Abstract The Paranaguá Estuarine Complex (PEC) is one of Brazil's largest southwest Atlantic estuarine systems, possessing a rich microalgae diversity that remains to be fully explored. Therefore, due to the increasing interest in the microalgae biotechnological potential, this study isolated and identified diatoms found in the PEC. The diatoms were purified and analyzed with light and scanning electron microscopy for morphological identification, while DNA sequences were used for molecular identification. Although a diatoms rich diversity was obtained, only a few were viable after the cultivation period. The two best-selected strains were identified as belonging to two genera, Nitzschia and Navicula. The rbcL region was found to be the most informative for species identification. Morphological and molecular analyses allowed for the identification of species Nitzschia inconspicua and Navicula pseudoantonii, which was understood as the first report of N. pseudoantonii in the American continent.

Resumen Depósitos de toba de ceniza del Plioceno-Pleistoceno en las cuencas de intermontanas de Humahuaca y Casa Grande, noroeste de Argentina: trazadores en reconstrucciones cronoestratigráficas y claves para identificar sus fuentes volcánicas. Las tobas de caídas de ceniza hospedadas en los depósitos del Plioceno-Pleistoceno de las cuencas intermontanas de Humahuaca y Casa Grande, noroeste de Argentina, han sido diferenciadas en dos grupos con base en los nuevos datos geoquímicos y geocronológicos obtenidos. Ellos se corresponden con las tobas registradas en depósitos pliocenos de un sistema fluvial entrelazado, asociado a abanicos aluviales y en algunos sectores a acumulaciones lacustres (formaciones Uquia y Mal Paso) con edades de 4,3 a 2,6 Ma, y con aquellas presentes en depósitos pleistocenos de abanicos aluviales de inundación, datados en 2,2 - pre 0,8 Ma. Ambos grupos de edades concuerdan con eventos eruptivos ignimbríticos del Complejo Volcánico del Altiplano-Puna (CVAP) y del Complejo Volcánico de Retroarco de la Puna, localizados al oeste de la región de estudio. Los dos grupos de tobas son vítreas a pobres en fenocristales, de composición riodacítica a dacítica con menores andesitas a traquiandesitas, caracterizadas por contenidos de 58-69% de SiO 2 , A/CNK 1-1,4, FeO/MgO (0,8-2,8), que se encuadran en el campo calco-alcalino. Se pueden diferenciar entre ellas en función de sus razones de elementos traza inmóviles, como lo indica un ligero enriquecimiento en LREE, mayor filiación de arco y razones algo más altas de Sm/Yb, en el caso del grupo más joven, aunque en ambas las razones Sm/Yb son indicativas de retención de HREE en hornblenda residual. Los nuevos datos geoquímicos y geocronológicos de esas tobas de caída de ceniza, señalan a estas como trazadores cronoestratigráficos en la estratigrafía de las cuencas intermontanas de Humahuaca y Casa Grande durante el Plioceno-Pleistoceno, así como claves para identificar sus fuentes volcánicas.

Abstract Ash-fall tuffs of the Pliocene-Pleistocene deposits of Humahuaca and Casa Grande intermountain basins, northwestern Argentina, have been differentiated into two groups based on new geochemical and geochronological data which correspond to the tuffs of the Pliocene-Lower Pleistocene alluvial fan deposits dominated by debris flow, deep sandy gravel braided, and shallow ephemeral lake deposits (Uquia and Mal Paso formations), and those recorded in Pleistocene alluvial fans sheet flood deposits. The two clusters of ages recognized: 4.3 to 2.6 Ma, and 2.2-pre 0.8 Ma, corresponding to these tuff groups, are in agreement with pulses of ignimbrite eruptions in the Altiplano Puna Volcanic Complex (APVC), and Southerm Puna calderas located west of the study region. The ash-fall tuffs of both groups are mainly vitreous to phenocryst-poor of rhyodacite-dacite composition with minor andesites to trachyandesites, characterized by 58-69% SiO 2 contents, A/CNK 1-1.4, FeO/MgO (0.8-2.8), which plot in the calc-alkaline range. They can be differentiated based on its immobile trace elements ratios as indicated by a slight enrichment in LREE, higher arc affiliation and somewhat higher Sm/Yb ratios in the case of the younger group, although in both Sm/Yb ratios are indicative of sequestration of HREE in residual hornblende. The new geochemical and geochronological data of those ash fall tuffs point to these as chrono-stratigraphic tracers of the Humahuaca and Casa Grande intermountain basins stratigraphy, during the Pliocene-Pleistocene, also as the key to identify their volcanic sources.

ABSTRACT Weed interference in young citrus orchards causes significant damages, especially when competition occurs during the dry season, when environmental resources are even more scarce. This study aimed to test the effects of interference periods and weed management on the physiology, yield and quality of Persian lime fruits, during the dry season. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with five treatments [hoeing; glyphosate application; decrease of stored water (March to May); critical water deficit (June to August); and water deficit throughout the dry season (March to August)] and four replications. Weed interference during the decrease of stored water and critical water deficit periods affected significantly the physiological variables, yield and total solids contents of the fruits, but to a lesser extent than for the water deficit throughout the dry season. Weed control with glyphosate resulted in 1.56 and 2.53 times more fruits per tree than hoeing and water deficit throughout the dry season, respectively. The chemical management provided better physiological and productive responses than hoeing, due to the effect of weed mulch in the water deficit season.

RESUMO A interferência de ervas daninhas em pomares cítricos jovens causa danos significativos, especialmente quando a competição ocorre durante a estação seca, quando os recursos ambientais são ainda mais escassos. Objetivou-se testar os efeitos de períodos de interferência e do manejo de plantas daninhas na fisiologia, produtividade e qualidade de frutos de limão persa, durante a estação seca. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos [capina com enxada; aplicação de glifosato; diminuição da água armazenada (março a maio); déficit hídrico crítico (junho a agosto); e déficit hídrico ao longo da estação seca (março a agosto)] e quatro repetições. A interferência de plantas daninhas durante o período de diminuição da água armazenada e déficit hídrico crítico afetou significativamente as variáveis fisiológicas, produtividade e teor de sólidos totais dos frutos, mas em menor grau do que o déficit hídrico ao longo da estação seca. O controle com glifosato resultou em 1,56 e 2,53 vezes mais frutos por árvore do que a capina e o déficit hídrico ao longo da estação seca, respectivamente. O manejo químico proporcionou melhores respostas fisiológicas e produtivas do que a capina, devido ao efeito da cobertura morta de plantas daninhas na estação de déficit hídrico.

Resumen La guayaba (Psidium guajava L.) sobresale entre las frutas tropicales, no obstante los volúmenes de sus exportaciones desde Brasil son bajos, debido al ataque de plagas cuarentenarias, entre ellas, la mosca de la fruta (Anastrepha spp.). La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar la fluctuación de la población de esta plaga y la infestación de frutos causada en accesiones de guayaba cultivadas en sistema orgánico, y evaluar las posibles correlaciones con los factores cimáticos. Para estimar la fluctuación de la población, se utilizaron 20 trampas atrayentes amarillas. Las revisiones se iniciaron en abril de 2013 y se hicieron durante 378 días. Las trampas se mantuvieron en el campo durante toda la etapa experimental y fueron revisadas y reemplazadas cada 14 días. Los datos fueron analizados por correlaciones simples entre las poblaciones de moscas de la fruta, la temperatura y la precipitación. Para los conteos se utilizaron 9 frutos por accesión en la fase de de maduración, los cuales fueron llevados al laboratorio y evaluados para infestación mediante corte longitudinal. Los promedios se compararon por la prueba de Scott-Knott al 5% de probabilidad. Los resultados mostraron que, el género Anastrepha presentó una alta población en los accesos evaluados, independiente de los factores de clima. También se encontraron algunos individuos de la especie Ceratitis capitata . No obstante los accesos IAC-4-Cica y Taquaritinga Comum, ambos rojos, no presentaron frutas infestadas; por su parte, los accesos Torráo de Ouro, Supreme BA, L2P4 y Supreme, mostraron bajas cantidades de fruta atacada.

Abstract Guava (Psidium guajava L.) presented prominence among the tropical fruit. Guava exports are still unimpressive, because of the quarantine pests, among them the fruit flies. The present research had as objective to evaluate the population fluctuation of fruit flies Anastrepha spp. and the fruits infestation caused in guava accesses cultivated in organic system, and study the possible correlations between this pest and meteorological factors. To estimate population fluctuation, 20 yellow sticky traps were used. The reviews were initiated in April 2013, for 378 days. The traps were kept in the field for the entire duration of the experiment, and they were reviewed every 14 days in most cases, during replacement of traps for new ones. With the data, simple correlations were calculated between the fruit flies of the genus Anastrepha spp., the temperature, and precipitation. Nine fruits per accession, at the stage of maturation, were taken to the laboratory and evaluated for fruit fly infestation by the longitudinal cutting of fruit. The averages were compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% probability. The genus Anastrepha was found in greater quantity, and there is no correlation between the meteorological factors and population fluctuation of Anastrepha . Also was found some individuals of the species Ceratitis capitata . Most of the fruits of the evaluated accesses presented high infestations by fruit flies. Accesses IAC - 4 - Cica noteworthy for not presenting any infested fruit, without differing from accesses Taquaritinga Comum, both red. The accesses Torráo de Ouro, Supreme BA, L2P4, and Supreme, also showed low numbers of fruit attacked.

ABSTRACT The objective of this research was evaluate the damage caused by the yellow beetle on 85 guava accessions and correlations of the damage with the climatological elements and the production of fruit in an orchard of guava conducted in organic system. Ten leaves by access were analyzed containing the injury of insect attack. Each leaf had its foliar area measured by leaf area meter and, after obtaining the total area, the leaf was covered with duct tape, and measure again. The averages were compared by Scott-Knott test at 5% probability. The 15 accessions with highest average damage had the data submitted to the correlation with the minimum and maximum temperature, precipitation and relative humidity. The production was obtained by the number of fruits/plant. The damages are negatively correlated with the mean relative humidity of 7:00h (local time) in the period of 14 days prior to the assessments, and negatively affect production. The accessions Saito, L4P16, Monte Alto Comum 1 and L5P19 are promising in organic agriculture, for presenting good production and minor damage to insect attack, when compared to others.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os danos ocasionados pelo besouro amarelo em 85 acessos de goiabeira e as correlações dos mesmos com os elementos climatológicos e a produção, em um pomar de goiaba conduzido em sistema orgânico. Foram analisadas 10 folhas por acesso contendo a injúria do ataque do inseto. Cada folha foi medida com medidor de área foliar e, após a obtenção da área total, a folha foi coberta com fita adesiva, e medida novamente. As médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott, a 5% de probabilidade. Os 15 acessos com maior média de danos tiveram os dados submetidos à correlação com a temperatura mínima e máxima, a precipitação e a umidade relativa. A produção foi obtida pelo número de frutos/planta. Os danos mostraram-se correlacionados negativamente com a média da umidade relativa das 7 h no período de 14 dias que antecedem as avaliações, afetando negativamente a produção de frutos. Os acessos Saito, L4P16, Monte Alto Comum 1 e L5P19 são promissores na agricultura orgânica, por apresentarem boa produção e menor dano ao ataque do inseto, quando comparados aos demais.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the physiological quality and oil and protein content of soybean seeds harvested in different stages of plant development and different periods of harvest delay. The cultivar studied was BRS Valiosa RR and the experimental design was of randomized blocks with three replications. Eleven treatments were established, constituting different times of harvest in the following stages: R5,1, R5,3, R5,5, R6, R7,1, R7,3, R8,1, R9, R9+10days, R9+20 days and R9+30 days. The anticipation of the harvest was made possible through the application in predetermined stages, of herbicide Diquat (400 g ha-1) with manual coastal spray with nozzle "type fan" set to volume of 300 L ha-1. After the harvest it was done the evaluation of physiological quality of seeds and the determination of the levels of oil and protein. It was noted that the stadium R7.1 was the harvest season that showed the highest percentage in the germination test, demonstrating that the anticipation of the harvest did not caused significant loss in seed vigor. At the grain filling stage, oil levels were lower and protein larger. Both stabilized from R7.1 to the R9 stadium and showed downward trend with the harvest delay

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a qualidade fisiológica e os teores de óleo e proteína de sementes de soja colhidas em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento da planta e diferentes períodos de retardamento de colheita. A cultivar estudada foi a BRS Valiosa RR e o delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados, com três repetições. Foram estabelecidos 11 tratamentos, constituindo épocas diferentes de colheita nos estádios: R5.1, R5.3, R5.5, R6, R7.1, R7.3, R8.1, R9, R9+10 dias, R9+20 dias e R9+30 dias. A antecipação da colheita foi viabilizada por meio da aplicação, do herbicida Diquat (400 g ha-1) com pulverizador costal manual provido de bico "tipo leque" regulado para volume de calda de 300 L ha-1. Após a colheita, procedeu-se à avaliação da qualidade das sementes e à determinação dos teores de óleo e proteína. Constatou-se que o estádio R7.1 foi a época de colheita que apresentou maior porcentagem de germinação, demonstrando que a antecipação da colheita não provocou perda no vigor das sementes. Na fase de enchimento de grãos, os teores de óleo foram menores e os de proteína maiores. Ambos se estabilizaram a partir do estádio R7.1 até o R9 e apresentaram tendência de queda com o retardamento da colheita da soja

The tuffs in the Cenozoic sedimentary sequences of the Payogastilla Group in the Calchaquí, Tonco and Amblayo valleys, Salta, Argentina, can be divided into three distinct textural, mineralogical and geochemical groups that correspond to: (from older to younger) the Angastaco, the Palo Pintado and the San Felipe Formations. Chemical analyses of these tuffs show that they are calc-alkaline magmas with medium-K compositions in the Angastaco and Palo Pintado Formations and with high-K compositions in the San Felipe Formation. Rhyodacite-dacite and traquiandesite composition characterize the Payogastilla Group tuffs. Rare andesitic tuffs also occur in the Angastaco Formation. The chemistry of these tuffs is like that of arc magmas with similar light REE (La/Sm=4,0-6,2) and distinct heavy REE patterns (Sm/Yb=1,6-2,4 in the Angastaco Fm. 3,9-4,1 in the Palo Pintado Formation and 4,0-5,6 in the San Felipe Formation). Using the chemistry, mineralogy and published ages of the tuffs, as a guide, possible eruptive centers are the 15-13 Ma Agua Escondida center (Angastaco Formation), the 10-7 Ma Calama-Olacapato-El Torro group centers (Palo Pintado Formation) and the 6-3 Ma Cerro Galán, Toconquis and Cueva Negra ignimbrite centers (San Felipe Formation).

Los estudios texturales, mineralógicos y geoquímicos realizados en tobas del Grupo Payogastilla (Cenozoico) en los valles Calchaquí, Tonco y Amblayo, Salta, Argentina, han permitido discriminar distintos grupos con características afines, reconociéndose así trazadores cronoestratigráficos, que se corresponden con las formaciones Angastaco, Palo Pintado y San Felipe. Los análisis geoquímicos han sido un factor clave en dicha discriminación, permitiendo encuadrar a las tobas como calcoalcalinas, con contenidos medios en K en las formaciones Angastaco y Palo Pintado, a altos en las secuencias más jóvenes (Formación San Felipe). La composición riodacítica-dacítica y traquiandesítica caracteriza a las tobas del Grupo Payogastilla, con exiguos representantes andesíticos en el caso de la Formación Angastaco. La química de estas piroclastitas indica características típicas de magmas de arco, con similares contenidos en tierras raras livianas (La/Sm=4-6,2) y distinto diseño de sus tierras pesadas (HREE), con un enriquecimiento creciente desde aquellas de la Formación Angastaco (Sm/Yb=1,6-2,4) a las de la Formación Palo Pintado (Sm/Yb=3,9-4,1), y a las de la Formación San Felipe (Sm/Yb=4,0-5,6). El análisis de sus características geoquímicas, mineralógicas y de edades publicadas ha servido de guía para postular potenciales centros emisores, como la caldera Agua Escondida y su ignimbrita (15-13 Ma), en el caso de tobas de la Formación Angastaco, a centros volcánicos del Sistema Calama-Olacapato-El Toro (10-7 Ma), en el de la Formación Palo Pintado, y a la Caldera del Cerro Galán (ignimbritas del Grupo Toconquis e Ignimbrita Cueva Negra: 6-3 Ma) en el de la Formación San Felipe.