Abstract Thousands of people have died of COVID-19 in El Salvador. However, little is known about the mental health of those who are mourning the loss of a loved one to COVID-19. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the dysfunctional grief associated with COVID-19 death among Salvadoran adults. A sample of 435 Salvadorans ( M = 29 years; SD = 8.75) who lost a family member or loved one to COVID-19 completed a digital survey using the Google Forms platform, during April 2 and 28, 2022. The results revealed that 35.1% reported clinically elevated symptoms of dysfunctional grief and among those mourners, and 25.1% also exhibited clinical levels of coronavirus anxiety. A binary logistic regression revealed that predictor variables such as COVID-19 anxiety ( p = .003), depression ( p = .021), and COVID-19 obsession ( p = .032) were significant ( χ 2 = 84.31; Nagelkerke R 2 = .242) and predict a 24.2% chance of dysfunctional bereavement.

Resumen: El tomate es el producto hortícola más cultivado en el mundo, su consumo tiene beneficios a la salud humana por el contenido de antioxidantes. Para satisfacer la demanda mundial de consumo se utilizan sistemas de producción de agricultura protegida con fuentes de fertilización de síntesis química. Debido al costo monetario y ambiental elevado, se deben encontrar fuentes alternas de fertilización como los abonos orgánicos que minimizan el impacto ambiental y genotipos que sean más productivos. Una de esas fuentes es el estiércol bovino, el cual es abundante en la Comarca Lagunera. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la mejor dosis de estiércol solarizado que incremente el rendimiento y la calidad nutraceútica de dos híbridos de tomate bajo condiciones de malla sombra. Los tratamientos correspondieron a un experimento factorial, originados de la combinación de los híbridos de tomate tipo saladette Palermo (Vilmorin®) y Sahariana (Syngenta®) y dosis de estiércol bovino (40, 60 Mg ha-1), así como la fertilización química como control (CQ) (280-50-00 N-P2O5-K2O) con tres repeticiones. Los resultados indican mayor contenido de antioxidantes en frutos de tomate con la interacción de estiércol bovino solarizado (60 Mg ha-1) y el hibrido Palermo. Sin embargo, las variables del suelo (CE, MO, NO3 -, NH4 +y PO4 -3), se incrementaron con las dosis de 40 y 60 Mg ha-1 de estiércol, por lo que se debe monitorear periódicamente el suelo ya que estas dosis pueden inhibir de forma importante el crecimiento vegetal del cultivo. Se obtuvo la mejor respuesta en el contenido de antioxidantes con la interacción del hibrido Palermo y el estiércol bovino, mejorando los compuestos fitoquimicos del fruto de tomate.

Summary: Tomato is the most cultivated horticultural product in the world, its consumption has benefits for human health due to its antioxidant content. To meet the global demand for its consumption, protected agriculture production systems are used with chemically synthesized fertilization sources. Due to the high monetary and environmental cost, alternative sources of fertilization must be found, such as organic fertilizers that minimize the environmental impact and genotypes that are more productive. One of these sources is bovine manure, which is abundant in Comarca Lagunera. The aim of this study was to determine the best dose of solarized manure to increase yield and nutraceutical quality of two tomato hybrids under shade mesh conditions. The treatments corresponded to a factorial experiment, which consisted of the combination of the Palermo (Vilmorin®) and Sahariana (Syngenta®) saladette tomato hybrids and doses of bovine manure (40, 60 Mg ha-1), as well as a chemical fertilization as control (CQ) (280-50-00 N-P2O5-K2O) with three repetitions. The results indicate a higher content of antioxidants in tomato fruits with the interaction of solarized bovine manure (60 Mg ha-1) and the Palermo hybrid. However, the soil variables (CE, MO, NO3 -, NH4 + and PO4 -3) increased with the doses of 40 and 60 Mg ha-1 of manure. Hence, the soil should be monitored periodically as these doses can significantly inhibit the plant growth of the crop. The best response in antioxidant content was obtained with the interaction of the Palermo hybrid and bovine manure, improving the phytochemical compounds of the tomato fruit.

RESUMO El Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE) fue creado por Marshal Folstein et al. en 1975 como un instrumento para la evaluación breve (5-10 minutos) del estado mental de pacientes hospitalizados. Se lo considera la prueba más utilizada para la evaluación cognitiva estandarizada en el ámbito clínico, especialmente con la población adulta mayor. Tiene innumerables traducciones a diferentes idiomas y de acuerdo con las diferentes bases de datos científicas internacionales (PudMed) y regionales (Scielo, Redalyc y Dialnet) se puede constatar que ha sido ampliamente utilizada por la comunidad científica. En este trabajo se describe la evolución histórica del MMSE, se destacan sus propiedades evaluativas y se indican datos bibliométricos acerca de su impacto en las publicaciones científicas, con especial énfasis en IberoAmérica.

ABSTRACT The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was created by Marshal Folstein et al. in 1975 as an instrument for brief (5–10 min) assessment of mental status in hospitalized patients. It is considered the most widely used test for standardized cognitive assessment in the clinical setting, especially with the elderly population. It has countless translations in different languages, and according to the different international (PubMed) and regional (SciELO, Redalyc, and Dialnet) scientific databases, it has been widely used by the scientific community. This article describes the historical evolution of the MMSE, highlights its evaluative properties, and provides bibliometric data on its impact on scientific publications, with a special focus on Ibero-America.

RESUMO As tarefas de fluência verbal são frequentemente utilizadas na avaliação neuropsicológica, destacando-se pela facilidade de aplicação e boa sensibilidade ao comprometimento cognitivo incipiente. No entanto, na Argentina, a disponibilidade de padrões atualizados é limitada, especialmente pela variante de fluência de ações. Assim sendo, a evidência de validade é escassa. Objetivos: Obter normas argentinas para três tarefas de fluência verbal e analisar sua validade convergente. Métodos: Usando um método de amostragem não probabilística, 303 argentinos de uma população não clínica (idade M=66,8, 50–91 anos) foram recrutados para participar deste estudo. Foram excluídos aqueles com condições médicas que pudessem comprometer o desempenho neuropsicológico. Três tarefas de fluência verbal (ou seja, fonológica, semântica e ações), o teste Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) e o teste Digit Span-WAIS III foram administrados. Correlações e regressão múltipla foram realizadas posteriormente. Resultados: A escolaridade e a idade explicaram significativamente 11,8% da variância da fluência fonológica, 15,8% da variância da fluência semântica e 20,2% da variância da fluência de ações. Assim, os dados normativos variaram de acordo com a escolaridade e a faixa etária, com limite de desempenho normal entre 9 e 14 para fluência fonológica, 11 e 18 para fluência semântica e 8 e 17 para fluência de ações. Foram obtidas correlações positivas entre todas as tarefas de fluência verbal, bem como entre estas, o teste MoCA e o Digit Span. Conclusões: Este estudo apoia a aplicabilidade de três tarefas de fluência verbal no contexto argentino, fornecendo normas corrigidas por idade e educação e evidências aceitáveis de validade convergente.

Abstract Verbal fluency tasks are frequently used in neuropsychological assessment, standing out for their easy application and good sensitivity to early cognitive impairment. However, in Argentina, the availability of updated norms is limited, especially for the action fluency variant. There is also little evidence of validity. Objectives: The aim of this study was to obtain Argentine norms for three verbal fluency tasks and to analyze their convergent validity. Methods: Using a nonprobability sampling method, 303 Argentines from a nonclinical population (age mean=66.8, 50–91 years) were recruited to participate in this study. Those with medical conditions that could compromise neuropsychological performance were excluded. Three verbal fluency tasks (i.e., phonological, semantic, and action), the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test, and the Digit Span-WAIS III test were administered. Correlations and multiple regressions were subsequently performed. Results: Education and age significantly explained 11.8% of the variance in phonological fluency, 15.8% of the variance in semantic fluency, and 20.2% of the variance in action fluency. Hence, the normative data varied according to educational level and age group, with normal performance limit values between 9 and 14 for phonological fluency, 11 and 18 for semantic fluency, and 8 and 17 for action fluency. Positive correlations were obtained between all verbal fluency tasks, as well as between the MoCA test and the Digit Span test. Conclusions: This study supports the applicability of three verbal fluency tasks in an Argentine context by providing age- and education-corrected norms and acceptable evidence of convergent validity.

Resumen Este trabajo aborda el origen y el desarrollo del síndrome pos-COVID-19, el cual consiste en la persistencia a través del tiempo de diferentes síntomas como consecuencia de la infección por SARS-CoV-2. A partir de una revisión narrativa de la literatura científica, se realiza un breve recorrido sobre el nuevo término y se precisa la definición conceptual, los síntomas característicos, las diversas implicaciones en la salud de las personas y las respuestas de atención específica que se han implementado. Se concluye con una llamada de atención a los gobiernos de América Latina y el Caribe para dar tratamiento y seguimiento a este problema de salud pública.

Abstract This work addresses the origin and development of post-COVID-19 syndrome, which consists of the persistence of different symptoms over time as a consequence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Based on a narrative review of the scientific literature, a brief analysis of the new term is made, specifying the conceptual definition, characteristic symptoms, the various implications for people’s health, and the responses to specific care measures that have been implemented. It concludes with a wake-up call to the governments of Latin America and the Caribbean in order for care and surveillance to be provided to this public health problem.

Abstract The objective of this study was to produce organic fodder based on corn and Yorimón bean as an alternative to conventional fodders in the Lagunera Region. The experiment was conducted in the spring-summer cycle from April to August 2017. In each useful plot, three corn plants and three Yorimón bean plants were harvested, which were finely chopped and mixed to form a balanced compound of which one kilogram was used for bromatological analyses. A randomized block design with four repetitions was used. In the CP of organic and inorganic fodders, no significant differences were observed (p> 0.05) and the values found were within the optimal values for cows in production. CP correlated positively with TDN and NEL (p< 0.01). The quality of the fodder combined between corn and Yorimón bean showed that it is an alternative to conventional fodders.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue producir forraje orgánico a base de maíz y frijol Yorimón como alternativa a los forrajes convencionales en la Región Lagunera. El experimento se realizó en el ciclo de primavera-verano de abril a agosto de 2017. En cada parcela útil se cosecharon tres plantas de maíz y tres de frijol, las cuales fueron finamente picadas y mezcladas para formar un compuesto balanceado del cual se utilizó un kilo para los análisis bromatológicos. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques al azar con cuatro repeticiones. En PC de los forrajes orgánicos e inorgánicos, no se observaron diferencias significativas (p> 0.05) y los valores encontrados estuvieron dentro de los valores óptimos para vacas en producción. PC correlacionó positivamente con la TND y ENL (p< 0.01). La calidad del forraje combinado entre maíz y frijol Yorimón mostró que es una alternativa a los forrajes convencionales.

Abstract Conventional agriculture is based on a production system dependent on a high use of synthetic inputs and today faces difficulties in maintaining acceptable levels in agricultural production due to the increase in costs and environmental pollution. A sustainable alternative to this problem is the use of plant growth-promoting bacteria, being a potential alternative when using them as biofertilizers. The objective of the work was to evaluate strains of Bacillus (Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloquefaciens) native to the Lagunera region, testing their potential as biofertilizers in the cultivation of forage corn and evaluating the yield of dry matter. In the treatments, bacteria were applied individually, in combination with each other and with 50% of the recommended dose of chemical fertilizer, the variables evaluated were: leaf area, leaf weight, green corncob weight, cane weight, green corncob diameter, green corncob length, dry matter yield, root volume displacement, fresh root weight and dry root weight. Dry matter yield in Bacillus treatments did not show statistically significant differences compared to the chemical control, but bacterial treatments were numerically better. In the same way, an increase in root mass was observed in these treatments, so their use is considered as a viable alternative to replace chemical fertilizer.

Resumen La agricultura convencional se fundamenta en un sistema de producción dependiente de alto uso de insumos sintéticos y hoy enfrenta dificultades para mantener niveles aceptables en la producción agrícola debido al aumento de los costos y contaminación ambiental. Una alternativa sustentable es el uso de bacterias promotoras del crecimiento vegetal, siendo una alternativa potencial al usarlas como biofertilizantes. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar cepas de Bacillus subtilis y Bacillus amyloquefaciens nativas de la región lagunera, probando su potencial como biofertilizante en el cultivo de maíz forrajero y evaluando rendimiento de materia seca. En los tratamientos se aplicaron bacterias de manera individual, en combinación entre ellas y con 50% de la dosis de fertilizante químico recomendado, las variables evaluadas fueron: área foliar, peso de hojas, peso del elote, peso de la caña, diámetro del elote, largo del elote, rendimiento de materia seca, desplazamiento de volumen de raíz, peso fresco de raíz y peso seco de raíz. El rendimiento de materia seca en los tratamientos con Bacillus no resultaron con diferencia estadística significativa comparado con el testigo químico, pero los tratamientos con bacterias resultaron mejores numéricamente. De la misma manera, se observó un aumento en la masa radicular en estos tratamientos, por lo que se considera su uso como una alternativa viable para sustituir el fertilizante químico.

Resumen La enseñanza, en pandemia, se ha modificado y los procesos a distancia han tomado un lugar importante. Este trabajo describe que estrategias se generaron para conseguir un aprendizaje con resultados apropiados, bajo estas condiciones. Se relatan diversas experiencias y un grupo de propuestas para estudiantes de la carrera de ingeniería mecánica, de dos asignaturas optativas (Ingeniería de Superficies, Temas Selectos de Materiales), en enseñanza a distancia. Se describen los recursos utilizados, las formas de evaluación empleadas y se presentan evidencias del aprendizaje alcanzado. Con ello, se consiguió una participación creciente de los alumnos y un adecuado nivel de aprendizaje. El propósito de este trabajo es contribuir a la labor docente de profesores en la enseñanza de Materiales, en educación a distancia, compartiendo las alternativas descritas y usadas en estas dos asignaturas, lo cual, en alguna medida, puede trasladarse a otras y realizar una reflexión sobre sus virtudes y limitaciones.

Abstract Teaching, in a pandemic, has been modified and distance processes have taken an important place. This work describes what strategies were generated to achieve learning with appropriate results, under these conditions. Various experiences and a group of proposals are reported for students of the mechanical engineering career, of two elective subjects (Surface Engineering, Selected Topics of Materials), online teaching. The resources used, the forms of evaluation used are described and evidence of the learning achieved is presented. With this, a growing participation of the students and an adequate level of learning were achieved. The purpose of this work is to contribute to the teaching work of teachers in the teaching of Materials, online education, sharing the alternatives described and used in these two subjects, which, to some extent, can be transferred to others and make a reflection about its strengths and limitations.