Abstract This article aims to evaluate the reliability of cross-sections of simply supported reinforced concrete (RC) beams in a fire situation considering the utilization of the simplified method proposed in the Brazilian standard NBR 15200 [1]. The impact of the concrete cover, the live-to-total load ratio, and the quantity of heated beam faces were all taken into account in this analysis. Besides, a sensitivity analysis is performed showing the random variables that are of major impact on reliability. In the end, it was concluded that the number of heated faces of the beam is very important to the safety of these structures. Also, it is found that a higher concrete cover can promote an increase in reliability and that a bigger proportion of live load relative to the total load generates a decrease in the probability of failure. Regarding the sensitivity analysis, the fire temperature and the concrete cover were the variables with the greatest observed impact.

Resumo Este artigo tem como objetivo avaliar a confiabilidade de seções transversais de vigas de concreto armado (CA) simplesmente apoiadas em situação de incêndio, considerando a utilização do método simplificado proposto na norma brasileira NBR 15200 [1]. O impacto do cobrimento do concreto, a relação carga variável/carga total e a quantidade de faces aquecidas da viga foram levados em consideração nesta análise. Além disto, uma análise de sensibilidade é feita mostrando as variáveis aleatórias que apresentam maior impacto na confiabilidade. Ao final, concluiu-se que o número de faces aquecidas da viga é muito importante para a segurança dessas estruturas. Além disso, verifica-se que um maior cobrimento de concreto pode promover um aumento na confiabilidade e que uma maior proporção de carga variável em relação à carga total gera uma diminuição na probabilidade de falha. Em relação à análise de sensibilidade, a temperatura do incêndio e o cobrimento de concreto foram as variáveis de maior impacto observado.

ABSTRACT Leaf litter decomposition and the release of nutrients from macauba palm leaves play a major role in nutrient return to the soil in a conservation environment. This study evaluated macauba palm leaf decomposition, macronutrient contents and biochemical composition under contrasting water conditions in the Brazilian Cerrado. Macauba leaves were collected from plants in two different environments (low and high water table conditions), placed in litter bags and evaluated according to their decomposition, macronutrients, lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose for 420 days. In addition, green and dry leaves were collected for macronutrient analyses. Litter decomposition ranged between 49 % and 59 % up to 180 days. The half-life of litter ranged from 141 to 198 days. The leaf litter decomposition of macauba was practically stable during the dry season, whereas at the beginning of the rainy season, decomposition resumed. Nitrogen, P and S were higher in the green leaves, whereas the Ca levels were higher in the dry leaves. In addition, the K levels were twofold higher in the green leaves than in the dry leaves. Lignin release from macauba residues was slower than cellulose and hemicellulose. The decomposition rates of hemicellulose were higher initially due to its high solubility, although it gradually decreased with the decomposition process. Lignin decomposition was also higher at the beginning of the process but stabilized during the drought period. The study indicates that the decomposition process and nutrient cycling of macauba are influenced by its biochemical composition.

ABSTRACT Root biomass plays a vital role in nutrient cycling for the maintenance and functioning of different ecosystems. In this context, this study aimed to determine the stocks of elements in root biomass under different covers in the Cerrado of Tocantins, Brazil. The research was conducted in different vegetal coverings: agriculture, pasture, Eucalyptus sp., and native Cerrado forest. Root biomass was collected in six trenches, 70 x 70 cm, and a depth of 50 cm through sieving. Macro and microelement stocks were determined in root biomass. Macros and microelements showed higher average values for the native forest. With the change in vegetation cover, N, P, and S were higher in agriculture, with stocks of 1.82 Mg ha-1, 1.83 Mg ha-1, and 9.6 Mg ha-1. In a planted forest of Eucalyptus sp., macroelements K, Ca, and Mg were higher, with stock values of 16.06 Mg ha-1, 25.91 Mg ha-1, and 5.02 Mg ha-1, and microelements, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn with values of 0.05 Mg ha-1, 0.04 Mg ha-1, 5 Mg ha-1, 0.7 Mg ha-1, and 0.08 Mg ha-1 in root biomass, respectively. Thus, the planted forest of Eucalyptus sp. promoted greater stocks and cycling of elements, with greater stability of the organic material.

RESUMO As biomassas radiculares desempenham um papel importante na ciclagem de nutrientes, para manutenção e funcionamento dos diferentes ecossistemas. Diante desse contexto, o trabalho teve como objetivo determinar os estoques de elementos em biomassa radiculares sob diferentes coberturas no Cerrado em Tocantins, Brasil. A pesquisa foi conduzida em diferentes coberturas vegetais: agricultura, pastagem, Eucalyptus sp. e floresta nativa de cerrado. As biomassas radiculares foram coletadas em seis trincheiras com dimensões 70 x 70 cm, e profundidade de 50 cm através do peneiramento. Os estoques dos macros e microelementos foram determinados em biomassas radiculares. Os macros e microelementos apresentaram valores médios maiores para floresta nativa. Com a mudança de cobertura vegetal N, P, S, foram maiores em agricultura, com estoques de 1,82 Mg ha-1, 1,83 Mg ha-1 e 9,6 Mg ha-1. Em floresta plantada de Eucalyptus sp., os macroelementos K, Ca e Mg foram maiores tendo valores de estoques respectivamente de 16,06 Mg ha-1, 25,91 Mg ha-1 e 5,02 Mg ha-1 e microelementos B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn com valores de 0,05 Mg ha-1, 0,04 Mg ha-1, 5 Mg ha-1, 0,7 Mg ha-1 e 0,08 Mg ha-1 em biomassas radiculares. Deste modo a floresta plantada de Eucalyptus sp. promoveu maiores estoques e ciclagem de elementos, com maior estabilidade do material orgânico.

Abstract The Reflejos de Mar Li-pegmatite, located in northwestern Argentina, is part of the Villismán pegmatite group, Ancasti District, Pampean Pegmatite Province. Four garnet crystals from the outermost part of the pegmatite were analyzed by major and minor elements (SiO 2 , TiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , Cr 2 O 3 , MgO, CaO, MnO, FeO) using electron microprobe. The pegmatite belongs to the rare-element class, spodumene type, LCT (Li-Cs-Ta) petrogenetic family. Based on their Mn and Fe contents, the analyzed garnet can be assigned to the spessartine-almandine serie. The cores and rims of the analyzed garnets show significant differences for the divalent components in VIII-coordination, especially, Mn and Fe. The average MnO and FeO contents in the cores of the grains is 34.6 and 8.29 wt%, respectively, while in the rims is 29.31 and 12.95 wt%, respectively. The Fe/Mn ratio at the core of the grains is 0.24 while at the rims it is 0.44. Cr 2 O 3 and TiO 2 contents are very low (˂0.17 wt%) and the values of SiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 are ~36 and ~21 wt%, respectively. The mean chemical and molecular formulas of the core can be expressed: [(Mn 2.40 Fe 0.57 Ca 0.02 Mg 0.02 ) 3.01 (Al 1.99 Cr 0.002 ) 2.00 (Si 2.99 Ti 0.01 ) 3.00 O 12 ]; {Sps 79.8 Alm 18.9 Grs 0.7 Prp 0.5 }; and the rim as: [(Mn 2.04 Fe 0.89 Ca 0.05 Mg 0.04 ) 3.02 (Al 2.00 Cr 0.002 ) 2.00 (Si 2.98 Ti 0.005 ) 3.00 O 12 ]; {Sps 67.6 Alm 29.5 Grs 1.6 Prp 1.3 }. The chemical composition of garnet from the Reflejos de Mar pegmatite is similar to other worldwide examples in similar rocks, especially LCT pegmatites, which are highly evolved and associated with Li mineralization. Therefore, its composition could be used as an additional tool in the exploration of Li-bearing pegmatites in the Pampean Pegmatite Province. The differences in Fe-Mn contents between core and rim of the crystals would be controlled by variations in composition of the pegmatitic melt and, in addition, by the simultaneous precipitation of other mineral phases, for example, schorl and Mn-Fe-bearing phosphates.

Resumen Composición del granate de la pegmatita LCT Reflejos de Mar, distrito Ancasti, Argentina, y su implicancia en la exploración de depósitos primarios de litio. La pegmatita Reflejos de Mar, ubicada en el distrito Ancasti de la Provincia Pegmatítica Pampeana (PPP), en el noroeste de Argentina, pertenece a la familia LCT (Li-Cs-Ta). Mediante microsonda electrónica, se determinaron los contenidos de elementos mayores y minoritarios (SiO 2 , TiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , Cr 2 O 3 , MgO, CaO, MnO, FeO) del centro y borde de cuatro cristales de granates provenientes de una muestra extraída de la zona más externa de la pegmatita. De acuerdo con sus contenidos de Mn y Fe, los granates son asignados a la serie espesartina-almandino. Los centros y los bordes de los cristales analizados tienen similares valores de SiO 2 y Al 2 O 3 , ~36 y ~21%, respectivamente, mientras que los contenidos de Cr 2 O 3 y TiO 2 son muy bajos (˂0,17%). El mayor contraste entre el borde y centro de los cristales lo presentan los componentes divalentes en coordinación VIII, especialmente Mn y Fe. Los contenidos promedio de MnO y FeO en los centros de los granos son de 34,6 y 8,29% peso, respectivamente, mientras que en los bordes son 29,31 y 12,95% peso, respectivamente. La relación Fe/Mn en el centro de los granos es 0,24, mientras que en los bordes es de 0,44. La fórmula química del centro de los granates analizados puede ser expresada como [(Mn 2,40 Fe 0,57 Ca 0,02 Mg 0,02 ) 3,01 (Al 1,99 Cr 0,002 ) 2,00 (Si 2,99 Ti 0,01 ) 3,00 O 12 ] y la fórmula molecular como {Sps 79,8 Alm 18,9 Grs 0,7 Prp 0,5 }. A su vez, la fórmula química de los bordes es [(Mn 2,04 Fe 0,89 Ca 0,05 Mg 0,04 ) 3,02 (Al 2,00 Cr 0,002 ) 2,00 (Si 2,98 Ti 0,005 ) 3,00 O 12 ] y la fórmula molecular es {Sps 67,6 Alm 29,5 Grs 1,6 Prp 1,3 }. La composición química obtenida para el granate de la pegmatita Reflejos de Mar es similar a la de otros ejemplos en el mundo en rocas similares, especialmente de pegmatitas LCT altamente evolucionadas asociadas con mineralización de litio. Esto nos permite sugerir que la composición del granate en las pegmatitas puede ser utilizado como una herramienta adicional, en la exploración de pegmatitas mineralizadas con Li en la PPP. Las diferencias composicionales de Mn y Fe entre el centro y el borde de los cristales podrían estar vinculadas a variaciones en la composición del magma pegmatítico y, adicionalmente, por la cristalización simultánea de otras fases minerales, tales como chorlita y fosfatos portadores de Mn y Fe.

ABSTRACT Afforestation of sites disturbed after bauxite mining is the favorite technique to restore all ecosystem functions. The nature of the tree species used for revegetation of post-mining land can accelerate the recovery of soil organic matter and nutrient cycles. This study aimed to determine the litterfall production, decomposition rate and nutrient content from three types of forest cover ( Eucalyptus , Anadenanthera peregrina , mixed plantation of 16 native species) planted in a bauxite mining area in recovery. Litterfall production was evaluated monthly over 30 months, and the litter mass was assessed twice a year (dry and rainy periods). Total nutrient content was determined from samples grouped by period (dry and rainy). The annual average values for litterfall dry mass and litter mass were higher in Eucalyptus and mixed native. The period (dry or rainy) did not influence litterfall rates in A. peregrina , but Eucalyptus and mixed native presented higher amounts for litterfall during the rainy and dry periods, respectively. Litter accumulation in Eucalyptus was not affected by the season of the year, but mixed native and A. peregrina presented higher litter accumulation in the dry season. Apparent decomposition rates of A. peregrina and mixed native were higher in the rainy season, highlighting the A. peregrina with the highest values compared with the other forest covers. The mixed native presented the highest leaf content of P, K, Ca and Mg in both the litterfall and litter mass, while Eucalyptus had the lowest P, K, Ca, S and N content and the highest C content in the litterfall. Litterfall production is important in degraded areas to ensure the nutrient return to the soil. The data obtained suggest that the cultivation of a mixed of 16 native trees contribute for produce the higher annual litterfall yields, besides produces leaf litterfall of better nutritional quality in relation to P, K, Ca, Mg and S. Therefore, mixed of native trees can be a promising option for reactivation of nutrient cycling and organic matter formation in mined area of bauxite in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest.

Resumo Objetivo: Investigar se o alargamento do foramen realizado durante o tratamento primário tem um efeito na quantidade de material obturador apicalmente extruído durante oretratamento e verificar a sensibilidade da tomografia computorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC) na detecção de material obturador extruído. Métodos: Quarenta raízes palatinas de molares superiores foram selecionadas de acordo com a microtomografia computorizada, e foram divididas em dois grupos (n=20): com alargamento do foraminal (CA) e sem alargamento do foraminal (SA). Para padronizar o forame apical, todas as amostras foram instrumentadas com o sistema ProTaper Next até ao instrumento X3 até o forame. O grupo CA foi instrumentado até ao instrumento X5 até o forame, e o grupo SA foi instrumentado 1 mm aquém. Os canais foram obturados 1 mm abaixo do forame apical com gutta-percha e AH Plus e armazenados durante 7 dias a 37 °C e 95% de umidade. As raízes foram fixadas em microtubos preenchidos com gel de ágar a 1,5%. O material obturador foi removido com Reciproc R50. Os escaneamentos dos dentes e do ágar foram realizados com micro-CT e CBCT. A comparação entre grupos e entre métodos foi realizada utilizando o teste Mann-Withney (p ≤0.05). Resultados: Não foi encontrada diferença estatística ao comparar o material extruído entre grupos utilizando o Micro-CT (p = 0,589) ou TCFC (p = 0,953). Foi medido um volume maior de material extruído com a TCFC do que com a Micro- CT (p = 0,0004). Conclusão: O alargamento foraminal não teve qualquer efeito na extrusão do material obturador durante o retratamento. A TCFC favoreceu a avaliação do material de obturador apicalmente extruído.

Abstract Aim: To investigate whether foraminal widening performed at primary treatment has an effect on the amount of apically extruded obturator material during retreatment and to evaluate the sensitivity of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in detecting extruded obturator material. Methods: Forty palatal roots of maxillary molars were selected based on micro-CT and divided into two groups (n=20): with foraminal widening (WE) and without foraminal widening (NE). To standardize the apical foramen, all specimens were instrumented to the foramen using the Protaper Next system, up to instrument X3. The WE group was instrumented to the foramen up to instrument X5, and the NE group was instrumented 1 mm lower. The canals were obturated 1 mm below the apical foramen with gutta-percha and AH Plus and stored for 7 days at 37 °C and 95% humidity. Roots were fixed in microtubes filled with 1.5% agar gel. The obturation material was removed with Reciproc R50. Scans of the teeth and agar were performed using micro-CT and CBCT. Comparison between groups and between methods was performed using Mann-Withney test (p ≤0.05). Results: No statistical difference was found when comparing the extruded material between groups using micro-CT (p = 0.589) or CBCT (p = 0.953). CBCT measured a greater volume of extruded material than micro- CT (p = 0.0004). Conclusion: Foraminal widening had no effect on the extrusion of filling material during retreatment. The CBCT favored the evaluation of apically extruded filling material.

Resumo: Devido à sua localização, a cidade de Marília, SP, encontra-se em uma região importante para o abastecimento hídrico do oeste paulista, e sua área urbana avança sobre as nascentes, sendo necessário preservar as forestas ciliares já degradadas e fragmentadas. Assim, o objetivo foi analisar temporalmente a paisagem nas regiões de interesse hídrico, com vistas a avaliar o potencial de conservação dos fragmentos florestais responsáveis por este recurso. Foi realizada uma análise temporal nos anos 1989, 1999, 2009 e 2019, a partir de imagens dos satélites Landsat 5, 7 e 8, com 30 m de resolução espacial. No programa ArcMap 10.3, o uso do solo foi agrupado em seis classes: formação florestal, planto florestal, formação natural não florestal, agricultura, áreas não vegetadas e água. Para todo o município, foram calculadas as métricas de paisagem CA (cobertura da terra) e PLAND (proporção de cobertura da terra) para as seis classes de uso do solo. Foi realizada uma análise da cobertura florestal a partir de um buffer de 5 km no entorno da área urbana, sendo calculadas mais cinco métricas de área, borda e forma. O software Patich Analyst versão 5.2.0.16 foi utilizado para o cálculo das métricas de paisagem. As classes que mais se destacaram em tamanho de área foram agricultura (93.962,07 ha; 80,27%), formação florestal (15.682,97 ha; 13,40%) e áreas não vegetadas (5.220,63 ha; 4,46%). Os maiores aumentos proporcionais foram de planto florestal (0,11 para 1,27 ha), água (0,02 para 0,05 ha) e áreas não vegetadas (2,17 para 4,45 ha), enquanto a agricultura perdeu área (85,73 para 80,27 ha). Houve aumento das áreas forestadas nos últimos 30 anos a partir do surgimento de fragmentos pequenos e morfologicamente frágeis; além disso, com o aumento da área urbana, aumentam-se os conflitos com os remanescentes florestais mais próximos.

Abstract: Due to its locaton, the city of Marília, S P, is located in an important region for water supply in the west of São Paulo, and its urban area advances over the springs, making it necessary to preserve the already degraded and fragmented riparian forests. Thus, the objective was to temporally analyze the landscape in regions of water interest, in order to assess the potential for conservaton of the forest fragments responsible for this resource. A temporal analysis was carried out in the years 1989, 1999, 2009, and 2019, using images from the Landsat 5, 7 and 8 satellites, with 30 m of spatal resoluton. In the ArcMap 10.3 program, land use was grouped into six classes: forest formation, forest plantaton, natural non-forest formation, agriculture, non-vegetated areas, and water. For the entre municipality, landscape metrics CA (land cover) and PLAND (proporton of land cover) were calculated for the six land use classes. An analysis of the forest cover was carried out from a 5 km bufer around the urban area, and five more metrics of area, edge, and shape were calculated. Patich Analyst software version 5.2.0.16 was used to calculate landscape metrics. The classes that most stood out in terms of area size were agriculture (93,962.07 ha; 80.27%), forest formation (15,682.97 ha; 13.40%), and non-vegetated areas (5,220.63 ha; 4.46 %). The largest proportonal increases were in forest planting (0.11 to 1.27 ha), water (0.02 to 0.05 ha), and non-vegetated areas (2.17 to 4.45 ha), while agriculture lost area (85.73 to 80.27 ha). There has been an increase in forested areas in the last 30 years from the appearance of small and morphologically fragile fragments; in additon, with the increase in urban area, conflicts with the nearest forest remnants increase.

Resumen: Por su localización, la ciudad de Marília, SP, se ubica en una región importante para el abastecimiento de agua en el oeste de São Paulo, y su área urbana avanza sobre los manantales, por lo que es necesario preservar los bosques de ribera ya degradados y fragmentados. Así, el objetivo fue analizar temporalmente el paisaje en regiones de interés hídrico, con el fin de evaluar el potencial de conservación de los fragmentos de bosque responsables de este recurso. El análisis temporal se realizó en los años 1989, 1999, 2009 y 2019, utilizando imágenes de los satélites Landsat 5, 7 y 8, con 30 m de resolución espacial. En el programa ArcMap 10.3, el uso de la terra se agrupó en seis clases: formación florestal, plantación florestal, formación natural no florestal, agricultura, áreas sin vegetación y agua. Para todo el municipio, se calcularon las métricas de paisaje CA (cobertura del suelo) y PLAND (proporción de cobertura del suelo) para las seis clases de uso del suelo. Se llevó a cabo un análisis de la cobertura florestal a partir de una zona de amortiguamiento de 5 km alrededor del área urbana y se calcularon cinco métricas más de área, borde y forma. Se utilizó la versión 5.2.0.16 del software Patich Analyst para calcular las métricas del paisaje. Las clases que más se destacaron en términos de tamaño de área fueron agricultura (93,962.07 ha; 80.27%), formación de bosque (15,682.97 ha; 13.40%) y áreas sin vegetación (5,220.63 ha; 4.46%). Los mayores incrementos proporcionales se registraron en la plantación de bosques (0,11 a 1,27 ha), agua (0.02 a 0.05 ha) y áreas sin vegetación (2.17 a 4.45 ha), mientras la agricultura ha perdido área (85.73 a 80.27 ha). Se ha producido un aumento de las áreas boscosas en los últimos 30 años desde la aparición de fragmentos pequeños y morfológicamente frágiles; además, con el aumento de área urbana, aumentan los conflictos con los remanentes forestales más cercanos.

Abstract Choked banana presents closeness of petioles looks that allows the exit of the distal part of the inflorescence, but not the basal part is stuck up at the throat. The aim of this study was to avaluate the effect of choking on the growth of Musa spp. cv Nanica, as well as to investigate how the climatic variations and status nutritional of plants are associated whith this physiological disorder. The experiment was conducted in September/2018 in August/2019 in Registro, São Paulo state, Brazil. The experimental design adopted was completely randomized with two treatments and ten repetitions, in sub-divided plots over time (months). The evaluation consisted in determining the intensity of the symptom, number of leaves, plant height, hand number, stalk length, symptoms of nutritional deficiency and other abnormalities, leaf nutrient contents. Plant growth was not impacted by choking, only the hands number in the months of October/2018 and June/2019 to August/2019 (p< 0.05). Choking occurred throughout the year, with a predominance of severe symptoms of April in June due a redução da temperatura e radiation. The twisted fruits, united by fusion of floral parts and with different sizes occurred, respectively, in 21.67, 60.83 and 17.52% of the symptomatic plants, associated with the cool temperature during the differentiation of the female fruit. Choking and abnormalities in the bunch and fruits were associated with Zn deficiency (p< 0.05). The deficiency of Ca at low temperatures, the lower availability of radiation and the high relative humidity were also associated with the choking. The excess of P in the soil, as well, the adverse climatic conditions contributed to the limitation of these nutrients.

Resumen El arrepollamiento del banano ahogado acorta la distancia entre pecíolos de hojas alternas, lo que permite la salida de la parte distal de la inflorescencia; sin embargo, la parte basal se atasca en la garganta. Se evaluó el efecto del arrepollamiento en el crecimiento de Musa spp. cv Nanica (AAA) y la relación de las variaciones climáticas y el estado nutricional con este trastorno fisiológico fueron determinados. El experimento se llevó a cabo de septiembre 2018 a agosto 2019 en Registro, estado de São Paulo, Brasil. El diseño experimental fue completamente al azar con dos tratamientos y diez repeticiones, en parcelas subdivididas en el tiempo (meses). La evaluación consistió en determinar la intensidad del síntoma, número de hojas, altura de la planta, número de manos, longitud del tallo, síntomas de deficiencia nutricional y otras anomalías, contenido de nutrientes de las hojas. El crecimiento de las plantas no se vio afectado por el arrepollamiento, solo el número de manos en los meses de octubre 2018 y junio 2019 a agosto 2019 (p< 0.05). El arrepollamiento ocurrió durante todo el año, con predominio de síntomas severos de abril a junio debido a una reducción de la temperatura y radiación. Los frutos torcidos, unidos por fusión de partes florales y con diferentes tamaños ocurrieron, respectivamente, en 21.67, 60.83 y 17.52% de las plantas sintomáticas, asociados con la temperatura fresca durante la diferenciación de la fruta femenina. El arrepollamiento, así como anormalidades en el racimo y las frutas se relacionaron con deficiencia de Zn (p< 0.05). La deficiencia de Ca a bajas temperaturas, la menor disponibilidad de radiación y la alta humedad relativa también se asociaron con el arrepollamiento. El exceso de P en el suelo, así como las condiciones climáticas adversas contribuyeron a la limitación de estos nutrientes.

Resumo A dinâmica da serapilheira é um dos processos fundamentais para o crescimento e manutenção dos fragmentos florestais nativos, sendo considerada a principal via de ciclagem de nutrientes nas florestas. Portanto, estudos sobre a serapilheira acumulada e conteúdo de nutrientes subsidiam informações para uma melhor compreensão da dinâmica dos nutrientes. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o estoque de serapilheira e nutrientes em diferentes estações do ano e a taxa instantânea de decomposição em um fragmento de Floresta Atlântica ao longo de dois anos. A amostragem da serapilheira foi realizada em 12 parcelas permanentes com dimensões de 20 m x 50 m. Determinou-se a massa seca da serapilheira e o teor dos nutrientes. O acúmulo médio anual de serapilheira foi de 5.269 kg ha-1. Não houve diferença estatística na quantidade de serapilheira entre as estações do ano. Houve diferença estatística nos teores de N, P, K Ca e Mg entre as diferentes estações do ano. Os estoques de nutrientes foram de 123.3, 92.8, 13.2, 11.8, 9.6 e 3.0 kg ha-1 para Ca, N, Mg, S, K e P, respectivamente. O total de nutrientes na serapilheira acumulada foi de 253,7 kg ha-1 ano-1. O tempo de renovação da serapilheira foi de 281 dias. O tempo para a decomposição de 50% e 95% da mesma foi de 196 e 850 dias, respectivamente. A produção média de serapilheira, o estoque de nutrientes e a decomposição estão de acordo com outros estudos realizados, indicando que o fragmento de Floresta Atlântica sazonal semidecidual apresenta indicadores de ciclagem de nutrientes. Esses resultados encontrados mostram que o ecossistema se encontra sustentável sob ponto de vista da ciclagem e liberação dos nutrientes.

Abstract Litter dynamics is one of the fundamental processes for the growth and maintenance of native forest fragments, being considered the main pathway for nutrient cycling in forests. Therefore, studies on accumulated litter and nutrient content provide information for a better understanding of nutrient dynamics. The aim of the study was to evaluate leaf litter and nutrient stock in different seasons and the instantaneous rate of decomposition in an Atlantic Forest Fragment over two years. Litter sampling was carried out in 12 permanent plots with dimensions of 20 m x 50 m. Litter dry mass and nutrient concentration were determined. The average annual accumulation of litter was 5269 kg ha-1. There was no statistically significant difference in the amount of litter between seasons. There was a statistically significant difference in the contents of N, P, K Ca and Mg between the different seasons. Nutrient stocks were 123.3, 92.8, 13.2, 11.8, 9.6, 3.0 kg ha-1 year-1 for Ca, N, Mg, S, K and P respectively. The total of nutrients in the accumulated litter was 253.7 kg ha-1 year-1. The litter renewal time was 281 days. The times required for 50% and 95% litter decomposition were 196 and 850 days. The average litter stocks, nutrients and decomposition are in line with other studies, indicating that the Atlantic Forest fragment seasonal semi-deciduous presents indicators of nutrient cycling. These results show that the ecosystem is sustainable from the point of view of cycling and nutrient release.

Resumo Introdução: A calcificação vascular relacionada ao hiperparatireoidismo secundário (HPTS) grave é uma causa importante de complicações cardiovasculares e ósseas, levando a alta morbidade e mortalidade em pacientes com doença renal crônica (DRC) em hemodiálise (HD). O presente estudo objetivou analisar se o índice tornozelo-braquial (ITB), uma ferramenta diagnóstica não invasiva, pode predizer desfechos cardiovasculares nesta população. Métodos: Selecionamos 88 adultos em HD há pelo menos 6 meses, com PTHi sérico>1.000pg/mL. Coletamos dados clínicos, parâmetros bioquímicos e hormonais, e ITB (sonar-Doppler). A calcificação foi avaliada por radiografia lateral do abdome e por escore de calcificação vascular simples (ECVS). Esta coorte foi monitorada prospectivamente entre 2012 e 2019 para desfechos cardiovasculares (óbito, infarto do miocárdio (IM), acidente vascular cerebral e calcifilaxia) para estimar a precisão do ITB neste cenário. Resultados: Os valores basais foram: PTHi: 1770±689pg/mL, P: 5,8±1,2 mg/dL, Ca corrigido: 9,7±0,8mg/dL, 25(OH)vit D: 25,1±10,9ng/Ml; 65% dos pacientes apresentaram ITB>1,3 (variando de 0,6 a 3,2); 66% tiveram ECVS≥3, e 45% calcificação da aorta (Kauppila≥8). A avaliação prospectiva (51,6±24,0 meses) forneceu os seguintes desfechos cardiovasculares: 11% de óbitos, 17% de IM não fatal, um AVC, 3% de calcifilaxia. Após ajustes, pacientes com ITB≥1,6 tiveram risco 8,9 vezes maior de eventos cardiovasculares (p=0,035), e ITB≥1,8 apresentaram risco 12,2 vezes maior de mortalidade cardiovascular (p=0,019). Conclusão: A presença de calcificações vasculares e rigidez arterial foi altamente prevalente em nossa população. Sugerimos o ITB, uma ferramenta diagnóstica simples e econômica, para ser usada em ambulatório para prever eventos cardiovasculares em pacientes com HPTS grave em HD.

Abstract Introduction: Vascular calcification related to severe secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) is an important cause of cardiovascular and bone complications, leading to high morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) undergoing hemodialysis (HD). The present study aimed to analyze whether ankle-brachial index (ABI), a non-invasive diagnostic tool, is able to predict cardiovascular outcomes in this population. Methods: We selected 88 adult patients on HD for at least 6 months, with serum iPTH>1,000pg/mL. We collected clinical data, biochemical and hormonal parameters, and ABI (sonar-Doppler). Calcification was assessed by lateral radiography of the abdomen and by simple vascular calcification score (SVCS). This cohort was monitored prospectively between 2012 and 2019 for cardiovascular outcomes (death, myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and calciphylaxis) to estimate the accuracy of ABI in this setting. Results: The baseline values were: iPTH: 1770±689pg/mL, P: 5.8±1.2 mg/dL, corrected Ca: 9.7±0.8mg/dL, 25(OH)vit D: 25.1±10.9ng/mL. Sixty-five percent of patients had ABI>1.3 (ranging from 0.6 to 3.2); 66% had SVCS≥3, and 45% aortic calcification (Kauppila≥8). The prospective evaluation (51.6±24.0 months), provided the following cardiovascular outcomes: 11% of deaths, 17% of nonfatal MI, one stroke, and 3% of calciphylaxis. After adjustments, patients with ABI≥1.6 had 8.9-fold higher risk of cardiovascular events (p=0.035), and ABI≥1.8 had 12.2-fold higher risk of cardiovascular mortality (p=0.019). Conclusion: The presence of vascular calcifications and arterial stiffness was highly prevalent in our population. We suggest that ABI, a simple and cost-effective diagnostic tool, could be used at an outpatient basis to predict cardiovascular events in patients with severe SHPT undergoing HD.

ABSTRACT Inferior quality water can be used by agricultural producers in arid and semi-arid regions due to the lower availability of good-quality water. Therefore, the objective was to identify the influence of irrigation with saline water on gas exchange and leaf contents in corn (Zea mays L.) crop. The work was conducted in the field, in the experimental area of the Experimental Farm of the University of International Integration of Afro-Brazilian Lusofonia (UNILAB), Redenção-CE. The experimental design used in the research was randomized blocks, with five treatments: 1.0; 2.0; 3.0; 4.0 and 5.0 dS m-1 and four repetitions. At 45 days after sowing (DAS) the gas exchange variables were evaluated: transpiration, stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, internal CO2 concentration, water use efficiency and leaf temperature. And at 110 DAS the contents of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in plant leaves. The saline stress due to saltwater irrigation leads to a reduction in photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, internal CO2 concentration and transpiration in field maize plants. Salt stress reduces the levels of N, P, K, Ca and Mg mineral elements in maize leaves.

Abstract Objective: Waist circumference (WC) value reflects abdominal adiposity, but the amount abdominal fat that is associated to cardiometabolic risk factors varies among ethnicities. Determination of metabolic abnormalities has not undergone a WC adaptation process in Venezuela. The aim of the study was (1) to determine the optimal WC cutoff value associated with ≥2 cardiometabolic alterations and (2) incorporating this new WC cutoff, to determine the prevalence of abdominal obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors related in Venezuela. Methods: The study was national population-based, cross-sectional, and randomized sample, from 2014 to 2017. To assess performance of WC for identifying cardiometabolic alterations, receiver operating characteristics curves, area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, and positive likelihood ratios were calculated. Results: Three thousand three hundred eighty-seven adults were evaluated with mean age of 41.2 ± 15.8 years. Using the best tradeoff between sensitivity and specificity, WC cutoffs of 90 cm in men (sensitivity = 72.4% and specificity = 66.1%) and 86 cm in women (sensitivity = 76.2% and specificity = 61.4%) were optimal for aggregation of ≥2 cardiometabolic alterations. AUC was 0.75 in men and 0.73 in women using these new cutoffs. Prevalence of abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome was 59.6% (95 CI; 57.5-61.7) and 47.6% (95 CI; 45.2-50.0), respectively. Cardiometabolic risk factors were associated with being men, higher age, adiposity, and living in northern or western regions. Conclusion: The optimal WC values associated with cardiometabolic alterations were 90 cm in men and 86 cm in women. More than half of the Venezuelan population had abdominal obesity incorporating this new WC cutoff.

Resumen Objetivo: El valor de la circunferencia abdominal (CA) refleja la adiposidad abdominal, pero la cantidad de grasa abdominal asociada a factores de riesgo cardiometabólicos varía según la etnia. La determinación de anomalías metabólicas no se ha adaptado a la CA en Venezuela. 1) Detrerminar el valor de corte óptimo de CA asociados a ≥ 2 alteraciones cardiometabólicas. 2) Incorporando este nuevo límite de CA, determinar la prevalencia de obesidad abdominal y factores de riesgo cardiometabólicos relacionados en Venezuela. Métodos: Fue un estudio poblacional, transversal, de muestreo aleatorio de 2014 a 2017. Para evaluar el valor de CA para identificar alteraciones cardiometabólicas, se realizaron curvas características operativa del receptor y se calculó área bajo la curva (ABC), sensibilidad, especificidad y razón de similitud. Resultados: se evaluaron 3387 adultos con una edad promedio de 41.2 ± 15.8 años. Utilizando la mejor relación entre sensibilidad y especificidad, se determinó que los valores de corte de 90 cm en hombres (sensibilidad = 72.4% y especificidad = 66.1%) y 86 cm en mujeres (sensibilidad = 76.2% y especificidad = 61.4%) fueron óptimos para la agregación de ≥ 2 alteraciones cardiometabólicas. El ABC fue de 0,75 en hombres y de 0,73 en mujeres usando estos nuevos puntos de corte. La prevalencia de obesidad abdominal y síndrome metabólico fue 59.6% (95IC; 57.5 - 61.7) y 47.6% (95CI; 45.2 - 50.0), respectivamente. La presencia de factores de riesgo cardiometabólicos se asoció con ser hombre, mayor edad, adiposidad y vivir en regiones del norte o del oeste. Conclusión: Los valores óptimos de CA asociados con alteraciones cardiometabólicas fueron 90 cm en hombres y 86 cm en mujeres. Más de la mitad de la población venezolana tenía obesidad abdominal al incorporar este nuevo corte de CA.

Resumo Diversos fatores, como retração química ou ataques ambientais podem produzir fissuras no concreto. O teor de hidróxido de cálcio do meio ambiente ou a hidratação do cimento podem promover o fenômeno de autocicatrização (SHP). Este estudo avalia a influência da concentração de hidróxido de cálcio no fenômeno de autoicatrização de materiais à base de cimento. Argamassas fissuradas com diferentes tipos de cimento, com filler calcário, pozolânico e alta resistência inicial, foram expostas a quatro condições ambientais. A titulação foi o método proposto para determinar a quantidade de hidróxido de cálcio lixiviado na água, e o fechamento das fissuras foi analisado por microscopia óptica. As amostras contendo CPII F não apresentaram tendência à lixiviação de Ca(OH) 2 e à colmatação das fissuras. Quanto às amostras com CPV, foi constatado o maior teor de Ca (OH) 2 lixiviado para todas as exposições ambientais, e um acentuado fechamento das fissurasnas amostras submersas. Dessa forma, constata-se uma influência significativa no SHP frente à uma fonte de umidade e ao conteúdo de Ca 2+ nos ambientes de exposição.

Abstract Several factors, such as chemical shrinkage or environmental attack can produce concrete cracks. Calcium hydroxide content from the environment or cement hydration can promote the self-healing phenomenon (SHP). This study evaluates the calcium hydroxide concentration influence on the self-healing phenomenon of cement-based materials. Cracked mortars with different types of cement, such as a filler, pozzolanic, and high initial strength, were exposed to four environmental conditions. Titration was the method proposed to determine the amount of calcium hydroxide content leached in the water, and the cracks closure were analyzed by optical microscopy. CPII F (Portland Cement, type II, compound with limestone) samples showed no trend to Ca(OH)2 leached, and to superficial cracking closure. Regarding CPV (Portland cement, type V, high initial strength cement) samples, their behavior showed the highest Ca(OH)2 content to all environmental exposure, and cracking closure to samples in submerged condition. Thus, a significant influence in the cracks´ closure regarding the presence of Ca2+ leached to the exposure environments, and a water source related to this behavior seems to be a primary factor to improve the SHP.

ABSTRACT Appropriate waste handling is a concern in the fishing industry, seeking to minimize harm to the environment. This study aimed to evaluate vegetative growth at different concentrations of solid residue from shrimp farming in tomato seedlings. Tomato seeds cv. Santa Clara were sown in trays with substrate, until uniform germination and further development for transplant. The concentrations of the shrimp residue were mixed with coconut powder for use in the following treatments: coconut powder (control), 5, 10, 15 and 20 g of shrimp residue, with 8 replicates per treatment. After 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after transplant, the number of leaves and the length of the aerial part were evaluated. At the 50th day, the remaining phytotechnical, physiological and X-ray microanalysis characteristics were evaluated. The three parts of the solid residues were rich in macro and micronutrientes (Fe > Zn > Ca > S > P > Mn > Na > Mg > K > N). The plants grown with different concentrations of shrimp residue had a significant difference for the photosynthetic rate and transpiratory rate, starting at 10 g kg-1. The use of the P3 shrimp residue (cephalothorax + abdomen) was promising and could replace the use of fertilizers in the development of plants, reducing the amount of material released to the environment and easing degradation. The concentration of 10 g kg-1 of shrimp residue was efficient for the morphophysiological development of the tomato plants cv. Santa Clara.

RESUMEN Una preocupación de la industria pesquera hoy en día está relacionada con el destino adecuado de sus desechos para que las agresiones al medio ambiente sean mínimas. Así, este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el crecimiento vegetativo a diferentes concentraciones de residuos sólidos del cultivo de camarón en la producción de plántulas de tomate. Semillas de tomate cv. Santa Clara fueron sembradas en bandejas de sustrato, hasta uniformidad de germinación y mayor desarrollo para trasplante. Las concentraciones de residuos de camarón se mezclaron con polvo de coco y se realizaron los siguientes tratamientos: polvo de coco (control); 5, 10, 15 y 20 g de residuo de camarón, con 8 repeticiones por tratamiento. A los 7, 14, 21 y 28 días desde el trasplante se evaluó el número de hojas y el largo de la parte aérea. A los 50 días se evaluaron las características restantes de microanálisis fitotécnico, fisiológico y de rayos X. Las tres partes de los residuos sólidos son ricas en macro y micronutrientes (Fe> Zn> Ca> S> P> Mn> Na> Mg> K> N). Las plantas cultivadas con diferentes concentraciones de residuo de camarón mostraron una diferencia significativa en la tasa fotosintética y la tasa transpiratoria, a partir de 10 g kg-1. El uso del residuo de camarón P3 (cefalotórax + abdomen) es prometedor y puede reemplazar el uso de fertilizantes en el desarrollo de plantas para reducir la cantidad de material liberado al medio ambiente y facilitar su degradación. La concentración de 10 g kg-1 de residuo de camarón resultó eficiente para el desarrollo morfofisiológico de las plantas de tomate cv. Santa Clara.

RESUMO Objetivo: Biomarcadores associados à mucina-1, tais como Krebs von den Lungen-6 e carbohydrate antigen (CA, antígeno carboidrato) 15-3, encontram-se aumentados em diversas doenças pulmonares intersticiais. Nosso objetivo foi determinar se CA 15-3 poderia ser considerado um biomarcador de gravidade de doença em pacientes com pneumonite de hipersensibilidade crônica (PHc). Métodos: Estudo prospectivo observacional envolvendo pacientes adultos com PHc. Os níveis séricos de CA 15-3 foram medidos e correlacionados com variáveis relacionadas à gravidade e extensão da doença. As imagens de TCAR foram analisadas quantitativamente utilizando uma plataforma computacional e uma ferramenta de análise de imagem (Computer-Aided Lung Informatics for Pathology Evaluation and Rating). Os níveis de CA 15-3 foram normalizados por transformação logarítmica. Resultados: A amostra foi composta por 41 pacientes. A média de idade dos pacientes foi de 60,1 ± 11,6 anos. A média da CVF em % do previsto foi de 70,3% ± 17,3%, e a mediana do nível sérico de CA 15-3 foi de 48,1 U/mL. Os níveis de CA 15-3 se correlacionaram inversamente com CVF em % do previsto (r = −0,30; p = 0,05), DLCO em % do previsto (r = −0,54; p < 0,01) e SpO2 ao final de um teste de degrau de 4 minutos (r = −0,59; p < 0,01), mas se correlacionaram diretamente com a pontuação quantitativa total da TCAR (r = 0,47; p = 0,004), especialmente quanto a opacidades em vidro fosco (r = 0,58; p < 0,001). Conclusões: É provável que o CA 15-3 seja um biomarcador de gravidade de doença em pacientes com PHc, particularmente quanto a anormalidades nas trocas gasosas.

ABSTRACT Objective: Biomarkers associated with mucin 1, such as Krebs von den Lungen-6 and carbohydrate antigen (CA) 15-3, are increased in various interstitial lung diseases. Our aim was to determine whether CA 15-3 could be considered a biomarker of disease severity in patients with chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (cHP). Methods: This was a prospective observational study involving adult patients with cHP. Serum levels of CA 15-3 were measured and were correlated with variables related to disease severity and extension. HRCT scans were quantitatively analyzed using a computational platform and an image analysis tool (Computer Aided Lung Informatics for Pathology Evaluation and Rating). CA 15-3 levels were normalized by logarithmic transformation. Results: The sample comprised 41 patients. The mean age of the patients was 60.1 ± 11.6 years. The mean FVC in % of predicted was 70.3% ± 17.3%, and the median of the serum level of CA 15-3 was 48.1 U/mL. CA 15-3 levels inversely correlated with FVC in % of predicted (r = −0,30; p = 0,05), DLCO in % of predicted (r = −0,54; p < 0,01), and SpO2 at the end of a 4-min step test (r = −0,59; p < 0,01), but they directly correlated with total quantitative HRCT scores (r = 0,47; p = 0,004), especially regarding ground-glass opacities (r = 0.58; p < 0,001). Conclusions: CA 15-3 is likely to be a biomarker of disease severity of patients with cHP, particularly regarding gas exchange abnormalities.