tableros fueron 40 cm × 40 cm × 1.25 cm (ancho, largo y grosor, respectivamente); se agregó 10% y 20% de taninos (solución al 50%) a los adhesivos puros. Los parámetros evaluados fueron: módulo de ruptura (MOR), módulo de elasticidad en flexión estática (MOE), cohesión interna, extracción de clavos, resistencia a descomposición por hongos y a termitas de madera seca. El hongo Trametes versicolor causó mayor pérdida de masa a los tableros ensayados en comparación con la causada por Postia placenta. La proporción de taninos (90:10) en el adhesivo fenólico contribuyó a disminuir la resistencia del tablero al ataque de termitas de madera seca.

RESUMO Taninos da casca de eucaliptos foram obtidos por meio da extração com água sob adição de 8 % de Na2CO3 e a 4% de Na2SO4, com posterior formulação de adesivos. As propriedades adesivas foram avaliadas quanto a viscosidade, densidade, teor de sólidos, tempo de formação de gel e pH dos adesivos da acácia negra a 50%, ureia 100%, de tanino da casca de eucalipto extraído com Na2CO3 a 30% e de Na2SO4 a 50%, e ureia com taninos extraídos das cascas de eucalipto na relação de 90:10 e 80:20. Resíduos madeireiros de eucalipto (classificados em três classes de densidade: baixa, média e alta) foram colados a quente com adesivos tânicos e sintético. A resistência das juntas coladas foi determinada por meio de resistência ao cisalhamento e falha na madeira. Pode-se concluir que os adesivos compostos pelo tanino extraído com sulfato de sódio e com carbonato de sódio puros (100%) apresentaram características desejáveis para a produção de taninos, mas não o suficiente para sua utilização como adesivo em madeira em sua totalidade, podendo ser utilizado no enriquecimento de ureia-formaldeído na colagem da madeira. A maior resistência ao cisalhamento na madeira ocorreu na classe de densidade alta, para todos os adesivos empregados, enquanto que as maiores falhas na madeira na maioria dos adesivos testados ocorreram em madeira de baixa densidades.

ABSTRACT Tannins of eucalyptus bark were obtained by extracting with water under addition of 8% Na2CO3 and 4% Na2SO4. To determine the adhesive properties was evaluated the viscosity, density, solids, gel time, and pH of adhesive of black wattle 50%, urea 100%, tannin extracted from the eucalyptus bark with Na2CO3 30% and Na2SO4 50%, and urea with tannin extracted from the eucalyptus bark of ratio of 90:10 and 80:20. Waste eucalypts wood (density classified into three classes: low, medium and high) were glued to the hot tannic and synthetic adhesives. The resistance was determined by the glued joints shear strength and wood failure. It can be concluded that the adhesive compounds by tannin extracted with sodium sulphate and pure sodium carbonate (100%) had desirable characteristics for the production of tannins, but not enough for its use as adhesive wood in its entirety and it may be used in the urea-formaldehyde glue gem enrichment in the timber. The higher shear strength on wood occurred in the high density class for all adhesives used, while larger gaps in wood adhesives in most tests it occurred in the wooden low densities.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to better understand the dynamics of Leishmania sand flies and reservoirs in São Domingos ranch, Arapongas municipality, Paraná State, an anthropic environment in an endemic area of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Sand flies were collected in wild animal burrows, residences and in the forest, with Falcão light trap (FA), Shannon trap (SH) and quadrangular pyramidal trap (QP). The search for Leishmania was made on sand flies, biological samples of wild rodents and dogs using PCR and culture; while parasite direct search (DS) was carried out on animal skin lesions; infection of gold hamsters; and indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) test in dog blood samples. Eighty eight (88) sand flies were collected with FA traps and 526 sand flies using the SH trap, with a predominance of Pintomyia fischeri. Six hundred and one (601) specimens of Brumptomyia brumpti were collected in armadillo burrows, with the QP trap. Seventeen (17) wild rodents were captured, six of them had skin lesions with characteristics of Leishmania infection. Even though no positive test was found for Leishmania, epidemiological surveillance should be maintained, remembering that the human buildings are situated only 50 m from the forest. Considering the species of wild animals and sandflies found in São Domingos, the negative test found do not exclude the existence of the Leishmania transmission cycle in this preservation area.

ABSTRACT The authors report a case of disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, in a 55 years old patient with 1,119 lesions distributed throughout the body. The patient resides in Sabáudia municipality, North of Paraná State, Southern Brazil, where there was no previous report of this form of leishmaniasis. Treatment with meglumine antimoniate was successful, although the diagnosis was made only five months later.

Abstract INTRODUCTION American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) is an endemic disease in many regions of Brazil; however, only few reports on the actual epidemiological conditions are available. Here, we aimed to assess the clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory characteristics of ATL patients and their treatment in the 15th Regional Health Division of Paraná State, Maringá, Brazil. METHODS This epidemiological study included patients diagnosed with ATL from January 2010 to September 2014, from the 15th Regional Health Division database. RESULTS A total of 220 cases aged 3-84 years (85% male and 60.9% with up to 8 years of schooling) were included. The cases were classified as having the cutaneous form (n=183; 83.2%), mucosal form (n=26; 11.8%), mucocutaneous form (n=11; 5%), and relapses (n=21; 9.6%). Diagnosis was made via laboratory test results in 197 (89.5%) patients, and 172 (78.2%) completed the treatment within the study period. With regard to patients with the cutaneous form, 134 (95%) were cured, 131 (97.8%) were treated with Glucantime(r), and 47 (36.7%) received dosage of >15 and <20mg Sb5+/kg/day. Among the cases with mucosal involvement, 87.1% were cured and most were treated with <20mg Sb5+/kg/day. Thus, the cure rate was 93.6%. CONCLUSIONS During the study period in the 15th Regional Health Division of Paraná State, ATL cases had a good response to treatment with a low rate of relapse or treatment failure, although a high percentage of mucosal or mucocutaneous form cases was also noted.