Resumo Aníbal Quijano foi um dos teóricos sociais latino-americanos mais astutos e decididos da segunda metade do século 20. Seus ensaios pioneiros sobre a ‘Colonialidade do Poder’ não só inspiraram o projeto da Modernidade/Colonialidade/Decolonialidade, como também influenciaram inúmeros intelectuais e ativistas não necessariamente envolvidos na chamada ‘Virada Decolonial.’ Embora Quijano não tenha deixado um texto no qual todas as características de sua teoria sobre ‘Colonialidade’ sejam sistematizadas, pode-se supor que o extenso ensaio ‘Colonialidade do Poder, Eurocentrismo e América Latina,’ publicado pela primeira vez nos anos 2000, pretendia fornecer uma visão geral do seu pensamento. O objetivo deste fórum é debater criticamente o legado do sociólogo peruano durante um período que o próprio Quijano posteriormente descreveu como a ‘crise da raiz da colonialidade do poder global.’ Na primeira seção, José Gandarilla apresenta os antecedentes e precursores latino-americanos do uso do termo ‘Colonialidade.’ Em seguida, Haydeé García reflete sobre a perspectiva interdisciplinar em Aníbal Quijano, o peso da totalidade e suas articulações históricas. Finalmente, Daniele Benzi abre e discute algumas questões a respeito do ‘capitalismo colonial/moderno e eurocentrado’ através da perspectiva da Sociologia Macro-Histórica.

Abstract Aníbal Quijano has been one of the most astute and purposeful Latin American social theorists of the second half of the 20th century. His pioneering essays on the ‘Coloniality of Power’ not only inspired the project of Modernity/Coloniality/Decoloniality, but have also influenced countless intellectuals and activists who were not necessarily involved in the so-called ‘Decolonial Turn.’ While Quijano has not left behind a text in which all of the characteristics of his theory on ‘Coloniality’ are systematised, it can be argued that the lengthy essay ‘Coloniality of Power, Eurocentrism and Latin America,’ published for the first time twenty years ago, was intended to provide such an overview of his thought. The purpose of this forum is to critically debate the legacy of the Peruvian sociologist during a period which Quijano himself later described as the ‘Root Crisis of the Coloniality of Global Power.’ In the first section, José Gandarilla presents the Latin American antecedents and precursors of the use of the term ‘Coloniality.’ Next, Haydeé García reflects on the interdisciplinary perspective in Aníbal Quijano, the weight of totality, and its historical articulations. Finally, Daniele Benzi opens up and addresses some queries regarding ‘colonial/modern and Eurocentered capitalism,’ from the perspective of macro-historical sociology.

Abstract Learning Disabilities Mathematical LDM, have been the subject of study since the decade of the 70`s, advances in this field have allowed a correct identification and classification through the design of various instruments for this objective. The number of investigations that address intervention protocols to improve this type of difficulties in children is even more limited. On this way, comorbidities have also been found different researches with the Language Learning Disabilities LLD, and as well as their relationship with the neurological development of children. It is estimated that in countries like Germany, USA, and Spain, the percentage of children with LDM is between 3% and 8%. In particular, in Colombia at the moment, there is very little research that allows identifying these difficulties in children, as well as very little research on the different types of intervention to improve these difficulties in Math. In General, there are little current literature on how to overcome such difficulties in children. An intervention based on the perspective of dynamic assessment would be useful for children who have these difficulties. The dynamic assessment implies two important concepts: activity and modifiability. The tester and the inquired assume an active role, where the tester intervenes and modifies the interaction with the inquired with the purpose of successfully inducing learning. The inquired is directed and reinforced to assume an active role in searching and organizing information. The product of the assessment is modifiability or change in cognitive functioning. This study presents the validation of a protocol based on dynamic assessment to improve skills in the field of mathematics. The sample was 59 Colombian children from public schools in the city of Bogotá. Participants were between 7 to 10 years old and from second to fourth grade. They had Mathematics Learning Difficulties in evaluated with TEDI-MATH on short version. They were distributed in 28 boys and 31 girls with this characteristic. And children who were undergoing psychological, medicated and/or clinical treatment processes were excluded. The design used was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest measures and control group on the waiting list. The program considered five weeks, with one weekly session of group with a duration of approximately 50 minutes. The evaluation instruments were: TEDI-MATH which was used for the identification of the MLD; 3 sub tests of the WISC-IV, digits, concepts and keys. And PAMATH-C protocol was used for the intervention with children with the aforementioned difficulties. The results of the investigation showed significant differences between the control and experimental group for all the TEDI-MATH tests and for the subtest of concepts in WISC-IV. The results are consistent with other research related to comorbidity between the fields of language and mathematics. The results showed that like other research based interventions with Learning Potential training programs are effective in improving the different metacognitive abilities among the participants. and has a significant effect on the decrease in Mathematical Learning Disabilities. This research leaves projections for an application to a larger population in Colombia and in South America of the TEDYMATH test on short version, since good discrimination was observed for children with LDM. The application of the PAMATH-C protocol in other types of rural and urban population throughout the territories will improve the identification of children with difficulties. In addition, the contribution for the design of new tests based on dynamic evaluation and its form of application to improve other types of difficulties in both children and adults. Therefore, an immense methodological field to develop future protocols based on the Learning Potential. It is concluded that when training aspects related to language acquisition, it improves the understanding and management of mathematics in children.

Resumen Las dificultades de aprendizaje en Matemáticas (DAM) han sido estudiadas por parte de los investigadores en los últimos años. La literatura sobre su clasificación y su identificación en niños ha sido relevante; sin embargo, es poca la bibliografía actual acerca de cómo superar dichas dificultades en niños. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo la validación de un protocolo para mejorar habilidades en el campo de las matemáticas. La muestra se componía de 59 niños con esta característica, además del bajo rendimiento en dicha área. Los participantes tenían entre 7 y 10 años y estaban cursando entre segundo y cuarto año de primaria. El diseño es cuasiexperimental con medidas pretest-postest y grupo control en lista de espera. El programa constó de cinco semanas, con una sesión semanal de forma grupal con una duración de 50 minutos aproximadamente. Los instrumentos de evaluación fueron: TEDI-MATH para la identificación de las DAM y tres subpruebas de la WISC-IV, dígitos, conceptos y claves. Los resultados de la investigación arrojaron diferencias significativas entre el grupo control y experimental para todas las pruebas de la TEDI-MATH y para la subprueba de conceptos en WISC-IV. Los resultados son coherentes con otras investigaciones relacionadas con la comorbilidad entre los campos del lenguaje y las matemáticas. Se concluye que, al entrenar aspectos relacionados con la adquisición del lenguaje mejora la comprensión y el manejo de las competencias en matemáticas en los niños.

Abstract: Public spaces could promote health equity by providing a place for people to engage in physical activity. Whereas most studies show a positive association between public spaces and physical activity, there are still mixed results, especially in low- and middle-income countries. The objectives of this mixed-methods study were: (i) to assess the quantitative association between access to public spaces and physical activity; (ii) to assess the modification of the association by public spaces quality, area-level walkability, and social stratifiers; (iii) to explain the quantitative results using qualitative data. Quantitative data were obtained with a household survey in two arid-climate Mexican cities in 2017-2018. physical activity was measured with the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. Access to public spaces was measured in buffers centered on survey blocks, walkability with area-level indicators, and public spaces quality with the Physical Activity Resources Assessment. Qualitative data were obtained with semi-structured interviews and neighborhood observation. No quantitative association between access to public spaces and physical activity was found, as well as no interactions between access to public spaces and other variables. Walkability was positively associated with physical activity. Qualitative analysis showed that local public spaces were rarely used by adults because they were perceived as small, unequipped, unattractive, and unsafe. The results shed light on the relationship between public spaces and physical activity, highlighting the improvements in design and upkeep of public spaces that are necessary to achieve their potential health benefit.

Resumo: Os espaços públicos podem promover a equidade na saúde, ao prover um lugar para todas as pessoas praticarem atividades físicas. A maioria dos estudos mostra uma associação positiva entre espaços públicos e atividade física, mas ainda há resultados conflitantes, principalmente em países de renda baixa e média. Os objetivos deste estudo de métodos mistos foram: (i) avaliar a associação quantitativa entre o acesso aos espaços públicos e atividade física; (ii) avaliar a modificação da associação pela qualidade dos espaços públicos, a caminhabilidade das áreas e fatores de estratificação social; e (iii) explicar os resultados quantitativos com base nos dados qualitativos. Os dados quantitativos foram obtidos com um inquérito domiciliar em duas cidades do semiárido mexicano em 2017-2018. A atividade física foi medida com o Questionário Global de Atividade Física. Os autores mediram o acesso aos espaços públicos com buffers centrados nos quarteirões do inquérito, a caminhabilidade com indicadores em nível de área e a qualidade dos espaços públicos com a Physical Activity Resources Assessment [Avaliação de Recursos de Atividade Física]. Os dados qualitativos foram obtidos com entrevistas semiestruturadas e observação dos bairros. Não foi encontrada associação quantitativa entre acesso aos espaços públicos e atividade física, ou interações entre o acesso aos espaços públicos e outras variáveis. A caminhabilidade mostrou associação positiva com atividade física. A análise qualitativa mostrou que os espaços públicos locais eram usados raramente por adultos, porque eram percebidos como pequenos, sem equipamentos, pouco atraentes e inseguros. Os resultados ajudam a entender a relação entre os espaços públicos e atividade física, e destacam as melhorias no desenho e na manutenção dos espaços públicos que são necessárias para realizar os benefícios para a saúde da população.

Resumen: Los espacios públicos podrían promover la equidad en salud, proporcionando un lugar para que todas las personas practiquen actividades físicas. Mientras que la mayoría de los estudios muestran una asociación positiva entre espacios públicos y actividades físicas, existen todavía resultados mixtos, especialmente en países de ingresos medios y bajos. Los objetivos de estos métodos combinados fueron: (i) evaluar la asociación cuantitativa entre el acceso a espacios públicos y actividades físicas; (ii) evaluar la modificación de la asociación por la calidad de los espacios públicos, nivel de transitabilidad del área y estratificadores sociales; (iii) explicar resultados cuantitativos usando datos cualitativos. Los datos cuantitativos se obtuvieron a través de una encuesta por hogares en dos ciudades mejicanas de clima árido en 2017-2018. La actividad física se midió mediante el Cuestionario Mundial sobre Actividad Física. El acceso a los espacios públicos se midió con áreas de influencia centradas en encuestas por bloques, la transitabilidad según indicadores de nivel del área, y la calidad de los espacios públicos con la Physical Activity Resources Assessment [Evaluación de Recursos de Actividad Física]. Los datos cualitativos se obtuvieron a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas y observación del barrio. No hallamos ninguna asociación cuantitativa entre el acceso a los espacios públicos y actividades físicas, ni tampoco interacciones entre el acceso a espacios públicos y otras variables. La transitabilidad estuvo positivamente asociada con actividades físicas. El análisis cualitativo mostró que los espacios públicos locales eran raramente usados por adultos, porque los percibían como pequeños, faltos de equipamiento, poco atractivos e inseguros. Los resultados clarificaron la relación entre espacios públicos y actividades físicas, y resaltaban las mejoras en el diseño y el mantenimiento de los espacios públicos que se necesitan para lograr beneficios potenciales en la salud de la población.

ABSTRACT: Water deficit and iron nutritional deficiency (iron chlorosis) are frequent environmental stresses affecting grapevine production in the Mediterranean region. The objectives of this work were (i) to study the combined effects of both stresses on aromatic profile of Tempranillo grapes, occurring simultaneously in the vineyard, and (ii) to evaluate the viability of foliar chlorophyll content at veraison (Chl) to early assess aromatic quality potential of grapes in those conditions. Twenty non-irrigated vineyard subzones (10 m × 10 m each), affected and non-affected by iron chlorosis, were monitored in Ribera del Duero Appellation of Origin (North-Central Spain) during two consecutive seasons. Factorial ANOVA was performed to study the effects of predawn leaf water potential and Chl measured at veraison on the must composition parameters and, specifically, on the concentrations of free and bound aromatic compounds. Water deficit tended to increase color intensity and extractable anthocyanin content of the grapes, whereas the incidence of iron deficiency enhanced total phenolic compound content within subzones with better water status. More water or iron stressed subzones restricted C6-alcohols contents than less stressed subzones. Without significant effects on vine vigor, yield or berry size, the incidence of iron chlorosis increased the concentrations of some specific terpenes, C13-norisoprenoids, volatile acids and volatile phenols. These results showed that low to moderate iron stress can have positive effects on grape aromatic quality, and demonstrated that Chl can be a useful tool in precision viticulture to map the aromatic potential within rainfed vineyards affected by iron chlorosis.

Resumen: Los espacios públicos podrían promover la equidad en salud, proporcionando un lugar para que todas las personas practiquen actividades físicas. Mientras que la mayoría de los estudios muestran una asociación positiva entre espacios públicos y actividades físicas, existen todavía resultados mixtos, especialmente en países de ingresos medios y bajos. Los objetivos de estos métodos combinados fueron: (i) evaluar la asociación cuantitativa entre el acceso a espacios públicos y actividades físicas; (ii) evaluar la modificación de la asociación por la calidad de los espacios públicos, nivel de transitabilidad del área y estratificadores sociales; (iii) explicar resultados cuantitativos usando datos cualitativos. Los datos cuantitativos se obtuvieron a través de una encuesta por hogares en dos ciudades mejicanas de clima árido en 2017-2018. La actividad física se midió mediante el Cuestionario Mundial sobre Actividad Física. El acceso a los espacios públicos se midió con áreas de influencia centradas en encuestas por bloques, la transitabilidad según indicadores de nivel del área, y la calidad de los espacios públicos con la Physical Activity Resources Assessment [Evaluación de Recursos de Actividad Física]. Los datos cualitativos se obtuvieron a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas y observación del barrio. No hallamos ninguna asociación cuantitativa entre el acceso a los espacios públicos y actividades físicas, ni tampoco interacciones entre el acceso a espacios públicos y otras variables. La transitabilidad estuvo positivamente asociada con actividades físicas. El análisis cualitativo mostró que los espacios públicos locales eran raramente usados por adultos, porque los percibían como pequeños, faltos de equipamiento, poco atractivos e inseguros. Los resultados clarificaron la relación entre espacios públicos y actividades físicas, y resaltaban las mejoras en el diseño y el mantenimiento de los espacios públicos que se necesitan para lograr beneficios potenciales en la salud de la población.

Resumo: Os espaços públicos podem promover a equidade na saúde, ao prover um lugar para todas as pessoas praticarem atividades físicas. A maioria dos estudos mostra uma associação positiva entre espaços públicos e atividade física, mas ainda há resultados conflitantes, principalmente em países de renda baixa e média. Os objetivos deste estudo de métodos mistos foram: (i) avaliar a associação quantitativa entre o acesso aos espaços públicos e atividade física; (ii) avaliar a modificação da associação pela qualidade dos espaços públicos, a caminhabilidade das áreas e fatores de estratificação social; e (iii) explicar os resultados quantitativos com base nos dados qualitativos. Os dados quantitativos foram obtidos com um inquérito domiciliar em duas cidades do semiárido mexicano em 2017-2018. A atividade física foi medida com o Questionário Global de Atividade Física. Os autores mediram o acesso aos espaços públicos com buffers centrados nos quarteirões do inquérito, a caminhabilidade com indicadores em nível de área e a qualidade dos espaços públicos com a Physical Activity Resources Assessment [Avaliação de Recursos de Atividade Física]. Os dados qualitativos foram obtidos com entrevistas semiestruturadas e observação dos bairros. Não foi encontrada associação quantitativa entre acesso aos espaços públicos e atividade física, ou interações entre o acesso aos espaços públicos e outras variáveis. A caminhabilidade mostrou associação positiva com atividade física. A análise qualitativa mostrou que os espaços públicos locais eram usados raramente por adultos, porque eram percebidos como pequenos, sem equipamentos, pouco atraentes e inseguros. Os resultados ajudam a entender a relação entre os espaços públicos e atividade física, e destacam as melhorias no desenho e na manutenção dos espaços públicos que são necessárias para realizar os benefícios para a saúde da população.

Abstract: Public spaces could promote health equity by providing a place for people to engage in physical activity. Whereas most studies show a positive association between public spaces and physical activity, there are still mixed results, especially in low- and middle-income countries. The objectives of this mixed-methods study were: (i) to assess the quantitative association between access to public spaces and physical activity; (ii) to assess the modification of the association by public spaces quality, area-level walkability, and social stratifiers; (iii) to explain the quantitative results using qualitative data. Quantitative data were obtained with a household survey in two arid-climate Mexican cities in 2017-2018. physical activity was measured with the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. Access to public spaces was measured in buffers centered on survey blocks, walkability with area-level indicators, and public spaces quality with the Physical Activity Resources Assessment. Qualitative data were obtained with semi-structured interviews and neighborhood observation. No quantitative association between access to public spaces and physical activity was found, as well as no interactions between access to public spaces and other variables. Walkability was positively associated with physical activity. Qualitative analysis showed that local public spaces were rarely used by adults because they were perceived as small, unequipped, unattractive, and unsafe. The results shed light on the relationship between public spaces and physical activity, highlighting the improvements in design and upkeep of public spaces that are necessary to achieve their potential health benefit.

ABSTRACT The objective of the present research was to determine the effect of long synchronization protocols based on reused progesterone devices (controlled internal drug release [CIDR]) associated with different doses of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) on reproductive variables in crossbred sheep (Suffolk × Kathadin × Dorset). The CIDR were used for eleven days in a previous study in sheep from the same herd and were washed and disinfected before reusing. Sixty-four sheep, in the reproductive season, were randomly assigned to four experimental groups (n = 16). Treatments consisted of a group with 10 d CIDR and 300 IU eCG; a group with 10 d CIDR and 400 IU of eCG; a group with 12 d CIDR and 300 IU of eCG; and a group with 12 d CIDR and 400 IU of eCG. A completely randomized design was used. There was an estrous presentation rate of 100% in all treatments. The begining of estrous, gestation rate, fertility rate, type of parturition, and prolificacy index were equal between groups. Progesterone serum concentration was higher in sheep from the 10 d CIDR groups. The CIDR, reused for the second time, associated with 300 or 400 IU of eCG for estrous synchronization in sheep, are effective to obtain good pregnancy rates and ensures higher prolificacy rates.

Abstract In the baking industry, different processes and methods of freezing have been used for breadmaking to preserve a quality comparable to that of fresh bread. In this study, the effect of part-baking time, freezing rate, and frozen storage time on part-baked French bread quality was determined. The bread was part-baked for 0, 3 and 6 min, frozen at slow (0.15 °C/min) and fast (1.75 °C/min) freezing rates, stored under freezing conditions for up to 56 days and thawed every 14 days. Part-baked bread was rebaked, and the SV and firmness at 2, 24 and 48 h were obtained. An experiment with a factorial design of 3×2×5 (3 part-baking time, 2 freezing rates and 5 frozen storage times) with analysis of variance (ANOVA) at a confidence level of 95% was carried out. The highest SV was obtained at 6 min of part-baking at a slow freezing rate and decreased as the frozen storage time increased. In contrast, TPA showed that bread firmness increases when the specific volume decreases, and the highest firmness is at 0 min of part-baked time. Relatively long part-baking times allow for firm crumb formation with limited damage to the structure and therefore bread with optimal quality.

ABSTRACT. Climate change (CC) affects food production, mainly those based on livestock systems. Producers must identify adaptation strategies to ensure the production, during periods of drought, and lack of forage. Besides contributing to CC, high emissions of ruminal methane (CH4) are energy loss potentially usable for livestock production. The objective was to estimate in vitro ruminal gas production (RGP) and determine the CH4 emissions from silages. Treatments were made with forage of Cenchrus purpureus mixed with Tithonia diversifolia T1= C.purpureus at 100%; T2= C.purpureus/ T.diversifolia in 33/67 percent ratio; T3= C.purpureus/ T.diversifolia 67/33; and T4= T.diversifolia at 100%. Samples of silages were analyzed, and they were inoculated with strains of Lactobacillus paracasei (T735); then they were fermented in vacuum-sealed bags for 67 days. RGP and CH4 were measured at 2, 4, 8, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, and 48 hours. Additionally, modeling of CH4 production kinetics was conducted, using different equations. The results indicate that the highest cumulative CH4 production was for T1. This kinetics was represented using the Gompertz model. In conclusion, the inclusion of T.diversifolia to C.purpureus silages contributes to the decrease of methane at the ruminal level, which constitutes an adaptation practice at climate change.

Abstract Background: The genus Bursera Jacq. ex. L. concentrates its diversity in Mexico. Among the secondary metabolites that can be isolated from organic its extracts are flavonoids and lignans. Research question: Do the biological activity of the hydroalcoholic extracts from five Bursera species studied depend on their flavonoid content? Study site: Oaxaca, Mexico. Methods: The extracts of B. aptera Ramírez, B. fagaroides (Kunth) Engl., B. schlechtendalii Engl., B. galeottiana Engl., B. morelensis Ramírez were analysed by High Resolution Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) to determine their flavonoid composition. The antiradical DPPH, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal activities of the extracts were determined. Results: Phlorizin and quercetin were conserved in both stems and leaves of the five species studied. The phloretin was present only in the leaves of B. aptera. The highest antibacterial activity was observed against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Salmonella typhimurium by the extracts of leaves of B. aptera (MIC 0.002 mg/mL) and the stems of B. fagaroides (MIC 0.015 mg/mL). The extract of stems of B. morelensis against Fusarium boothii presented the highest antifungal effect (lower than 50 μg/mL). The anti-inflammatory activity of B. fagaroides was 51.24 % edema inhibition (1 mg/ear) compare to 78.76 % of indomethacin (0.358 mg/ear). Conclusion: The presence of flavonoids in five species studied suggests the richness of these compounds in Bursera genus. The biological activities studied indicated the potential medicinal use of these species and the role that the flavonoids play in plant physiology.

Resumen Antecedentes: el género Bursera Jacq. ex. L. concentra su diversidad en México. Los metabolitos secundarios que pueden aislarse de sus extractos orgánicos son los flavonoides y los lignanos. Pregunta de investigación: ¿La actividad biológica de los extractos de las cinco especies de Bursera estudiadas depende de su contenido de flavonoides? Sitio de estudio: Oaxaca, México. Métodos: Los extractos hidroalcohólicos de B. aptera Ramírez, B. fagaroides (Kunth) Engl., B. schlechtendalii Engl., B. galeottiana Engl., B. morelensis Ramírez, se analizaron por HPLC para determinar su composición de flavonoides y se reporta su actividad antiradicalaria al DPPH, antiinflamatoria, antibacteriana y antifúngica. Resultados: La florizina y la quercetina se conservaron tanto en tallos como en hojas de las cinco especies estudiadas. La floretina está presente solo en las hojas de B. aptera. La mayor actividad antibacteriana se observó contra Staphylococcus epidermidis y Salmonella typhimurium por los extractos de hojas de B. aptera y tallos de B. fagaroides. El extracto de tallos de B. morelensis contra Fusarium boothii presentó el mayor efecto antifúngico. La actividad antiinflamatoria de B. fagaroides fue 51.24% de inhibición del edema (1 mg/oreja) en comparación con el 78.76% de la indometacina (0.358 mg /oreja). Conclusión: La presencia de flavonoides en las cinco especies estudiadas sugiere la riqueza de estos compuestos en el género Bursera. Las actividades biológicas estudiadas indicaron el posible uso medicinal de estas especies y el papel que juegan los flavonoides en la fisiología de las plantas.

ABSTRACT Spanish regional governments have developed in the last decades different income-guarantee programs within the public policies to tackle poverty and social exclusion. They all include a minimum insertion income scheme. The territorial development of these schemes has been unequal, thus leading to regional systems with different degrees of generosity, coverage, characteristics, and scope. In this work, we analyze empirically these differences with a cluster analysis technique. The results confirm, together with the relevance of the resource, the need to reshape the system in order to achieve a more balanced territorial model able to ensure equal rights and opportunities for all people.

RESUMEN Las comunidades autónomas españolas han ido desarrollando en las últimas décadas diferentes programas regionales de garantía de rentas que se enmarcan en el contexto de las políticas públicas para combatir la pobreza y la exclusión social y que incluyen unas rentas mínimas de inserción. El desarrollo territorial de este último recurso ha resultado desigual, conformándose así sistemas regionales con diferente grado de generosidad, cobertura, características y alcance. En este trabajo se analizan empíricamente esas diferencias a partir de la aplicación de la técnica de análisis de conglomerados. Los resultados confirman, junto a la relevancia del recurso, la necesidad de reorientar el sistema en aras de la consecución de un modelo territorial equilibrado y garante de la igualdad de derechos y oportunidades de todas las personas.

Background: Simulation models provide controlled environments for the practice and tutor feedback. Faced with a first experience, our group implemented a simplified and reproducible model for the training of basic surgical skills. Aim: Communicate the results of a training workshop based on simulation for the basic surgical skills training in medical students. Materials and Method: Quasi-experimental study, before and after, 124 fourth year medical students were trained with “EPROBA” methodology, with prior informed consent. Through the instrument “The Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills” (OSATS) the technique of suture before and after the intervention was evaluated. The perception of the students was evaluated through a validated survey. For statistical analysis SPSS24® was used and the Mann Whitney test was used for nonparametric variables, it was considered significant p < 0.05. Results: The group shows a significant average progress in its procedural performance. In the OSATS Checklist they show a progress from 4.1 points to 8.9 after the intervention (p < 0.001). In the OSATS Global Scale they show a baseline score of 13.0 points, rising to 28.0 points (p < 0.001). The intervention was well perceived, obtaining a total average score of 65.4 points of 68 maximums. Conclusión: In our experience, a simplified model proved to be effective for training in simple procedural skills such as sutures. Multiple instances of practice must be granted by the Faculties of Medicine for the retention and improvement of these skills.

Resumen Introducción: Los modelos de simulación otorgan entornos controlados para la práctica y la retroalimentación por parte de un tutor. Frente a una primera experiencia, nuestro grupo implementó un modelo simplificado y reproducible para el entrenamiento de habilidades quirúrgicas básicas. Objetivo: Comunicar los resultados de un taller de entrenamiento basado en simulación para la adquisición de habilidades quirúrgicas básicas en estudiantes de Medicina. Materiales y Método: Estudio cuasiexperimental, antes y después, 124 estudiantes de medicina de cuarto año fueron entrenados con la metodología EPROBA (Entrenamiento Procedimental Básico), previo consentimiento informado. Mediante el instrumento “The Objective StructuredAssessment Of Technical Skills” (OSATS) se evaluó la técnica de sutura previo y posterior a la intervención. Se evaluó la percepción de los estudiantes mediante una encuesta validada. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó SPSS24® y se usó la prueba Mann Whitney para variables no paramétricas considerando significativo p < 0,05. Resultados: El grupo muestra un progreso promedio significativo en su desempeño procedimental. En la Lista de Comprobación OSATS muestra un progreso desde 4,1 puntos a 8,9 (p < 0,001). En la Escala Global OSATS muestra un puntaje basal de 13,0 puntos, aumentando a 28,0 puntos (p < 0,001). La intervención fue bien percibida, obteniendo un puntaje total promedio de 65,4 puntos de 68 máximos. Conclusión: En nuestra experiencia, un modelo simplificado demostró ser eficaz para el entrenamiento en habilidades procedimentales simples como suturas. Múltiples instancias de práctica deben ser otorgadas por las Facultades de Medicina para la retención y mejora de estas habilidades.

RESUMEN Aedes aegypti es un mosquito portador del virus del dengue, la fiebre amarilla y otras enfermedades transmitidas a los humanos. Los larvicidas organofosforados se utilizan para controlar la proliferación de este mosquito, el cual ha generado un alto grado de resistencia, por lo que las nuevas alternativas de biolarvicidas formulados con extractos de plantas son de gran interés. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron evaluar el extracto etanólico de hojas de Azadirachta indica como larvicida contra Aedes aegypti e identificar los principales compuestos químicos GC-MS. En el ensayo, se utilizaron tres concentraciones de extracto de etanol (10 mg L-1, 20 mg L-1 y 50 mg L-1), este se realizó por triplicado contra un control positivo (larvicida comercial: Esporas y cristales endotóxicos de Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis Serotipo H-14) y un control negativo (agua). Después de 72 horas de incubación, se observó una mayor mortalidad larval (93%) en el extracto etanólico a una concentración de 50 mg L-1, y los extractos a 10 mg L-1 y 20 mg L-1 mostraron una mortalidad larval del 47% y 70% respectivamente. El compuesto con mayor abundancia determinado por el análisis CG-MS fue el fitol (área del 14,4%). Los resultados obtenidos en este estudio demostraron el potencial larvicida del extracto de etanol de A. indica contra las larvas de A. aegypti.

ABSTRACT Aedes aegypti is a mosquito that carries dengue virus, yellow fever and other diseases transmitted to humans. Organophosphorus larvicides are used to control the proliferation of this mosquito, which has generated a high degree of resistance; hence, new alternatives such as bio-larvicides formulated with plant extracts are of great interest. The aims of this study were to evaluate the ethanolic extract of Azadirachta indica leaves as a larvicide against Aedes aegypti and to determine the main compounds present in it by GC-MS. In the assay, three concentrations of ethanolic extract were used (10 mg L-1, 20 mg L-1, and 50 mg L-1). This was performed thrice against a positive control (commercial larvicide: spores and endotoxic crystals of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis Serotype H-14) and negative control (water). After 72 h of incubation, it was observed higher larval mortality (93%) in the ethanolic extract at a concentration of 50 mg L-1; the extracts at 10 mg L-1 and 20 mg L-1 shown larval mortality of 47% and 70%, respectively. The majority compound determined by the GC-MS analysis was phytol (14.4% area). The results obtained in this study demonstrated the larvicidal potential of the ethanolic extract of A. indica against larvae of A. aegypti.

Résumé Cet article aborde les situations d'exclusion et de ségrégation dérivées de la politique de logement public à Bogotá, en particulier dans la Ciudadela Nuevo Usme (UPZ 61 dans la localité d'Usmé), identifiée dans le projet d'extension de solidarité "Usmeando" le droit à la ville et l'utilisation des terres dans la période post-conflit, qui a dirigé le groupe de recherche «Processus Urbains dans l'Habitat, le logement et l'information» de l'Université Nationale de Colombie, en association avec le processus social et communautaire de l'Audition Publique Populaire d'Usme en 2017. Cette approche découle de l'approche des réalités et des conflits territoriaux, ainsi que d'un regard conjoint entre la communauté organisée et habitant de l'UPZ 61 et les chercheurs. Pour cela, des instruments de recherche, d'action et de participation communautaire ont été utilisés, ce qui a permis de développer des stratégies pour faire face aux problèmes liés au territoire habité. Bref, ce document contient des réflexions critiques sur les enjeux liés au territoire et à la vie quotidienne d'habiter ce lieu (logement sans ville), et les enjeux qui en émergent. Il aborde également les limites de la construction du tissu social ; la gestion sociale de l'urbain et de ses conflits ; les résultats de ladite gestion du point de vue du conçu au vécu ; et le potentiel de l'expérience.

Resumo Este artigo aborda as situações de exclusão e segregação derivadas da política de habitação pública em Bogotá, particularmente na Ciudadela Nuevo Usme (UPZ 61 na cidade de Usme), identificadas no projeto de extensão solidária "Usmeando" o direito de uso da cidade e da terra no período pós-conflito, que liderou o Grupo de Pesquisa "Processos Urbanos em Habitat, Moradia e Informação" da Universidade Nacional da Colômbia, em associação com o processo social e comunitário da Audiência Pública Popular de Usme em 2017. Essa abordagem surge da abordagem das realidades e dos conflitos territoriais, bem como de um olhar conjunto entre a comunidade organizada e os habitantes da UPZ 61 e os pesquisadores. Para isso, foram utilizados instrumentos de pesquisa, ação e participação comunitária, que permitiram o desenvolvimento de estratégias para enfrentar problemas relacionados ao território habitado. Em resumo, este documento contém reflexões críticas sobre as questões relacionadas ao território e a vida cotidiana de habitar esse local (moradias sem cidade), e os desafios que daí emergem. Também aborda as limitações para a construção do tecido social; a gestão social do urbano e seus conflitos; os resultados dessa gestão sob a perspectiva do concebido para o vivido; e o potencial da experiência.

Resumen Este artículo se aproxima a las situaciones de exclusión y segregación derivadas de la política pública de vivienda en Bogotá, particularmente, en la Ciudadela Nuevo Usme (UPZ 61 de la localidad de Usme), identificadas en el proyecto de extensión solidaria Usmeando el derecho a la ciudad y el ordenamiento territorial en el posconflicto, que lideró el Grupo de Investigación "Procesos Urbanos en Hábitat, Vivienda e Informalidad" de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, en asocio con el proceso social y comunitario Audiencia Pública Popular de Usme en el año 2017. Esta aproximación surge del acercamiento conjunto a las realidades y conflictos territoriales por parte de la comunidad organizada y habitante de la UPZ 61 y los investigadores. Para ello, se hizo uso de instrumentos de investigación, acción y participación comunitaria, que permitieron el desarrollo de estrategias para el abordaje de problemáticas vinculadas al territorio habitado. En suma, este documento contiene reflexiones críticas acerca del territorio y la cotidianidad del habitar este lugar (vivienda sin ciudad) y los retos que de ella emergen. También aborda las limitaciones para la construcción del tejido social; la gestión social de lo urbano y sus conflictos; los resultados de dicha gestión desde la perspectiva de lo concebido a lo vivido; y las potencialidades de la experiencia.

Abstract This article approaches the situations of exclusion and segregation derived from public housing policy in Bogotá, particularly in the Ciudadela Nuevo Usme (UPZ 61 in the town of Usme), identified in the solidarity extension project "Usmeando" the right to city and land use in the post-conflict period, which led the Research Group "Urban Processes in Habitat, Housing and Information" of the National University of Colombia, in association with the social and community process of the Usme Popular Public Hearing in 2017. This aproximación arises from the approach to the realities and territorial conflicts, as well as from a joint look between the organized community and inhabitant of UPZ 61, and the researchers. For this, research, action and community participation instruments were used, which allowed the development of strategies to tackle problems related to the inhabited territory. In short, this document contains critical reflections on the issues related to the territory and the daily life of inhabiting this place (housing without a city), and the challenges that emerge from it. It also addresses the limitations for the construction of the social fabric; the social management of the urban and its conflicts; the results of said management from the perspective of the conceived to the lived; and the potential of the experience.

Resumen Introducción. El aceite del árbol de té es un aceite esencial reconocido por sus propiedades antimicrobianas. Objetivos. Evaluar la composición, características y efecto antimicrobiano del aceite al 2 % del árbol de té y su concentración inhibitoria mínima (CIM) contra Cutibacterium acnes (Propionibacterium acnes). Materiales y métodos. Se evaluó el quimiotipo en tres lotes diferentes de este aceite mediante cromatografía de gases, así como su actividad antimicrobiana en concentración al 2 % v/v y la CIM contra C. acnes mediante ensayo de difusión en agar (guía M11-A8 CLSI). Resultados. Los lotes evaluados presentaron los quimiotipos ajustados a la norma ISO 4730, lo que indicó la alta calidad del producto. Los lotes contenían de 30 a 40 % de terpinen-4-ol, compuesto que favorece la actividad antimicrobiana, la cual presentó en todos los lotes un efecto dependiente de la concentración contra C. acnes, con una inhibición del crecimiento microbiano en concentración al 2 % v/v en todas las pruebas. La concentración inhibitoria mínima fue de 0,25 % v/v. La actividad antimicrobiana del aceite del árbol de té contra este microorganismo ya ha sido reportada con una concentración inhibitoria mínima entre 0,05 y 1,25 % v/v, rango que cobija la obtenida en este estudio. Conclusiones. Los resultados evidenciaron la gran calidad de este producto y su capacidad como agente antibacteriano contra C. acnes. Se deben hacer estudios con otros aislamientos del microorganismo provenientes de pacientes con acné vulgar para confirmar su actividad general y la de cada uno de sus componentes.

Abstract Introduction: Tea tree oil is an essential oil recognized for its antimicrobial properties. Objective: To evaluate the composition, features, and antimicrobial effect at 2% v/v, and its minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Cutibacterium acnes (Propionibacterium acnes). Materials and methods: Three different batches of tea tree oil were evaluated. We characterized its chemotype by gas chromatography and its 2% v/v antimicrobial activity against C. acnes by agar diffusion assay (guide M11-A8 CLSI). Results: The three batches of oil had the chemotypes required by the ISO 4730 standard, which indicates that it is a high-quality product. Additionally, they had 30% to 40% of terpinen-4-ol, a compound that favors its antimicrobial activity. Antimicrobial activity against C. acnes for all batches had a concentration-dependent effect with microbial growth inhibitory activity in all assays at 2% v/v. The MIC obtained against C. acnes for all batches was 0.25% v/v. The antimicrobial activity of tea tree oil against this microorganism has been previously reported with a MIC between 0.05% and 1.25% v/v, a range that covers the one obtained in this study. Conclusion: These results show the high quality of the oil and its capacity as an antibacterial agent against C. acnes. New studies should be conducted to confirm its activity and that of its components in isolates of the microorganism from patients with acne vulgaris.