Resumen Contexto: La construcción en madera no está entre las opciones más populares debido a problemas culturales en Brasil. Los estándares y costos de la habitación en madera siguen siendo temas inciertos, y este estudio busca investigar estas brechas seculares. Método: Los costos unitarios básicos para diferentes estándares de acabado y tipos de producción se midieron a través de entrevistas cara a cara dirigidas por un cuestionario semiestructurado. Se utilizó un margen de error para validar todos los resultados. Se entrevistó aleatoriamente a empresarios de seis estados brasileños para obtener una muestra representativa. Resultados: El muestreo superó el 50% de la población del sector y proporcionó resultados significativos. Más del 40% de las técnicas de construcción en madera mostraron costos competitivos en comparación con la albañilería. Existen alternativas viables de vivienda en madera en los diferentes escenarios analizados. Conclusiones: Las casas de madera son económicamente viables en Brasil, incluso en comparación con los ejemplos tradicionales construidos en albañilería. Los costos atractivos para todas las clases sociales simbolizan un factor fuerte en la conquista de los mercados inmobiliarios.

Abstract Context: Timber construction is not among the most popular options due to cultural issues in Brazil. Timber housing standards and costs remain uncertain subjects, and this study seeks to investigate these secular gaps. Method: Basic unitary costs for different finishing standards and production types were measured through face-to-face interviews led by a semi-structured questionnaire. A margin of error was used to validate all results. Entrepreneurs from six Brazilian states were randomly interviewed to obtain a representative sample. Results: The sampling exceeded 50% of the sector population and provided significant outcomes. More than 40% of timber housing techniques showed competitive costs in comparison with masonry. There are feasible alternatives of timber housing for the different scenarios analyzed. Conclusions: Timber houses are economically viable in Brazil, even compared to traditional examples built via masonry. Attractive costs for all social classes symbolize a strong factor in conquering housing markets.

RESUMO Para identificar o tempo gasto com as diferentes técnicas de construção de casas de madeira, este estudo avalia o tempo de execução de diferentes modelos disponíveis no Brasil. Utilizando entrevistas face-a-face, formulários semiestruturados foram randomicamente aplicados para coletar o tempo médio de acordo com distintos métodos de produção. As técnicas mais eficientes foram: ‘tábua e mata-junta’, ‘pilar-viga’ e ‘casa de toras ’ utilizando produção artesanal; ‘tábua e mata-junta’, ‘paliteiro com alvenaria’ e ‘pilar-viga’ em processo semi-industrial; e, ‘modular para canteiros de obras ’, ‘modular em madeira laminada colada-cruzada’ e ‘entramado leve modular’ em produção industrial. Diferentes produtores industriais não foram tão ágeis como seus concorrentes artesanais devido aos obstáculos produtivos em projetos customizados. A construção em madeira oferece um tempo produtivo mais baixo que a alvenaria, representando uma forma ágil para construir uma moradia sustentável e versátil.

ABSTRACT To identify the time spent with the different construction techniques of timber houses, this study evaluates the execution time of different models available in Brazil. Using face-to-face interviews, semi-structured questionnaires were randomly applied to collect average time according to distinct production methods. The most efficient techniques were: ‘clapboard and wainscot’, ‘post-and-beam’, and ‘log-home’ using artisanal production; ‘clapboard and wainscot’, ‘stick framing with masonry’, and ‘post-and-beam’ in semi-industrial process; and, ‘modular for building sites’, ‘modular in cross-laminated timber’ and ‘modular woodframe’ in industrial production. Different industrial developers were not as agile as artisanal competitors due to production obstacles in customized projects. Timber construction offers lower execution time than masonry, representing an agile form to build a versatile sustainable dwelling.

RESUMEN La representatividad corporativa es un tema importante para la Ingeniería y sus sectores industriales, teniendo en cuenta que la asociación de productores puede defender los derechos y ambiciones de sus miembros. Este estudio tiene como objetivo investigar la participación de los productores de viviendas de madera en organizaciones generalistas, así como identificar qué ejemplos de entidades de clase podrían ser creadas para consolidar esta industria en el escenario brasileño. Se aplicó personalmente una breve encuesta a los empresarios del sector de producción de casas de madera en Brasil. Esta encuesta se basó en dos consultas cualitativas, cuyas respuestas se convirtieron en porcentajes. Los productores estudiados revelaron que el sector no tiene una organización oficial que los represente, lo que tiene obligado en buscar diferentes mecanismos de representación de otros sectores relacionados con esta industria. La falta de representación corporativa y/o laboral es visible al punto en que muchos empresarios entrevistados declararon la necesidad de crear sindicatos para los trabajadores y asociaciones de clase para los productores. Así, se describieron sugerencias de nuevas organizaciones para establecer una dirección en la organización de este sector en Brasil.

ABSTRACT Corporate representativeness is an important issue for engineering and its industrial sectors, considering that producer associations can defend represent the rights and ambitions of their members. This study aims to investigate timber housing producer participation in generalist organizations, as well as to identify which examples of class entities could be created to consolidate this industry in the Brazilian scenario. A short survey was personally applied to entrepreneurs from the timber house production sector in Brazil. This survey was based in four qualitative queries, whose responses were converted into percentage. The studied producers revealed that the sector does not have an official organization to represent them, forcing them to search for different representation mechanisms from other sectors related to this industry. The lack of corporate and/or labor representation is visible to the point where several interviewed entrepreneurs declared the need to create unions for workers, as well as class associations for producers. Thus, suggestions for a new organization were described to establish a direction for organizing this sector in Brazil.

ABSTRACT Using face-to-face interviews and semi-structured questionnaires with timber housing developers, this study assed the perceptions of respective industries about government stimuli and public policies towards timber construction in Brazil. Four questions were developed under qualitative aspects, which were percentually measured to enable a response comparative. Thereby, 107 of 210 companies were evaluated here. Under statistical view, this sampling revealed a margin of error acceptable and next to the ideal condition. Results suggest that current policies have been apparently restrictive. Timber house producers still are dependant on strategies for whole national segments, whose scope does not promote both local cleaner industries and those focused on sustainable solutions such as from this studied sector. Tax cuts and exemptions for greener products could be an efficient alternative to incentive this production sector, and promote these sustainable timber houses. The creation of assertive public policies could attract more investors and developers to expand this industry and other forest-timber sectors and, consequently, contribute to reduce the housing shortage in Brazil.

Resumen Se analiza la representatividad de las viviendas hechas en madera, en Brasil, indicando el porcentaje de cada técnica cons tructiva según la oferta de las empresas evaluadas. Los porcentajes que evidencian la frecuencia de utilización de las téc nicas de construcción en madera fueron medidos por medio de dos metodologías aplicadas en las empresas: encuesta por entrevistas personales a sus propietarios y búsqueda de datos en sus sitios web. El método de encuestas por entrevistas evaluó 107 empresas brasileñas, y el de búsqueda en los sitios web alcanzó 207 empresas; se consiguió 50,95 y 98,57%, respectivamente, de la población estimada. A pesar de esta diferencia, ambos métodos demostraron un escenario similar. Las entrevistas presentaron mayores costos de aplicación. Las técnicas contemporáneas están disponibles en más del 90% de los productores brasileros. Las casas de tablas horizontales clavadas y las casas de tablas horizontales entre pilares fueron las que tuvieron mayores ofertas.

Abstract This paper analyzes the representativeness of timber housing in Brazil, identifying the percentage of construction techniques offered by each evaluated company. Percentages that evidence the frequency of use of wooden building techniques were measured using two methods applied in the companies: survey through face-to-face interviews with owners and data search on their websites. The survey through interviews evaluated 107 Brazilian companies, while the data search included 207 companies, obtaining 50.95%and 98.57%of the estimated population, respectively. In spite of this difference, both meth ods showed a similar scenario. Interviews evidenced higher application costs. Contemporary techniques are available in more than 90% of Brazilian constructors. Houses with nailed horizontal boards and houses with horizontal wooden boards between columns were offered the most.

Resumo Neste artigo, é analisada a representatividade das moradias feitas em madeira no Brasil por meio da indicação da porcen tagem de cada técnica construtiva segundo a oferta das empresas avaliadas. As porcentagens que evidenciam a freqüência de utilização das técnicas de construção em madeira foram medidas mediante duas metodologias aplicadas nas empresas: entrevistas pessoais a seus proprietários e busca de dados em sites. O método de entrevistas pessoais avaliou 107 empresas brasileiras, e a busca nos sites atingiu 207 empresas; foram alcançados 50,95 e 98,57%, respectivamente, da população estimada. Apesar dessa diferença, ambos os métodos demonstraram um cenário semelhante. As entrevistas apresentaram maiores custos de aplicação. As técnicas contemporâneas estão disponíveis em mais de 90 % dos produtores brasileiros. As casas de tábuas horizontais pregadas e as casas de tábuas horizontais entre pilares foram as que mais tiveram ofertas.

Abstract Bamboo canes are a unique construction raw material for several types of structures, and there is a growing acceptance of bamboos for structural uses. However, they have as a disadvantage their propensity to attack by insects. In this work, a study of the effectiveness of three different types of preservatives was made with: 1) traditional chemicals, 2) natural substances with low risk to humans and 3) thermal at different temperatures to prevent the Dinoderus minutus beetle attack to Bambusa vulgaris vittata bamboo species. The first two treatments were performed by immersion, and thermal type was made by a drying process. Every two weeks, the attack on three specimens of each treatment was evaluated, including those corresponding to a control specimen without any preservation element. The results showed that most of the treatments by immersion were effective, reducing considerably the attack of the insects in comparison with the control. As for the heat treatment, temperatures less than or equal to 130 °C did not prove to be effective; temperatures of 190 °C and 210 °C revealed acceptable efficiencies.

Resumen Las cañas de bambú son un material de construcción único para diversos tipos de estructuras y cada vez hay una mayor aceptación de los bambúes para usos estructurales. Sin embargo, tienen como inconveniente su propensión al ataque por insectos. En este trabajo se hizo un estudio de la eficacia de tres diferentes tipos de preservadores: 1) químicos tradicionales, 2) naturales de bajo riesgo para el ser humano y 3) térmicos a diferentes temperaturas, para prevenir el ataque del insecto escarabajo Dinoderus minutus al bambú de la especie Bambusa vulgaris vittata. Los dos primeros tratamientos se realizaron por inmersión y el tipo térmico fue hecho por el proceso de secado. Cada dos semanas, se evaluó el ataque a tres especímenes de cada tratamiento, incluyendo los correspondientes a un testigo sin elemento preservador alguno. Los resultados mostraron que la mayoría de los tratamientos por inmersión fueron eficaces, reduciendo considerablemente el ataque de los insectos en comparación con el testigo. En cuanto al tratamiento térmico, las temperaturas menores o iguales a 130 °C no mostraron ser eficaces; las temperaturas de 190 °C y 210 °C revelaron eficacias aceptables.

RESUMO Devido à grande variação dimensional do bambu, a produção de materiais como compensados e laminados produz grande quantidade de resíduos. A produção de painéis particulados poderia ser utilizada para superar este problema e tornar-se uma solução viável na reutilização dos resíduos gerados como matéria-prima para produtos de alto valor agregado. Objetivou-se apresentar uma visão geral sobre a produção de painéis particulados de bambu, assim como suas propriedades mecânicas e físicas, acompanhada por uma revisão dos avanços em sua pesquisa e desenvolvimento. Em geral, independentemente da resina ou espécie de bamboo utilizadas, diversos painéis particulados de bambu atendem os requisitos de normas internacionais para painéis particulados de média densidade à base de madeira. O foco principal deste trabalho é fornecer uma revisão para apoiar grupos de pesquisa interessados em utilizar novos materiais à base de bambu para o desenvolvimento de produtos manufaturados duráveis.

ABSTRACT Due to the high dimensional variation of bamboo, the manufacturing of materials such as plywood and laminated bamboo produces a high amount of residues. The production of particleboards could be used to overcome this problem and become a viable solution to reuse the generated waste as a raw material to high value-added products. This study aimed to present an overview of the bamboo particleboard production, as well as the mechanical and physical properties of this material, followed by a review of the advances in its research and development. In general, independently of the resin or bamboo species utilization, several bamboo particleboards meet the mechanical properties requirements of international standards for wood-based medium-density particleboards. The main focus of this study is to provide a review, in order to support research groups interested in using new bamboo-based materials for the development of manufactured durable products.

The building technique of light wooden framing, i.e., woodframe, represents a great innovative goal of construction, due to the very efficient levels of rationalization of material, operational flexibility and productive agility. In addition, excessive use of natural materials of renewable character in the woodframes, as the wood of planted forests, contributes to sustainability, a desired factor in most modern homes. In recent years, Latin American countries have suffered from the constant housing deficit, which destroys the possibilities of the first property by the neediest populations. Therefore, it is necessary to propagate studies, research and information on industrialized housing construction techniques, such as woodframe. This study focused on the exhibition by a state of the art of this innovative wooden housing typology, emphasizing its advantages, importance, types, and its current panorama in the regions in development stage, such as Latin American countries. Currently, the woodframe is known as a modern wooden residential technique, and it is conquering the public of all kind of economic classes, because of its innovation, lightness, competitive costs, and also by the efficient levels of sustainability, cleanness, assembly time, and rationalization of raw materials.

La técnica de construcción de entramado ligero en madera, i.e., woodframe, representa un gran objetivo innovador, debido a los niveles muy eficientes de racionalización de material, flexibilidad de las operaciones, y agilidad productiva. Además, el uso excesivo de materiales naturales de carácter renovable en los entramados ligeros, como la madera de los bosques plantados, contribuye con la sostenibilidad, un factor deseado en la mayoría de las viviendas modernas. En los últimos años, los países latinoamericanos han sufrido el constante déficit de viviendas, lo que destruye las posibilidades de la primera propiedad de las poblaciones más necesitadas. Por lo tanto, es necesario propagar los estudios, la investigación y la información sobre las técnicas de construcción de viviendas industrializadas, como el entramado ligero en madera. Este estudio se centró en la exposición por un estado del arte de esta innovadora tipología de vivienda en madera, destacando sus ventajas, importancia, tipos y su panorama actual en las regiones en fase de desarrollo, como los países de América Latina. En la actualidad, lo entramado ligero en madera es conocido como una técnica de viviendas en madera moderna, y que está conquistando al público de todas las clases económicas, debido a su innovación, ligereza, costos competitivos, y también por los niveles eficientes de sostenibilidad, limpieza, tiempo de montaje y la racionalización de las materias primas.

Trata de estabelecer as características atuais de revistas de arquitetura, urbanismo, paisagismo e design publicados no Brasil para um possível enquadramento como periódicos científicos ou técnicos. Comenta uma metodologia corrente de avaliação de publicações científicas de outras áreas de conhecimento e contextualiza sua aplicação diante da natureza diversificada da produção científica da área de arquitetura e urbanismo.

This paper presents the features of Architecture, Urbanism, Landscape Architecture and Design periodicals published in Brazil for their potential consideration as scientific or technical periodicals. Comments a current methodology of evaluation for scientific periodicals from different fields of knowledge and the pertinence of its applicability due to the diverse nature of the scientific output from the Architecture and Urbanism area.

O principal objetivo deste estudo foi analisar aspectos cardiorrespiratórios e metabólicos e as alterações provocadas pelo treinamento específico de dança em um grupo de 16 bailarinos de balé profissional, modalidade clássico, sendo oito mulheres e oito homens, com média de idade de 18,2 ± 3,8 anos e 26,2 ± 4,5 anos, respectivamente. Todos foram submetidos a teste máximo em esteira rolante utilizando-se o protocolo de Bruce. Foi utilizado, na análise das respostas respiratórias e metabólicas, o sistema computadorizado Metabolic Measurement Cart da Beckman. Os seguintes resultados foram obtidos entre o grupo de balé vs. o grupo controle masculino: VO2 máx. - 46 ± 4 vs. 43 ± 6mlO2.kg.-1min-1; FC máx. - 194 ± 12 vs. 202 ± 11bpm; V E máx. - 112 ± 16 vs. 123 ± 18L.min-1; VO2-LA - 35 ± 4 vs. 26 ± 4mlO2.kg.-1min-1 (p < 0,01); FC-LA - 169 ± 18 vs. 163 ± 15 bpm. Grupo de balé vs. grupo controle feminino: VO2 máx. - 39 ± 6 vs. 35 ± 6mlO2.kg.-1min-1; FC máx. - 197 ± 10 vs. 201 ± 6bpm; V E máx. - 72 ± 9 vs. 81 ± 6L.min-1; VO2-LA - 26 ± 4 vs. 27 ± 4mlO2.kg.-1min-1; FC-LA - 164 ± 10 vs. 176 ± 17bpm. Conclusões: 1) a rotina específica de dança parece não gerar estímulo suficiente para aprimorar a aptidão cardiorrespiratória e metabólica dos bailarinos e 2) sugere-se condicionamento físico adicional ao treinamento de balé.

The main goal of this investigation was to analyze cardiorespiratory features and metabolic alterations caused by specific dance training in a group of 16 professional classical ballet dancers, 8 female and 8 male, mean age 18.2 ± 3.8 and 26.2 ± 4.5, respectively. All subjects were submitted to maximum exercise test on the treadmill using Bruce's protocol. Cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses were analyzed by a Beckman Metabolic Measurement Cart computerized system. The following results were found for the male ballet dancers group vs. the male control group: VO2 max. (46 ± 4 vs. 43 ± 6 ml.kg-1.min-1 of O2); HR max. (194 ± 12 vs. 202 ± 11 beats.min-1); V E max. (112 ± 16 vs. 123 ± 18 L.min-1); VO2 at AT (35 ± 4 vs. 26 ± 4 ml.kg-1.min-1 of O2 [p < 0.01]); HR at AT (169 ± 18 vs. 163 ± 15 beats.min-1). Female ballet dancers group vs. female control group: VO2 max. (39 ± 6 vs. 35 ± 6 ml.kg-1.min-1 of O2); HR max. (197 ± 10 vs. 201 ± 6 beats.min-1); V E max. (72 ± 9 vs. 81 ± 6 L.min-1); VO2 at AT (26 ± 4 vs. 27 ± 4 ml.kg-1.min-1 of O2); HR at AT (164 ± 10 vs. 176 ± 17 beats.min-1). Conclusion: 1) the specific ballet dance training routine does not seem to generate an adequate stimulus to improve cardiorespiratory and metabolic ballet dancers aptitude, and 2) the authors suggest an additional physical training programs to improve ballet dancers physical conditioning.