ABSTRACT The present study aimed to establish a population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) modeling of benznidazole (BZD) in Brazilian patients with chronic Chagas disease. This was part of a Brazilian prospective cohort study with eight patients diagnosed with Chagas disease during the beginning of BZD treatment up to the 60th day. On the 15th day of treatment, a blood sampling was collected and analyzed. A one-compartment PK model was developed using Pmetrics. Patients with an average age of 50.3 (SD: 6.2) years old, 6 female patients and 2 males, 70.2 kg (14.2), receiving a 5 mg/Kg/day dose were included. PK parameters estimated for CL, V and Ka were 6.27 L/h, 38.97 L and 1.66 h-1, respectively. This is the first study to establish a population pharmacokinetic modeling of BZD in Brazilian patients with chronic Chagas disease. Therefore, further studies are needed to obtain the complete characterization of BZD pharmacokinetics.

Resumen Introducción: la anemia es el trastorno nutricional más frecuente en el mundo y en el embarazo constituye un riesgo para la madre, el feto o recién nacido, desencadenando complicaciones como IVU, aborto, RCIU, parto prematuro, preeclampsia, bajo peso al nacer, RPM, etc. Objetivo: Determinar los efectos de la anemia en el embarazo y el desenlace perinatal de las pacientes atendidas en el Hospital Universitario Hernando Moncaleano de Neiva en el periodo de junio de 2012 a junio de 2016. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo, en gestantes atendidas en consulta de alto riesgo obstétrico durante el periodo e institución mencionados, con cruce de variables para determinar la relación entre la gravedad de la anemia y sus complicaciones mediante el cálculo del Chi-cuadrado Resultados: De 1.493 pacientes, 101 mujeres embarazadas entre los 16 a 34 años fueron incluidas en el estudio. La prevalencia de anemia fue de 32.01% y las complicaciones identificadas fueron: Infección de vías urinarias (8,91%), restricción de crecimiento intrauterino (7,9%), bajo peso al nacer (6,9%), preeclampsia (4,95%), parto prematuro (3,96%), ruptura prematura de membranas (3,03%) y un solo caso de aborto. El 10,89% de los recién nacidos requirieron hospitalización, de los cuales 2 presentaron hipoglicemia y 5 ictericia neonatal. Conclusiones: La anemia es una patología subdiagnosticada que afecta a mujeres entre los 16 y 30 años cuyas complicaciones como bajo peso al nacer, restricción de crecimiento intrauterino e ictericia neonatal resultan dependientes de la gravedad de la anemia.

Abstract Introduction: Anemia is the most frequent nutritional disorder in the world and in pregnancy it is a risk for the mother, the fetus or newborn, triggering complications such as IVU, abortion, IUGR, preterm birth, preeclampsia, low birth weight, RPM, etc. Objective: To determine the effects of anemia on pregnancy and the perinatal outcome of the patients treated at the Hernando Moncaleano Hospital in Neiva from June 2012 to June 2016. Methodology: An observational, descriptive, retrospective study, In pregnant women attended at a high obstetrical risk visit during the period and institution mentioned, with cross-variables to determine the relationship between the severity of the anemia and its complications by the Chi-square calculation Results: Of 1,493 patients, 101 pregnant women Between the ages of 16 and 34 were included in the study. The prevalence of anemia was 32.01% and the complications identified were: Urinary tract infection (8.91%), intrauterine growth restriction (7.9%), low birth weight (6.9%), preeclampsia, 95%), preterm delivery (3.96%), premature rupture of membranes (3.03%) and a single case of abortion. 10.89% of the newborns required hospitalization, of which 2 had hypoglycemia and 5 neonatal jaundice. Conclusions: Anemia is an underdiagnosed pathology that affects women between 16 and 30 whose complications such as low birth weight, intrauterine growth restriction and neonatal jaundice are dependent on the severity of the anemia.

Abstract Currently in several points of Mexico, as in the municipalities of Tuzantla, Mugica, Uruapan, Michoacan; Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Torreon, Coahuila, Tuxtla Gutiérrez and Chiapa of Corzo, these last two in the state of Chiapas, there are plantations of Moringa oleifera trees for commercial purposes; however, producers have not found an adequate procedure that contributes to improving the final quality of said plant. The objective was to find a suitable drying process for this product, for which its kinetics of drying will be studied. The moringa was dried in a hybrid solar dryer at different temperatures (40 °C, 50 °C and 60 °C) during the month of May, recording the loss of mass and determining the free humidity for each temperature, through the balance Velab VE-24 analytical and Velab VE-50-5 thermo-balance. The curves were obtained from the analysis and processing of the experimental data through a program elaborated in Matlab and it was determined which of the selected mathematical models (Newton, Page, Henderson and Verma) was better adjusted to them. Determining that the Page model is the one that best describes the moringa's kinetics of drying. The diffusion coefficient and the activation energy were calculated for this case. Finally, the organoleptic quality of the product was evaluated by comparing it with other commercial samples of moringa, through the application of surveys. The drying curves show a decrease in the drying time when the temperature increases, resulting in a better quality of the dried product. Samples that were dried at 60 °C showed better characteristics of color, taste, smell and texture according to the organoleptic evaluation.

Resumen Actualmente en varios puntos de México, como en los municipios de Tuzantla, Múgica, Uruapan, Michoacán; Monterrey, Nuevo León, Torreón, Coahuila, Tuxtla Gutiérrez y Chiapa de Corzo, estos dos últimos en el estado de Chiapas, existen plantaciones de árboles de Moringa oleifera con fines comerciales; sin embargo, los productores no han encontrado un procedimiento adecuado que contribuya a mejorar la calidad final de dicha planta. El objetivo fue encontrar un proceso de secado adecuado para este producto, para lo cual se estudiará su cinética de secado. La moringa se secó en un secador solar híbrido a diferentes temperaturas (40 °C, 50 °C y 60 °C) durante el mes de mayo, registrando la pérdida de masa y determinando la humedad libre para cada temperatura, a través de la balanza analítica Velab VE-24 y termo-balanza Velab VE-50-5. Las curvas se obtuvieron del análisis y procesamiento de los datos experimentales a través de un programa elaborado en Matlab y se determinó cuál de los modelos matemáticos seleccionados (Newton, Page, Henderson y Verma) se ajustó mejor a ellos. Determinándose que el modelo Page, es el que mejor describe la cinética de secado de la moringa. Se calcularon par este caso el coeficiente de difusión y la energía de activación. Por último, se evaluó la calidad organoléptica del producto comparándolo con otras muestras comerciales de moringa, mediante la aplicación de encuestas. Las curvas de secado muestran una disminución del tiempo de secado cuando la temperatura aumenta, lo que resulta una mejor calidad del producto seco. Las muestras que se secaron a 60 °C mostraron tener mejores características de color, sabor, olor y textura de acuerdo con la evaluación organoléptica.

Objetivo: Caracterizar clínica paraclínica y epidemiológicamente el Lupus Eritematoso Sistèmico en los pacientes del Hospital Universitario Hernando Moncaleano Perdomo de Neiva Diseño: Descriptivo de corte transversal. Población: Pacientes atendidos en el Hospital Universitario de Neiva Hernando Moncaleano Perdomo con diagnóstico de lupus eritematoso sistèmico. Método: Recolección de datos a través de revisión documental de historias clínicas del Hospital Universitario de Enero 2009 a Enero 2014. Resultados: De un total de 104 pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistèmico encontrados en el periodo de estudio, la relación mujer: hombre fue de 5:1. Las comorbilidades de mayor frecuencia en el género femenino fueron la hipertensión arterial con un 26,7%, la fibromialgia con 12,7% y el síndrome de antifosfolípidos con 12, 7%; en el género masculino la hipertensión arterial, la fibromialgia y la falla cardiaca se presentaron cada una en un 27,7%. El 61,5% de las pacientes femeninas tuvieron manifestaciones en piel, el 51,1% refirieron artralgias y solo un 25,5% presentaron compromiso articular caracterizado por derrame sinovial. En los hombres las manifestaciones en piel estuvieron presentes en un 50%, las artralgias y el compromiso articular caracterizado por derrame sinovial fueron un 50% y 22,2% respectivamente. En los exámenes paraclínicos entre el 12,7% y el 31,4% de los pacientes tenían un lupus activo, determinado por la presencia de leucopenia, proteinuria y C3-C4 consumidos. En la muestra de pacientes femeninas las alteraciones paraclínicas más frecuentes se caracterizaron por hemoglobina <12 g/dl en 53,4% y trombocitopenia en 26,7%. Por su parte, 33,3% de los hombres presentaron trombocitopenia y 6,3% hemoglobina <12 g/dl.

Objective: To characterize clinically, paraclinical, and epidemiologically Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in patients at Hospital Universitario in Neiva Design: Descriptive cross sectional. Place: Hospital Universitario Hernando Moncaleano Perdomo, Neiva-Colombia. Population: Patients at Hospital Universitario Hernando Moncaleano Perdomo with diagnosis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Method: Data collection of medical histories was performed. Results: Of 104 medical histories, the disease occurs five times more often in women than in men (ratio of 5:1). The most frequent comorbidities in females were hypertension with 26.74%, fibromyalgia and anti-phospholipid syndrome both with 12, 79%; In male patients hypertension, fibromyalgia and heart failure were presented each in a 27.78%. 61.53% of female patients had skin manifestations, 51.16% reported arthralgia and only 25.58% had joint involvement characterized by synovial effusion; in men skin manifestations were 50%, 50% arthralgia and articular involvement characterized by synovial effusion was 22.22%. In the laboratory test between 12.79% and 31.40% of patients had active lupus, determined by the presence of leukopenia, proteinuria and C3 and C4 consumed. In the sample of female patients the most frequent paraclinical alterations were characterized by hemoglobin <12 g / dl in 53.48% and 26, 74% of patients present thrombocytopenia. Meanwhile, 33.33% of men had thrombocytopenia and 6.38% had hemoglobin <12 g / dl.

O Linfoma não-Hodgkin (LNH) consiste em um grupo de neoplasias envolvendo, principalmente, as células B e representa 90% de todos os linfomas. A terapia atual disponível é baseada em quimioterapia associada ao anticorpo monoclonal rituximabe (Mab Thera(r)), que tem como alvo a proteína CD20, presente em mais de 80% das células B maduras do LNH. Recentes relatórios clínicos mostram preferência para combinar os benefícios da quimioterapia adjuvante e imunoterapia, gerando alternativas de tratamentos seguro e eficaz. O trabalho de revisão teve por objetivo avaliar vários aspectos relacionados à aplicação do rituximabe no LNH, destacando os possíveis mecanismos inibitórios da proliferação celular, os resultados clínicos obtidos e as implicações clínicas e econômicas esperadas para o tratamento. Os resultados de testes clínicos indicam a necessidade de uma melhor compreensão dos mecanismos críticos de ação deste anticorpo, que poderão maximizar a sua eficácia terapêutica. Essa terapia não representa apenas uma opção viável para o tratamento da maioria dos tipos de LNH, principalmente quando associado à quimioterapia convencional, mas, também, oferece vantagens em termos de custo-utilidade e custo-efetividade.

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) consists of a group of neoplasias involving mainly B cells and represents 90% of all lymphomas. The current available therapy is based on chemotherapy associated with the monoclonal antibody rituximab (Mab Thera(r)), which targets the CD20 protein, present in over 80% of NHL mature B cells. Recent clinical reports show a preference for combining the benefits of immunotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy, thus generating safe and effective alternative treatments. The current review aimed at evaluating various aspects related to the use of rituximab for NHL, highlighting the possible inhibitory mechanisms of cell proliferation, the achieved clinical results, and the expected clinical and economic outcomes of treatments. The results from clinical tests indicate the need for a better understanding of the critical mechanisms of action of this antibody, which may maximize its therapeutic efficacy. This therapy not only represents a viable option to treat most types of NHLs, especially when associated with conventional chemotherapy, but also offers cost-utility and cost-effectiveness advantages.

Introduction: the displacement of population groups from rural to urban areas in Colombia, due to the armed conflict fundamentally, lead to increase of vulnerability in a number of aspects to health deterioration. Objective: to determine the presence of syphilis and of HIV and their relation with socio-demographic factors, knowledge, attitudes and practices in the displaced population of Popayan-Colombia, 2009. Methods: cross-sectional study conducted in 2009 during comprehensive active screening campaigns. A total of 500 voluntary displaced participants who gave their consent, answered structured questionnaires, and were performed HIV/syphilis testing. Statistical analysis was performed in SPSS version 17. Results: Mean age of 35 ± 0.51 years, 368 were women (73.6 %), 356 (71.2 %) lived on socioeconomic level 1 (the lowest), 322 (71.4 %) exhibited less than one year of displacement, 500 (100 %) were HIV-negative and 21 (4.2 %) with a past history of syphilis; most of the participants had poor knowledge about HIV and syphilis. Being a black person, having more than 20 years of sexual activity and 2 or more sexual partners in the last year, were mostly related to history of syphilis. Conclusions: The study population has risk factors that make it vulnerable to HIV and syphilis infections, but the length of time of displacement is a determining factor that may influence the data.

Introducción: en Colombia, el desplazamiento de las poblaciones de las zonas rurales a las urbanas, debido fundamentalmente al conflicto armado, conlleva a un incremento de vulnerabilidad en diferentes aspectos que conducen al deterioro de la salud. Objetivo: determinar la frecuencia de sífilis y VIH y su relación con factores sociodemográficos, conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas en población desplazada en Popayán, Colombia. Métodos: estudio transversal realizado en el 2009. Durante campañas de búsqueda activa focal integral de VIH/sífilis, 500 personas desplazadas mayores de edad dieron su consentimiento para participar en la investigación, respondieron un cuestionario y se realizaron pruebas para diagnóstico de sífilis y VIH. Los análisis estadísticos se hicieron en SPSS versión 17. Resultados: edad promedio 35 ± 0,51 años; 368 mujeres (73,6 %); 322 con menos de un año de desplazamiento (71,4 %); 500 personas VIH negativo (100 %) y 21 con antecedente de sífilis (4,2 %); la mayoría con bajos conocimientos sobre VIH y sífilis. Ser de piel negra, tener más de 20 años de vida sexual activa y haber estado con dos o más compañeros sexuales en el último año, se relacionó con antecedente de sífilis. Conclusiones: la población estudiada tiene factores de riesgo que los hace vulnerables a las infecciones de sífilis y VIH, sin embargo, el tiempo de desplazamiento es un determinante que pudo tener influencia en los resultados encontrados.

Introduction: the displacement of population groups from rural to urban areas in Colombia, due to the armed conflict fundamentally, lead to increase of vulnerability in a number of aspects to health deterioration. Objective: to determine the presence of syphilis and of HIV and their relation with socio-demographic factors, knowledge, attitudes and practices in the displaced population of Popayan-Colombia, 2009. Methods: cross-sectional study conducted in 2009 during comprehensive active screening campaigns. A total of 500 voluntary displaced participants who gave their consent, answered structured questionnaires, and were performed HIV/syphilis testing. Statistical analysis was performed in SPSS version 17. Results: Mean age of 35 ± 0.51 years, 368 were women (73.6 %), 356 (71.2 %) lived on socioeconomic level 1 (the lowest), 322 (71.4 %) exhibited less than one year of displacement, 500 (100 %) were HIV-negative and 21 (4.2 %) with a past history of syphilis; most of the participants had poor knowledge about HIV and syphilis. Being a black person, having more than 20 years of sexual activity and 2 or more sexual partners in the last year, were mostly related to history of syphilis. Conclusions: The study population has risk factors that make it vulnerable to HIV and syphilis infections, but the length of time of displacement is a determining factor that may influence the data.

Introducción: en Colombia, el desplazamiento de las poblaciones de las zonas rurales a las urbanas, debido fundamentalmente al conflicto armado, conlleva a un incremento de vulnerabilidad en diferentes aspectos que conducen al deterioro de la salud. Objetivo: determinar la frecuencia de sífilis y VIH y su relación con factores sociodemográficos, conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas en población desplazada en Popayán, Colombia. Métodos: estudio transversal realizado en el 2009. Durante campañas de búsqueda activa focal integral de VIH/sífilis, 500 personas desplazadas mayores de edad dieron su consentimiento para participar en la investigación, respondieron un cuestionario y se realizaron pruebas para diagnóstico de sífilis y VIH. Los análisis estadísticos se hicieron en SPSS versión 17. Resultados: edad promedio 35 ± 0,51 años; 368 mujeres (73,6 %); 322 con menos de un año de desplazamiento (71,4 %); 500 personas VIH negativo (100 %) y 21 con antecedente de sífilis (4,2 %); la mayoría con bajos conocimientos sobre VIH y sífilis. Ser de piel negra, tener más de 20 años de vida sexual activa y haber estado con dos o más compañeros sexuales en el último año, se relacionó con antecedente de sífilis. Conclusiones: la población estudiada tiene factores de riesgo que los hace vulnerables a las infecciones de sífilis y VIH, sin embargo, el tiempo de desplazamiento es un determinante que pudo tener influencia en los resultados encontrados.

Identificou-se o burnout e fatores associados entre médicos de hospital público do Recife, Brasil, obtendo resposta de 158 profissionais (92,4% do total) para questionário autoaplicável (aspectos sociodemográficos, laborais e Maslach Burnout Inventory). Definiu-se burnout pela sobreposição de alta exaustão emocional (EE) e despersonalização (DP) e baixa realização profissional (RP). Aplicou-se qui-quadrado e teste exato de Fisher. Predominaram sexo feminino (83,5%) e tempo de profissão acima de 10 anos (81,6%). Constataram-se altos níveis de EE (61,4%) e DP (36,7%) e baixo nível de RP (13,3%), estando 5,1% com burnout. Mostraram associação: alto nível de EE e realizar "frequentemente/sempre" tarefas com muita rapidez e "nunca/às vezes" ter tempo suficiente; alto nível de DP e ter até dez anos de profissão e efetuar "frequentemente/sempre" tarefas com muita rapidez; baixo nível de RP e gênero feminino e "nunca/às vezes" ter tempo suficiente; burnout e executar "frequentemente/sempre" tarefas com muita rapidez, "nunca/às vezes" dispor de tempo suficiente, ser do gênero masculino e não ter expectativa de ascensão profissional. Para 37,3% duas das três dimensões indicavam alta propensão à síndrome. O burnout institui-se entre médicos, tornando premente a transformação das condições de trabalho.

This study identified factors associated with burnout among physicians at a public hospital in Recife, Brazil. A self-administered questionnaire (socio-demographic characteristics, working conditions and Maslach Burnout Inventory) was completed by 158 physicians (92.4%). Burnout was defined by a superposition of high scores in emotional exhaustion (EE) and depersonalization (DP) and low scores on personal accomplishment at work (PA). Chi-square and Fisher's exact test were used in the analysis and 5.1% had burnout. Female physicians were predominant in the sample (83.5%) especially those for longer than ten years in the profession (81.6%). High levels were found in EE (61.4%) and DP (36.7%) and low levels in PA (13.3%). There was an association between: high EE and "often/always" working very fast and "never/rarely" having enough time for tasks; high level of DP and working ten years in the profession and "often/always" doing tasks very fast; low level of PA and being female and "never/rarely" having enough time for tasks. Burnout and "often/always" working very quickly, "never/sometimes" having enough time for tasks, being male and having no expectation of professional growth. For 37.3%, two of the three dimensions indicate a high propensity to burnout, making transformation in working conditions a priority.

Identificou-se o burnout e fatores associados entre médicos de hospital público do Recife, Brasil, obtendo resposta de 158 profissionais (92,4% do total) para questionário autoaplicável (aspectos sociodemográficos, laborais e Maslach Burnout Inventory). Definiu-se burnout pela sobreposição de alta exaustão emocional (EE) e despersonalização (DP) e baixa realização profissional (RP). Aplicou-se qui-quadrado e teste exato de Fisher. Predominaram sexo feminino (83,5%) e tempo de profissão acima de 10 anos (81,6%). Constataram-se altos níveis de EE (61,4%) e DP (36,7%) e baixo nível de RP (13,3%), estando 5,1% com burnout. Mostraram associação: alto nível de EE e realizar "frequentemente/sempre" tarefas com muita rapidez e "nunca/às vezes" ter tempo suficiente; alto nível de DP e ter até dez anos de profissão e efetuar "frequentemente/sempre" tarefas com muita rapidez; baixo nível de RP e gênero feminino e "nunca/às vezes" ter tempo suficiente; burnout e executar "frequentemente/sempre" tarefas com muita rapidez, "nunca/às vezes" dispor de tempo suficiente, ser do gênero masculino e não ter expectativa de ascensão profissional. Para 37,3% duas das três dimensões indicavam alta propensão à síndrome. O burnout institui-se entre médicos, tornando premente a transformação das condições de trabalho.

This study identified factors associated with burnout among physicians at a public hospital in Recife, Brazil. A self-administered questionnaire (socio-demographic characteristics, working conditions and Maslach Burnout Inventory) was completed by 158 physicians (92.4%). Burnout was defined by a superposition of high scores in emotional exhaustion (EE) and depersonalization (DP) and low scores on personal accomplishment at work (PA). Chi-square and Fisher's exact test were used in the analysis and 5.1% had burnout. Female physicians were predominant in the sample (83.5%) especially those for longer than ten years in the profession (81.6%). High levels were found in EE (61.4%) and DP (36.7%) and low levels in PA (13.3%). There was an association between: high EE and "often/always" working very fast and "never/rarely" having enough time for tasks; high level of DP and working ten years in the profession and "often/always" doing tasks very fast; low level of PA and being female and "never/rarely" having enough time for tasks. Burnout and "often/always" working very quickly, "never/sometimes" having enough time for tasks, being male and having no expectation of professional growth. For 37.3%, two of the three dimensions indicate a high propensity to burnout, making transformation in working conditions a priority.

Objective: To evaluate pollution by second-hand smoke in a sample of hospitality venues before and after the implementation of smoke-free legislation. Methods: A cross sectional, before-after study was conducted in 2008 and 2011 after the total ban. A SidePack Aerosol monitor was used both inside and outside the hospitality venues to measure fine breathable particles (PM2.5). A total of 43 places with pre- and post-legislation measurements were included. Results: The median indoor pollution in hospitality venues was 204.2μg/m³ in 2008 and 18.82μg/m³ in 2011; the average outdoor PM2.5 concentration was 47.04μg/m³ in 2008 and 18.82μg/m³ in 2011. Pollution was higher in bars and cafeterias, followed by pubs and discos. Before the law was implemented, pollution was 4.34 times higher indoors than outdoors; in 2011 the average indoor PM2.5 concentration decreased by 90.88%. Conclusions: Only a complete ban is able to protect workers and customers against the health risks of second-hand smoke exposure

Objetivo: Evaluar la contaminación por humo ambiental de tabaco en una muestra de locales de hostelería antes y después de la nueva legislación sobre tabaquismo. Métodos: Estudio evaluativo antes-después realizado en 2008 y 2011, tras la prohibición total. Medición de partículas respirables (PM2,5) mediante SidePack Aerosol Monitor en el interior de los locales y en el exterior. Se incluyeron 43 locales con mediciones antes y después de la legislación. Resultados: La concentración mediana de PM2,5 en el interior de los locales en 2008 fue 204,2μg/m³, y en 2011 fue 18,62μg/m³; en el exterior, en 2008 fue 47,04μg/m³ y en 2011 fue 18,82μg/m³. Las concentraciones más altas se encontraron en bares y cafeterías, seguidos de los locales de ocio nocturno. La contaminación en 2008 era 4,34 veces más alta en el interior de los locales que en el exterior; en 2011, la concentración de PM2,5 disminuyó un 90,88% en el interior. Conclusiones: La prohibición total de fumar en los locales de hostelería protege a trabajadores y clientes de los riesgos para la salud de la exposición al humo ambiental de tabaco.

Objective: To evaluate pollution by second-hand smoke in a sample of hospitality venues before and after the implementation of smoke-free legislation. Methods: A cross sectional, before-after study was conducted in 2008 and 2011 after the total ban. A SidePack Aerosol monitor was used both inside and outside the hospitality venues to measure fine breathable particles (PM2.5). A total of 43 places with pre- and post-legislation measurements were included. Results: The median indoor pollution in hospitality venues was 204.2μg/m³ in 2008 and 18.82μg/m³ in 2011; the average outdoor PM2.5 concentration was 47.04μg/m³ in 2008 and 18.82μg/m³ in 2011. Pollution was higher in bars and cafeterias, followed by pubs and discos. Before the law was implemented, pollution was 4.34 times higher indoors than outdoors; in 2011 the average indoor PM2.5 concentration decreased by 90.88%. Conclusions: Only a complete ban is able to protect workers and customers against the health risks of second-hand smoke exposure

Objetivo: Evaluar la contaminación por humo ambiental de tabaco en una muestra de locales de hostelería antes y después de la nueva legislación sobre tabaquismo. Métodos: Estudio evaluativo antes-después realizado en 2008 y 2011, tras la prohibición total. Medición de partículas respirables (PM2,5) mediante SidePack Aerosol Monitor en el interior de los locales y en el exterior. Se incluyeron 43 locales con mediciones antes y después de la legislación. Resultados: La concentración mediana de PM2,5 en el interior de los locales en 2008 fue 204,2μg/m³, y en 2011 fue 18,62μg/m³; en el exterior, en 2008 fue 47,04μg/m³ y en 2011 fue 18,82μg/m³. Las concentraciones más altas se encontraron en bares y cafeterías, seguidos de los locales de ocio nocturno. La contaminación en 2008 era 4,34 veces más alta en el interior de los locales que en el exterior; en 2011, la concentración de PM2,5 disminuyó un 90,88% en el interior. Conclusiones: La prohibición total de fumar en los locales de hostelería protege a trabajadores y clientes de los riesgos para la salud de la exposición al humo ambiental de tabaco.

Objetivos: Determinar la frecuencia de VIH y comportamientos de personas en contexto de vulnerabilidad por estrato socioeconómico bajo de la ciudad de Popayán-Colombia. Métodos: Estudio transversal; entre 2008 y 2009, 363 participantes de Popayán dieron su consentimiento informado y recibieron consejería previa y posterior a la prueba del VIH. Se evaluaron características socio-demográficas, antecedentes de enfermedades de transmisión sexual, comportamientos y prueba previa del VIH. Se calcularon estadísticas descriptivas, correlaciones y regresión logística multivariada. Resultados: La edad promedio 33.5 ± 10.2; 66% mujeres. La frecuencia de pacientes VIH positivo fue 3.86% (IC95: 1.87-5 .85), mayor en hombres (7.38%, p= 0.013). Personas de 29-37 años de edad, sin una pareja estable y aquellos con historia de consumir más de cinco copas de licor en dos horas seguidas presentaron mayor frecuencia de pacientes VIH positivo. Conclusiones: La positividad para VIH en esta población es mayor que el estimado nacional para población general en edad 15-49, con frecuencia aún mayor en hombres. Los datos sugieren que la vulnerabilidad asociada con un estrato socioeconómico bajo en la población económicamente activa, sin una pareja estable y con consumo riesgoso de alcohol, puede aumentar potencialmente el riesgo de infección por el VIH.

Objetive To determine HIV presence and risk behaviors of persons of low socio-economic status in the city of Popayan-Colombia. Methods: Cross-sectional study; between 2008 and 2009, 363 participants of Popayan signed informed consent and received pre and post HIV test counseling. Socio-demographic characteristics and history of STDs, risk behaviors and previous HIV testing were assessed. Descriptive statistics, correlations and multivariate logistic regression were calculated. Results: Mean age 33,5±10,2; 66 %women. Frequency of HIV-positive patients was 3.86 % (95% CI:1.87-5.85), greater in men (7.38%; p=0,013). Greater frequency of HIV-positive patients was observed in people age 29-37, those without a stable partner, and those with history of risky alcohol consumption (more than five drinks in 2 h). Conclusions: HIV-positive patients frequency in this population was greater than national estimate for general population, aged 15-49 in Colombia, with even greater frequency in men. This study suggests that characteristics associated with low socioeconomic status, in economically active population, without a stable partner and with risky alcohol use, can potentially increase risk of HIV infection.

Este estudo descritivo, transversal, censitário, identificou Burnout e alguns fatores associados entre enfermeiros da assistência pediátrica e tocoginecológica de hospital geral do nível terciário de atenção do Recife (PE). Participaram 63 profissionais (98,4% do total) que responderam a um questionário auto-aplicável (aspectos sócio-demográficos, condições laborais e Maslach Burnout Inventory). Na análise utilizou-se qui-quadrado, com nível de confiança de 95%. Predominou o gênero feminino (92,1%), com até cinco anos de profissão (68,2%), sendo 52,5% da área pediátrica. Constataram-se altos níveis de exaustão emocional (49,2%) e despersonalização (27,0%) e baixo nível de realização profissional (4,8%), estando 4,7% com Burnout. Mostraram associação: alto nível de exaustão emocional e realizar frequentemente/sempre tarefas com muita rapidez (p=0,039) e receber salário incompatível com o esforço empregado (p=0,016); altos níveis de despersonalização e ter até cinco anos de profissão (p=0,010) e efetuar frequentemente/sempre tarefas com muita rapidez (p=0,009). Para 19,0% pelo menos duas das três dimensões apontavam alta propensão à síndrome.

This descriptive, cross sectional, census study identified the occurrence of Burnout and some associated factors among nurses working in obstetrics & gynecology and pediatric care at a general tertiary hospital in Recife. Sixty-three nurses (98.4%) answered a self-administered questionnaire (sociodemographic aspects, working conditions, and Maslach Burnout Inventory). Chi-square was used in the analysis with a 95% confidence level. Most participants were female (92.1%), with up to five years in the career (68.2%), 52.5% in pediatric area. High levels of emotional stress (49.2%) and depersonalization (27.0%) were identified, as well as low professional fulfillment (4.8%), and 4.7% presented Burnout. The following factors wee associated: high levels of emotional stress and often/always perform tasks very quickly (p=0.039) and receiving a salary incompatible to the effort employed (p=0.016); high levels of depersonalization and with up to five years in this career (p=0.010) and often/always perform tasks very quickly (p=0.009). For 19.0%, at least two of the three dimensions pointed to high propensity to the syndrome.

Estudio descriptivo, transversal, censitario, identificó Burnout y factores asociados entre enfermeros de atención pediátrica y tocoginecología de hospital general de nivel terciario de atención en Recife-PE. Participaron 63 profesionales (98,4% del total), que respondieron cuestionario autoaplicable (aspectos sociodemográficos, condiciones laborales y Maslach Burnout Inventary). Analizado según Qui-cuadrado, nivel de confianza 95%. Predominó sexo femenino (92,1%), con hasta cinco años de profesión (68,2%), perteneciendo 52,5% al área pediátrica. Se constataron altos niveles de agotamiento emocional (49,2%) y despersonalización (27,0%), y bajo nivel de realización profesional (4,8%), sufriendo 4,7% de Burnout. Mostraron asociación: altos niveles de agotamiento emocional, realizar frecuentemente/siempre tareas con mucha rapidez (p=0,039), recibir salario incompatible con esfuerzo (p=0,016); alto nivel de despersonalización y tener hasta cinco años de profesión (p=0,010) y efectuar frecuentemente/siempre tareas con mucha rapidez (p=0,009). Para 19,0% al menos dos de las tres dimensiones marcaban alta propensión al síndrome.

This descriptive, cross sectional, census study identified the occurrence of Burnout and some associated factors among nurses working in obstetrics & gynecology and pediatric care at a general tertiary hospital in Recife. Sixty-three nurses (98.4%) answered a self-administered questionnaire (sociodemographic aspects, working conditions, and Maslach Burnout Inventory). Chi-square was used in the analysis with a 95% confidence level. Most participants were female (92.1%), with up to five years in the career (68.2%), 52.5% in pediatric area. High levels of emotional stress (49.2%) and depersonalization (27.0%) were identified, as well as low professional fulfillment (4.8%), and 4.7% presented Burnout. The following factors wee associated: high levels of emotional stress and often/always perform tasks very quickly (p=0.039) and receiving a salary incompatible to the effort employed (p=0.016); high levels of depersonalization and with up to five years in this career (p=0.010) and often/always perform tasks very quickly (p=0.009). For 19.0%, at least two of the three dimensions pointed to high propensity to the syndrome.

Estudio descriptivo, transversal, censitario, identificó Burnout y factores asociados entre enfermeros de atención pediátrica y tocoginecología de hospital general de nivel terciario de atención en Recife-PE. Participaron 63 profesionales (98,4% del total), que respondieron cuestionario autoaplicable (aspectos sociodemográficos, condiciones laborales y Maslach Burnout Inventary). Analizado según Qui-cuadrado, nivel de confianza 95%. Predominó sexo femenino (92,1%), con hasta cinco años de profesión (68,2%), perteneciendo 52,5% al área pediátrica. Se constataron altos niveles de agotamiento emocional (49,2%) y despersonalización (27,0%), y bajo nivel de realización profesional (4,8%), sufriendo 4,7% de Burnout. Mostraron asociación: altos niveles de agotamiento emocional, realizar frecuentemente/siempre tareas con mucha rapidez (p=0,039), recibir salario incompatible con esfuerzo (p=0,016); alto nivel de despersonalización y tener hasta cinco años de profesión (p=0,010) y efectuar frecuentemente/siempre tareas con mucha rapidez (p=0,009). Para 19,0% al menos dos de las tres dimensiones marcaban alta propensión al síndrome.

Este estudo descritivo, transversal, censitário, identificou Burnout e alguns fatores associados entre enfermeiros da assistência pediátrica e tocoginecológica de hospital geral do nível terciário de atenção do Recife (PE). Participaram 63 profissionais (98,4% do total) que responderam a um questionário auto-aplicável (aspectos sócio-demográficos, condições laborais e Maslach Burnout Inventory). Na análise utilizou-se qui-quadrado, com nível de confiança de 95%. Predominou o gênero feminino (92,1%), com até cinco anos de profissão (68,2%), sendo 52,5% da área pediátrica. Constataram-se altos níveis de exaustão emocional (49,2%) e despersonalização (27,0%) e baixo nível de realização profissional (4,8%), estando 4,7% com Burnout. Mostraram associação: alto nível de exaustão emocional e realizar frequentemente/sempre tarefas com muita rapidez (p=0,039) e receber salário incompatível com o esforço empregado (p=0,016); altos níveis de despersonalização e ter até cinco anos de profissão (p=0,010) e efetuar frequentemente/sempre tarefas com muita rapidez (p=0,009). Para 19,0% pelo menos duas das três dimensões apontavam alta propensão à síndrome.

Este estudio evaluó los efectos de las instrucciones no explícitas sobre la conducta alimentaria. Participaron cinco jóvenes entre los 19 y 24 años, a quienes se les observó durante dos fases experimentales a dos tipos de alimento nutricional (fruta y agua) y no nutricional (papas fritas y refresco). Los participantes fueron f lmados en dos programas de video. En la primera fase se grabaron videos musicales y en la segunda, un documental sobre hábitos alimentarios saludables. Los resultados mostraron que las instrucciones no explícitas modificaron la conducta alimentaria. Sin embargo, es necesario evaluar si estas modificaciones persisten a largo plazo.

This study evaluated the effects of non-explicit audiovisual instructions on feeding behaviour. Five adults between 19 and 24 years-old participated as subjects, which were exposed at nutritional (fruit and water) or no nutritional (chips and soda) foods during two experimental phases. Subjects were videotaped and exposed to two video programs in different phases. In the first phase, subjects were exposed to a musical video, in the second phase subjects were exposed to a program about health eating habits. The results showed that non-explicit audiovisual instructions modified feeding behaviour. However, will be necessary evaluate if these modification could persist for longer time.