Abstract: The expected population growth will increase global food consumption, particularly meat consumption, which is estimated to increase 14% by 2030. Hence, the efficient utilization of all the resources involved in meat production, predominantly feed additives in livestock, is important due to economic costs and the high environmental in terms of gas production and ammonia excretion. Efforts have been made to increase efficiency in livestock production and improve the absorption and utilization of nutrients. Nevertheless, advances in technology in the chemical, pharmaceutical, and food industries have barely been used by the livestock and poultry industry. The micro/nano encapsulation process has been used in animal nutrition to protect bioactive compounds or to control the release of feed additives into the animal gastrointestinal tract, avoiding rumen microbes attack, or monogastric digestion in swine and poultry, to be available in the small intestine. However, not all the encapsulation techniques are suitable for applications in animal feeding. For example, spray drying, emulsion and coacervation can be used to control the release of feed additives in ruminants. In this sense, micro encapsulation of different feed additives such as amino acids, fatty acids, and probiotics may face enormous challenges to help improve livestock and poultry nutrition. The objective of this review is to highlight and discuss the techniques, compounds, and key aspects involved in the encapsulation of feed additives and nutrients with potential applications in the livestock and poultry production.

ABSTRACT In the Tabasco Mexican State there were severe flows due to abundant rain during the COVID-19; these two phenomena imply closing schools during several weeks, so classes should be by internet and tv, meaning new demands and workloads for teachers. So, the objective of the study is to identify the degree of affectation during the floods and the COVID-19 pandemic on the quality of life of teachers. Thus, an internet survey was launched to be answered voluntarily and anonymously, applying the following instruments: Effort-Rewards-Imbalance, Engagement, Burnout syndrome, and Perceived Physical and Mental Health, receiving 276 questionnaires. The obtained omega reliability indexes were located among the international accepted norms. Means and standard deviations as well as correlations were calculated. In general terms positive factors rendered higher scores than the negative ones, indicating the psychological strength of teachers even during extremely difficult situations. The limitations of the study are: questionnaires were obtained only from a reduced geographical area and participants were not randomly assigned to a group. Therefore, it is suggested to carry out other investigations in order to generalize the results.

RESUMEN En el Estado mexicano de Tabasco se sufrieron inundaciones durante la pandemia COVID-19; ambos factores implicaron el cierre de escuelas durante varias semanas, por ello las clases debieron ser por internet y televisión. Todo lo anterior significó mayores cargas de trabajo, así como nuevas demandas para las personas dedicadas a la docencia. Por tanto, el objetivo del estudio es identificar el grado de afectación durante las inundaciones y la pandemia COVID-19 sobre la calidad de vida de los docentes. Así, se lanzó una encuesta por internet para ser respondida voluntaria y anónimamente, aplicándose los siguientes instrumentos: Desequilibrio entre el Esfuerzo y las Recompensas: Engagement, Síndrome de Quemarse por el Trabajo, y Salud Mental y Física Percibidas, recibiéndose 276 cuestionarios. Se obtuvieron índices omega de confiabilidad dentro de las normas aceptadas internacionalmente. Se calcularon las medias de cada factor, así como las correlaciones entre ellos. En términos generales los factores positivos dieron mediciones superiores a los negativos, indicando fortaleza psicológica en las personas dedicadas a la docencia aún durante situaciones extremadamente difíciles. Las limitaciones del estudio son: estar restringido a un área geográfica y no haber sido obtenido al azar. Se sugiere efectuar otras investigaciones a fin de generalizar los resultados.

RESUMEN Introducción: El cáncer hepático es la séptima neoplasia más frecuente a nivel mundial y la segunda causa de mortalidad asociada directamente a cáncer. En México presenta una incidencia del 3.9% en toda la población. A pesar de que la tomografía axial computada es el estudio diagnóstico inicial de elección, el diagnóstico final se establece con el estudio anatomopatológico de la lesión. Objetivo: Correlacionar los hallazgos tomográficos con el resultado histopatológico en pacientes con lesiones hepáticas con sospecha de malignidad, a los que se les tomó biopsia dirigida por USG. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, de correlación, retrolectivo, homodémico y unicéntrico. El tiempo de estudio fue de septiembre 2021 a febrero 2022. Se seleccionó a pacientes mayores de 18 años con lesiones hepáticas sospechosas de malignidad, a los que se les realizó tomografía y biopsia guiada por ultrasonido. Se utilizó pruebas de Shapiro-Wilk (de normalidad) y se utilizó ꭕ2 para un análisis de asociación de variables categóricas. Resultados: Se incluyeron a 24 pacientes, a los cuales se les realizó tomografía y biopsia de lesión, encontrando un tamaño promedio de las lesiones de 2.39cm. Los resultados de la correlación entre el diagnóstico tomográfico y el diagnóstico histopatológico definitivo no tuvieron significancia estadística p=0.069. Conclusiones: No se encontró correlación significativa entre el estudio histopatológico y los hallazgos tomográficos en lesiones hepáticas sugerentes de malignidad.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Liver cancer is the seventh most common neoplasm worldwide and the second cause of mortality directly associated with cancer. In Mexico it has an incidence of 3.9% in the entire population. Although computed tomography (CT) is the imaging study of choice, the final diagnosis is established with the anatomopathological study of the lesion. Objective: Correlate the tomographic findings with the histopathological result in patients with liver lesions with suspicion of malignancy, who underwent USG-guided biopsy. Methods: Descriptive, correlation, retrolective, homodemographic and single-center study. The study period was from September 2021 to February 2022. Patients older than 18 years with liver lesions suspicious of malignancy were selected and underwent Computed Axial Tomography and ultrasound-guided biopsy. Shapiro Wilk tests (for normality) were used and chi-square was used for an analysis of association of categorical variables. Results: Twenty-four patients were included, who underwent Tomography and lesion biopsy, finding an average size of lesions of 2.39cm. The results of the correlation between the tomographic diagnosis and the definitive histopathological diagnosis did not have statistical significance p=0.069. Conclusions: No significant correlation was found between the histopathological study and tomographic findings in liver lesions suggestive of malignancy.

Abstract Objective: to identify the association between risk perception and various negative and positive psychological effects, as well as the moderating effect of social support, in a sample of health care workers with COVID-19 patients in Mexico. Methods: this study has an ex post facto and instrumental design. Responses were obtained by means of an online survey using snowball convenience sampling. The association of risk perception with various psychological outcomes was examined using monotonic correlations (Spearman, rs), and a regression model was estimated for each psychological effect to test the moderating effect of social support. Results: a total of 269 health care workers took part, 75.5% of them women. The findings show that risk perception tended to be high, especially in relation to the “risk of serious harm from SARS-CoV-2”. Social support had a moderate to high trend, and negative mental health symptoms had a trend below theoretical average points. Conclusion: social support plays a moderating role in the magnitude of the association between risk perception and psychological effects. Despite the acknowledged limitations, this work aimed to help explain the complex mechanisms of the study variables by analyzing exploratory interactions.

Resumo Objetivo: identificar a associação entre percepção de risco e vários efeitos psicológicos negativos e positivos, bem como o efeito moderador do apoio social, em uma amostra de trabalhadores de saúde com pacientes com COVID-19 no México. Métodos: trata-se de um desenho ex-post-facto e instrumental. As respostas foram obtidas por meio de questionário on-line , utilizando a estratégia de bola de neve. A associação entre percepção de risco e vários resultados psicológicos foi examinada por meio de correlações monotônicas (Spearman, rs), e um modelo de regressão foi estimado para cada efeito psicológico a fim de testar o efeito moderador do apoio social. Resultados: participaram 269 trabalhadores da saúde, sendo 75,5% mulheres. Os achados mostram a percepção de risco com uma tendência elevada, especialmente em relação ao “risco de dano grave pelo SARS-CoV-2”. O apoio social apresentou uma tendência de moderada a alta, e os sintomas negativos de saúde mental tiveram uma tendência abaixo das médias teóricas. Conclusão: o apoio social desempenha papel moderador na magnitude da associação entre a percepção de risco e os efeitos psicológicos. Apesar das limitações reconhecidas, este trabalho visa ajudar a explicar os mecanismos complexos das variáveis em estudo por meio da análise exploratória de interações.

Resumen Objetivo: identificar la asociación entre percepción de riesgo y diversos efectos psicológicos negativos y positivos, así como el efecto moderador del apoyo social, en una muestra de trabajadores sanitarios con pacientes COVID-19 en México. Métodos: se trató de un diseño ex post facto e instrumental. Se obtuvieron respuestas por medio de un cuestionario en línea mediante la estrategia de bola de nieve. Se examinó la asociación de la percepción de riesgo con varios resultados psicológicos mediante correlaciones monotónicas (Spearman, rs), y se estimó un modelo de regresión para cada efecto psicológico para probar el efecto moderador del apoyo social. Resultados: participaron 269 trabajadores sanitarios, de los cuales un 75,5% eran mujeres. Los hallazgos muestran una percepción de riesgo con tendencia elevada, particularmente la relacionada al “riesgo de daño grave por SARS-CoV2”, el apoyo social tuvo una tendencia de moderada a alta y los síntomas negativos de salud mental tuvieron una tendencia por debajo de los promedios teóricos. Conclusión: el apoyo social juega un papel moderador en la magnitud de asociación entre percepción de riesgo y efectos psicológicos. A pesar de las limitaciones reconocidas, este trabajo pretende ayudar a explicar los mecanismos complejos de las variables de estudio mediante el análisis de interacciones exploratorias.

Resumen Introducción: Actualmente la obesidad se ha convertido en un problema de salud pública emergente y complejo, cuyo mecanismo es etiopatogénico y multifactorial. Ha sido estudiada desde el enfoque biomolecular, genético y mediante intervenciones para mejorar los estilos de vida; sin embargo, no se han incluido estudios que relacionen la autoeficacia y resiliencia en este problema. Objetivo: Evaluar la relación de autoeficacia para el control de peso con la resiliencia, en mujeres mexicanas. Metodología: Estudio correlacional transversal, en 174 mujeres, con o sin obesidad, inscritas en un centro de capacitación para el trabajo en Puebla y San Luis Potosí, México, se empleó muestreo no probabilistico. Se aplicó el instrumento validado en población mexicana: Inventario de Autoeficacia para el control de peso y Escala de Resiliencia Mexicana; con alfa de Cronbach .945 y .950 respectivamente; estudio realizado con apego a la Ley General de Salud en materia de investigación. El análisis de los resultados fue con estadística descriptiva, pruebas de normalidad y correlación r de Spearman. Resultados: El promedio de edad fue 34.6 ± 14.7, media de IMC 26.4 ± 4.5, un 49.7 % y un 81.7 % obtuvo niveles de autoeficacia y resiliencia altos respectivamente. La relación fue positiva, tamaño de efecto medio y estadísticamente significativo p=.001, con una varianza explicada del 22.6%. Conclusiones: Las mujeres mexicanas mostraron que a mayor resiliencia mayor autoeficacia para el control de peso. Se sugiere integrar la resiliencia en el manejo de la obesidad, que permita el desarrollo de mecanismos para la adquisición de estilos de vida saludables más sustentables.

Abstrato Introdução: Atualmente, a obesidade tornou-se um problema de saúde pública emergente e complexo, cujo mecanismo é etiopatogênico e multifatorial. Tem sido estudado a partir da abordagem biomolecular e genética e através de intervenções para melhorar os estilos de vida, no entanto, não foram incluídos estudos que relacionem autoeficácia e resiliência neste problema. Objetivo: Avaliar a relação entre autoeficácia para controle de peso e resiliência em mulheres mexicanas. Método: Estudo correlacional e transversal, em 174 mulheres, com ou sem obesidade, matriculadas em um centro de treinamento para o trabalho em Puebla e San Luis Potosí, México, amostra de conveniência. Foram aplicados os instrumentos validados na população mexicana: Inventário de Autoeficácia para o controle de peso e Escala de Resiliência Mexicana, com alfa de Cronbach 0,945 e 9,50 respectivamente, o estudo foi realizado de acordo com a lei geral de saúde sobre pesquisa. A análise dos resultados foi realizada com estatística descritiva, testes de normalidade e correlação r de Spearman. Resultados: A média de idade foi de 34,6±14,7, a média de IMC 26,4±4,5, 49.7% e 81.7% obtiveram níveis altos de autoeficácia e resiliência respectivamente. A relação foi positiva, de tamanho médio do efeito e estatisticamente significativo (p=.001), com uma variância explicada de 22,6%. Conclusão: Mulheres mexicanas mostraram que, quanto maior a resiliência, maior a autoeficácia para o controle do peso. Sugere-se integrar a resiliência na gestão da obesidade, o que permite o desenvolvimento de mecanismos para a aquisição de estilos de vida saudáveis mais sustentáveis.

Abstract Introduction: Currently, obesity has become an emerging and complex public health problem whose mechanism is etiopathogenetic and multifactorial. Obesity has been studied from the biomolecular and genetic approach as well as through interventions to improve lifestyles. However, studies linking the concepts of self-efficacy and resilience have not been included in this issue. Objective: Evaluate the relationship between self-efficacy for weight control and resilience in Mexican women. Methodology: Correlational-cross-sectional study in 174 women, with or without obesity, enrolled in a job-training center of Puebla and San Luis Potosi, Mexico; non-probabilistic sampling was used. These two instruments Self-Efficacy Inventory for Weight Control and Mexican Resilience Scale, validated in the Mexican population were applied: with Cronbach's alpha .945 and .950, respectively. This study carried out in accordance with the General Health Act for Research. The results were analyzed using descriptive statistics, normality tests, and Spearman's r correlation. Results: The mean age was 34.6±14.7, mean BMI 26.4±4.5, 49.7% and 81.7% were high levels of self-efficacy and resilience, respectively. The relationship was positive, medium effect size and statistically significant p=.001, with an explained variance of 22.6%. Conclusions: The Mexican women shown that the greater the resilience, the greater the self-efficacy for weight control. We suggest integrating resilience in managing obesity, which allows the development of mechanisms for the acquisition of more sustainable healthy lifestyles.

RESUMEN El magnesio (Mg) es esencial para las reacciones metabólicas del cuerpo humano y es conocido por su biocompatibilidad, sus propiedades mecánicas y físicas son similares a las del hueso humano, por lo que se considera que tiene un alto potencial en aplicaciones biomédicas como implantes temporales y reabsorbibles. Mediante modificaciones superficiales se podría controlar la alta tendencia a la corrosión del Mg, como por ejemplo membranas biodegradables que impidan el paso de iones cloruro presentes en el organismo humano. Para preparar la membrana se utilizan soluciones de quitosano modificado con grenetina y/o glutaraldehído y mediante el método de electrorociado se aplican para proteger el Mg. Para simular las condiciones de los fluidos corporales se preparó una solución salina de Kokubo. El estudio se enfoca en evaluar la velocidad de corrosión del Mg con un recubrimiento hecho de una membrana electrorociada con quitosano, aplicando técnicas electroquímicas de espectroscopia de impedancia electroquímica y resistencia de polarización lineal. El aditivo clave para mejorar el comportamiento de las membranas se observó con el uso de gelatina, donde la membrana con mejores resultados bajando los índices de corrosión es el sistema Mg CH+GR+GL, el cual se observó con muy buena integridad física en las imágenes de análisis morfológicos de la superficie después de 30 días de exposición.

ABSTRACT Magnesium (Mg) is essential for the metabolic reactions of the human body and is known for its biocompatibility, its mechanical and physical properties are similar to human bone, which is why it is considered to have high potential in biomedical applications such as temporary and resorbable implants. Through surface modifications, the high tendency to corrosion of Mg could be controlled, such as biodegradable membranes that prevent the passage of chloride ions present in the human organism. To prepare the membrane, solutions of chitosan modified with gelatin and/or glutaraldehyde are used and by means of the electrospray method applied to protect the Mg. To simulate body fluid conditions a Kokubo saline solution (BFK) was prepared. The study focuses on evaluating the corrosion rate of Mg with a coating made of a chitosan electrosprayed membrane, applying electrochemical measurements of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and linear polarization resistance. The key additive to improve the behavior of the membranes was observed with the use of gelatin, where the membrane with the best results lowing corrosion rates is the Mg CH+GE+GL system, which it was observed with very good physical integrity in the images of morphological analyzes of the surface after 30 days of exposure.

Abstract Objective: To determine job satisfaction and the level of knowledge about postural hygiene as factors associated with prolonged disability in low back pain. Methods: Analytical cross-sectional study in patients with temporary work disability due to low back pain, two groups were integrated, patients with prolonged disability and patients with non-prolonged disability. The sample size was 120 per group. Job satisfaction was evaluated using the adapted instrument based on the s21/26 and S4/82 questionnaire, for postural hygiene the Borrás postural hygiene questionnaire was used. Statistical analysis included t student, Mann Whitney and Chi2. Results: No significant association was found between prolonged disability and job satisfaction. In the group with prolonged disability, 42.5% reported being quite satisfied, and in the group without prolonged disability, the prevalence was 35.0% (p=0.154). In the group with prolonged disability, the low level of knowledge about postural hygiene is 87.5% and in the group without prolonged disability, the percentage is 68.5%, a statistically significant difference (p=0.000). Conclusion: Job satisfaction is not a factor associated with prolonged disability due to low back pain, the level of knowledge about postural hygiene is a factor associated with prolonged disability due to low back pain.

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar la satisfacción laboral y el nivel de conocimiento sobre higiene postural como factores asociados a incapacidad prolongada en lumbalgia. Métodos: Estudio transversal analítico en pacientes con incapacidad temporal de trabajo por lumbalgia, se integraron dos grupos, pacientes con incapacidad prolongada y pacientes con incapacidad no prolongada. El tamaño de la muestra fue 120 por grupo. La satisfacción laboral se evaluó mediante el instrumento adaptado basado en el cuestionario s21/26 y S4/82, para la higiene postural se utilizó el cuestionario sobre higiene postural de Borrás. El análisis estadístico incluyó t student, mann whitney y Chi2. Resultados: No se encontró asociación entre incapacidad prolongada y satisfacción laboral, en el grupo con incapacidad prolongada 42.5% refieren estar bastante satisfechos y en el grupo sin incapacidad prolongada la prevalencia es 35.0% (p=0.154). En el grupo con incapacidad prolongada el nivel de conocimiento bajo sobre higiene postural es 87.5% y en el grupo sin incapacidad prolongada el porcentaje es 68.5% (p=0.000). Conclusión: La satisfacción laboral no es factor asociado con incapacidad prolongada por lumbalgia, el nivel de conocimiento sobre higiene postural es factor asociado a incapacidad prolongada por lumbalgia.

RESUMEN Introducción: Diversos autores han señalado factores asociados con cuadros graves y muerte por enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) como: edad, sexo, comorbilidades y elevación de marcadores inflamatorios (dímero D, proteína C reactiva e interleucina 6). Objetivo: Identificar factores asociados a gravedad y muerte en sujetos hospitalizados con neumonía por COVID-19. Métodos: Estudio transversal, analítico, prospectivo. Se estudiaron 111 sujetos ingresados con diagnóstico de neumonía por COVID-19, con oximetría mayor al 70% y menor al 90%. Se realizó análisis discriminante multivariante, la variable dependiente fue «desenlace» (muerte o alta hospitalaria); se calculó el modelo con el método de inclusión por pasos con cinco variables independientes: edad, proteína C reactiva, ferritina, oximetría al ingreso y comorbilidades. Resultados: Se estudiaron 111 sujetos con diagnóstico de neumonía por COVID-19. De ellos, 59 (53.15%) eran diabéticos, de los cuales 42 (71%) presentaron complicaciones. Hubo dos variables estadísticamente significativas en la comparación de promedios según el desenlace: los valores de proteína C reactiva (p < 0.000) y oximetría al ingreso hospitalario (p = 0.048). Conclusiones: El incremento de la proteína C reactiva entre los días 4-7 después del ingreso hospitalario y la oximetría de ingreso inferior al 80% se asoció con mortalidad hospitalaria en el 71% de los casos.

ABSTRACT Background: Several authors have identified factors associated with severe cases and death due to COVID-19; these include age, sex, comorbidities, and various elevated inflammatory markers such as D-dimer, C-reactive protein (CRP), and interleukin 6. Objective: To identify prognostic factors associated with severity and death in hospitalized subjects with COVID-19 pneumonia. Methods: Cross-sectional, analytical, prospective study, based on 111 patients admitted with a diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia, with oximetry higher than 70% and less than 90%. Multivariate discriminant analysis was an “outcome”, the dependent variable was the “outcome” (death or hospital discharge); the model was calculated using the stepwise inclusion method with five independent variables: age, C-reactive protein, ferritin, oximetry on admission and comorbidities. Results: 111 subjects with a diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia were studied. Of these, 59 (53.15%) were diabetic, of whom 42 (71%) presented complications. There were two statistically significant variables in the comparison of averages according to outcome: C-reactive protein values (p<0.000) and oximetry at hospital admission (p=0.048). Conclusions: Increased C-reactive protein between the fourth and seventh day of hospitalization, and admission oximetry below 80% were associated with in-hospital mortality in 71% of cases.

Resumen Antecedentes: En 1986 Fowler et al., describieron un síndrome en mujeres jóvenes con retención urinaria inexplicable asociado a esfínter uretral externo con escasa relajación. Estudios electromiográficos mostraron patrón anormal de actividad del esfínter en mujeres con síndrome de Fowler, sugiriendo que la retención es debida a propagación efáptica de los impulsos entre sus fibras musculares. Este síndrome es poco conocido y subdiagnosticado. Objetivo: Conocer las características miccionales y la uroflujometría de mujeres con síndrome de Fowler, atendidas en el Centro de Urología Avanzada CURA de Delicias, Chihuahua, entre enero 2018 y enero 2021. Materiales y métodos: Se revisaron expedientes de pacientes que acudieron y que fueron diagnosticadas como síndrome de Fowler. Se analizó las características demográficas, tiempo de evolución, principales síntomas, residuo post micción, diario vesical y uroflujometría con EMG de superficie. Resultados: Se encontraron diez mujeres con síndrome de Fowler, con antecedentes de retención aguda de orina (RAO). La media de edad fue de 41.4±17.51 años y la media del tiempo de evolución del síndrome fue de 31.2±23.46 meses. La media de la frecuencia urinaria fue 14.2±4.75 micciones/24h, la media del Qmax fue 22.74±11.49 cc/s, la media del volumen miccional fue 198.30±89.54cc y la media de orina residual fue 231.5±86.12 cc. Todas las pacientes mostraron trazo de EMG con un patrón de hipertonía y falta de relajación. Conclusiones: El síndrome de Fowler presenta un cuadro clínico que exhibe retención urinaria crónica con infecciones urinarias repetitivas, sin obstrucción infravesical. Su diagnóstico es posible por urodinámia no invasiva como la uroflujometría con EMG de superficie y evaluación del volumen post micción.

Abstract Backround: In 1986, Fowler et al. described a syndrome in which young women suffered of an unexplained urinary retention associated to a weak relaxing external urethral sphincter. Electromyographic studies have shown an abnormal activity of the urethral sphincter in Fowler´s Syndrome women, suggesting that urinary retention is due to an ephaptic transmission of impulses between their muscle fibers. However, this syndrome is yet unknown and underdiagnosed. Objective: To know the micturition characteristics and uroflowmetry of Fowler´s Syndrome patients attended at the Centro de Urología Avanzada CURA at Delicias city, Chihuahua, Mexico, from January 2018 to January 2021. Material and methods: Clinical records were examined from patients who attended the consultation and were diagnosed with the Fowler´s Syndrome. The demographic characteristics, evolution time process, mayor symptoms, residual post-voiding volume, bladder diary and the uroflowmetry using surface EMG, were determined. Results: Ten women were diagnosed with the Fowler´s Syndrome and presented a clinical record of acute urinary retention (AUR). The mean age was 41.4 ±17.51 years old and the mean of the syndrome evolution was 31.2±23.46 mo. The mean urinary frequency was 14.2±4.75 micturitions/24h, the mean of the Qmax was 22.74±11.49 cc/s. the mean voided volume was 198.30±89.54cc and the mean of post void volume was 231.5±86.12 cc. EMG in all patients showed a hypertonic and lack of relaxation pattern. Conclusions: In the clinic, Fowler´s syndrome exhibits chronic urinary retention with repetitive urinary infections without intravesical obstruction. Its diagnosis is possible through non-invasive urodynamic procedures such as uroflowmetry accompanied urethral surface EMG and post void volume assessment.

Resumen El objetivo de la investigación fue determinar la disposición a pagar por huevo de traspatio en cuatro localidades del municipio Texcoco, México, a través del Método de Valoración Contingente. Se aplicó una encuesta a 126 jefes de familia y se analizaron los datos mediante un Modelo Logit binomial. El 70 % estuvo dispuesto a pagar un sobre precio del 25 % por el consumo de este producto, con relación al huevo comercial. Las variables más significativas fueron, preocupación por la salud, consumo de frutas y verduras, ingreso mensual y edad. Los resultados revelan la posibilidad de establecer un mejor precio para el huevo de traspatio actual, superior al huevo comercial, lo que representa un aporte a la avicultura familiar de traspatio en la región de estudio.

Abstract Backyard egg production provides food and extra income to rural families. The resulting eggs are produced under conditions analogous to organic eggs, suggesting the possibility of a price premium for backyard eggs. The contingent valuation method was applied in a willingness-to-pay study of backyard eggs in four locations in the State of Mexico, Mexico. Results of a survey of 126 heads-of-household was analyzed using a binomial logit model. Most (70 %) interviewees were willing to pay a premium of 25 % for backyard eggs over the price for commercial eggs. The most significant variables were health awareness, fruit and vegetable consumption, monthly income and age. In the study area, backyard eggs could be sold at a premium price, potentially providing greater income to the rural families producing them.

ABSTRACT The aim of the present work was to explore the influence of consumer characteristics on purchase decisions when facing products with nutritional warnings a few days after their implementation in Uruguay. A non-probabilistic sample of 917 participants was obtained using an advertisement on social media. Participants were asked if they had seen the warning signs when making their food purchases and if they had seen the warnings on any product they intended to buy. Participants who answered affirmately (n= 616) were asked about their purchase decision by answering the question “What have you done with the product?” using the following response options: ‘I purchased it anyway’, ‘I purchased a similar product with fewer excess signs’, ‘I purchased a similar product without excess signs’, ‘I didn’t purchase the product or any similar one’. Univariate and multivariate multinomial logistic regression models were used to explore the influence of individual variables on participants’ likelihood of having taken different decisions when facing a product with warnings. Results showed that participants older than 55 years were more likely to react to the warnings by purchasing a similar product with fewer warnings or by not purchasing any product. Likelihood of modifying purchase decisions due to the inclusion of the warnings was associated with a frequent consumption of natural and minimally processed foods and a low consumption frequency of ultra-processed products. These results provide insights to target efforts to promote the use of nutritional warnings in decision making.

RESUMEN El objetivo del presente trabajo fue explorar la influencia de caraterísticas de los consumidores en sus decisiones de compra al enfrentar productos con advertencias nutricionales, unos días después de su implementación en Uruguay. Se obtuvo una muestra no probabilística de 917 participantes utilizando redes sociales. Se les preguntó a los participantes si habían visto las advertencias en un producto que tenían la intención de comprar. A los participantes que respondieron afirmativamente (n= 616) se les pidió qué indicarn qué habían hecho con el producto, utilizando las siguientes opciones de respuesta: ‘Lo compré igual’, ‘Compré un producto similar con menos símbolos de exceso’, ‘Compré un producto similar sín símbolos de exceso’ y ‘No compré el producto ni tampoco otro similar. Los datos se analizaron utilizaron modelos de regresión multinomial univariados y multivariados. Los participantes mayores de 55 años presentaron una mayor probabilidad de reaccionar a las advertencias no comprando el producto. La probabilidad de modificar la decisión de compra debido a las advertencias estuvo asociada con una mayor frecuencia de consumo de alimentos naturales y mínimamente procesados y una menor frecuencia de consumo de productos ultra-procesados. Los resultados del presente trabajo sugieren que los esfuerzos para promover el uso de las advertencias en la toma de decisiones deben estar focalizados en los ciudadanos con el mayor consumo de productos ultra-procesados.

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Abstract The purpose of plant health and protection is to generate actions for the control of agricultural pests and diseases, the use of pesticides and the determination of phytosanitary status for commercialization within the framework of food safety. However, plant protection as a normative and regulatory instrument has remained on the global and national scale, when pest management is mainly local. There is an institutional and territorial disarticulation regarding the regulation of pesticides. At a global level, Integrated Pest Management (IPM) was recognized as the public policy of pest management and control, at the local level, this structure did not arrive and is not applied due to the lack of a phytosanitary extension model. This means that the only means to eradicate agricultural pests is the indiscriminate use of pesticides, some prohibited, in other countries due to the significant effects on human health and the environment. However, Mexico allows its distribution and commercialization. The research was developed in the agricultural valley of Rioverde and Ciudad Fernández, two municipalities in the state of San Luis Potosí, considered an area of great importance in agricultural terms, above all, due to its high productivity of orange cultivation. It has also been characterized by the use of dangerous pesticides, which has affected the health of the population and concern for its most important resource, water. Due to the aforementioned, this work aimed to demonstrate that territorial governance problems constitute the most important challenge to face and solve the pesticide problem in Mexico. The methodological process had a qualitative and quantitative approach based on the extension of innovation through geotechnologies for the identification of areas and plots with greater use of pesticides to combat pests and diseases of crops. The methodological process consisted of two phases: a) the sampling was through the mobile application called “Agroquímicos LAGES” developed by the National Laboratory of Geoprocessing of Phytosanitary Information (LaNGIF), this process was in charge of students of Engineering in Agricultural Innovation Sustainable Institute of the Higher Technological Institute (ITS) and of Agroindustrial Engineering and Agronomic Engineering in Phytotechnics of the Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí (UASLP), generating a database with 22,939 data on producers, crops and pesticides; b) The data analysis consisted, first of all, in making a distinction between permitted and restricted pesticides detected in the area based on the Registry of Canceled Pesticides and Nutrients of the Federal Commission for Protection against Sanitary Risks (COFEPRIS) for later apply the non-parametric statistical hypothesis test Chi square (X2) and thus determine the existence of association between the level of education, type of crop (vegetables, corn and orange) and the taxonomic group with pesticides, likewise an analysis was carried out Multicriteria to identify and classify, through spatial nodes, the areas with restricted pesticide application and in turn, the characterization of the producers, the cultivation and the land tenure. As a result, it was obtained that the “agronomic houses” control the management of pesticides, which are small private businesses that face lax agricultural, environmental and health policies, and act outside the state and national regulations; In statistical terms, the crops with the highest frequency of restricted pesticide use were corn and vegetables, and in spatial terms, restricted pesticides such as: Diazinon, Glyphosate, Carbofuran, Chlorpyrifos Ethyl, Methamidophos, Metomil and Monocrotophos are applied in the El Refugio ejido. all Highly Hazardous Pesticides (HHP). Given this scenario, it is considered necessary to generate inventories according to the phytosanitary status of pests and diseases, in addition to diagnoses on the use of pesticides at a local scale. Without this, actions aimed at solving, remedying and reducing the economic, environmental and health problems caused by said disarticulation are difficult. The methodological triad that consisted of the use of geotechnologies, statistical analysis and spatial analysis allows us to generate diagnoses and monitor the use and management of pesticides, at low cost and at a local scale. It is important to note that the identification of the areas with the greatest application of restricted pesticides does not have the motivation to transfer responsibility to the producer. On the contrary, they are intended to direct phytosanitary extension actions to specific sites.

RESUMO Objetivo. Caracterizar o modelo dos impostos especiais de consumo sobre bebidas açucaradas na América Latina e no Caribe e avaliar oportunidades para aumentar o impacto desses impostos no consumo de bebidas açucaradas e na saúde. Métodos. Realizou-se uma pesquisa ampla e a análise de legislações vigentes em março de 2019, com informações obtidas por meio de instrumentos de monitoramento da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS) e da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) já existentes, fontes secundárias e levantamento junto aos ministérios da Fazenda. A análise centrou-se no tipo de produtos tributados e na estrutura e base desses impostos especiais de consumo. Resultados. Dos 33 países analisados, 21 aplicam impostos especiais de consumo sobre bebidas açucaradas. Em sete países os impostos especiais de consumo incidem também sobre água engarrafada e, em pelo menos quatro, incluem bebidas lácteas açucaradas. Dez desses tributos especiais são ad valorem com algumas bases tributárias estabelecidas no início da cadeia de valor, sete são de tipo específico e quatro têm uma estrutura combinada ou mista. Em três países os impostos especiais são estabelecidos com base na concentração de açúcares do produto. Conclusões. Apesar do número promissor de países com impostos especiais de consumo sobre bebidas açucaradas, verifica-se grande heterogeneidade nos modelos de tributação em termos de estrutura, base tributária e produtos tributados. Os impostos especiais de consumo vigentes poderiam ser mais bem aproveitados para aumentar o impacto no consumo de bebidas açucaradas e na saúde: incluir todas as categorias de bebidas açucaradas, excluir água engarrafada e recorrer mais a impostos de tipo específico com a correção periódica pela inflação e, possivelmente, com base na concentração de açúcares do produto. Todos os países se beneficiariam em receber mais orientação. Pesquisas futuras devem ter como objetivo abordar essa lacuna.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Caracterizar el diseño de los impuestos selectivos al consumo de bebidas azucaradas en América Latina y el Caribe, y evaluar las oportunidades de aumentar su impacto en el consumo y la salud. Métodos. Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda y una evaluación exhaustivas de legislaciones vigentes a marzo del 2019, recopilada mediante las herramientas de seguimiento ya existentes de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud y de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, fuentes secundarias, así como mediante una encuesta a ministerios de finanzas. El análisis se centró en el tipo de productos gravados y la estructura y la base de estos impuestos selectivos. Resultados. De los 33 países evaluados, en 21 se aplican impuestos selectivos al consumo de bebidas azucaradas. En siete países también se aplican impuestos selectivos al consumo de agua embotellada y en al menos cuatro, se incluyen las bebidas lácteas azucaradas. Diez de estos impuestos selectivos al consumo son de tipo ad valorem con algunas bases imponibles fijadas al principio de la cadena de valor, siete son de tipo específico y cuatro son de estructura combinada o mixta. En tres países se aplican impuestos selectivos al consumo en función de la concentración de azúcares del producto. Conclusiones. Si bien el número de países en que se aplican impuestos selectivos al consumo de bebidas azucaradas es prometedor, existe una gran heterogeneidad en su diseño en cuanto a la estructura, la base imponible y los productos gravados. Se podrían aprovechar aún más los impuestos selectivos existentes a fin de que tengan un mayor impacto sobre la salud y el consumo si se incluyen todas las categorías de bebidas azucaradas, excluyendo el agua embotellada, y recurriendo más a impuestos de tipo específico ajustados frecuentemente según la inflación y basados posiblemente en la concentración de azúcares del producto. Todos los países se beneficiarían si hubiera mayor orientación. Las próximas investigaciones deberían abordar esta brecha.

ABSTRACT Objective. To characterize the design of excise taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) in Latin America and the Caribbean and assess opportunities to increase their impact on SSB consumption and health. Methods. A comprehensive search and review of the legislation in effect as of March 2019, collected through existing Pan American Health Organization and World Health Organization monitoring tools, secondary sources, and surveying ministries of finance. The analysis focused on the type of products taxed, and the structure and base of these excise taxes. Results. Out of the 33 countries analyzed, 21 apply excise taxes on SSBs. Seven countries also apply excise taxes on bottled water and at least four include sugar-sweetened milk drinks. Ten of these excise taxes are ad valorem with some tax bases set early in the value chain, seven are amount-specific, and four have either a combined or mixed structure. Three countries apply excise taxes based on sugar concentration. Conclusions. While the number of countries applying excise taxes on SSBs is promising, there is great heterogeneity in design in terms of structure, tax base, and products taxed. Existing excise taxes could be further leveraged to improve their impact on SSB consumption and health by including all categories of SSBs, excluding bottled water, and relying more on amount-specific taxes regularly adjusted for inflation and possibly based on sugar concentration. All countries would benefit from additional guidance. Future research should aim to address this gap.

Resumen El objetivo de la investigación fue analizar la evolución y perdurabilidad de empresas bursátiles de la Bolsa Mexicana de Valores (BMV) de 1895 a 2016. El método de investigación fue un análisis histórico-descriptivo de 1663 empresas que cotizaron un año o más dentro de ese periodo. Se concluye que el 51.53 % de empresas dejan de ser bursátiles en los primeros cinco años. Utilizando la Teoría de Redes, y dos variables de centralidad estructural: grado nodal (nodal degree) y cercanía (closeness centrality), se evaluó la muestra de 91 empresas con 21 años o más de perdurabilidad en BMV; concluyendo que, 5.47 % perduró durante ese periodo. Los resultados del análisis muestran que los periodos presidenciales con mayor participación bursátil fueron: Porfiriato, Desarrollo estabilizador (López Mateos-Díaz Ordaz) y Neoliberalismo priista, (Salinas-Zedillo). Las variables de centralidad estructural demuestran que el sector industrial fue el de mayor perdurabilidad y el sector servicios el de mayor volatilidad en la BMV, existiendo correlación entre variables de grado nodal y cercanía: A mayor número años de empresas activas en la BMV, mayor cercanía empresarial existía con el presidente en turno. La relevancia de la investigación es ser el primer trabajo que analiza la perdurabilidad de empresas bursátiles en 121 años, mediante el análisis de redes.

Abstract The objective of the research was to analyze the evolution and perdurability of stock companies of the Mexican Stock Exchange (MSE) from 1895 to 2016. The research method was a historical-descriptive analysis of 1663 companies quoting a year or more within the period, concluding: 51.53 % of companies stop being stock in the first five years. Using the theory of networks, with two variables of structural centrality: nodal degree and closeness (centrality), the sample of 91 companies with 21 years or more of perdurability in MSE was evaluated; concluding that, 5.47 % lasted during the period. The results of the analysis conclude that the presidential periods with the highest market share were the ones of Porfiriato Stabilizing development (Lopez Mateos-Díaz Ordaz) and pri neoliberalism (Salinas-Zedillo). The centrality structural variables show the industrial sector was the one with greater perdurability, and the service sector the one with greater volatility in the MSE. There is a correlation between the variables of nodal degree and proximity: to a greater number of years of active companies in the MSE, a greater proximity business had with the president in turn. The relevance of the research is to be the first work that analyzes the perdurability of stock companies, through the analysis of networks in 121 years.

Resumo O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar a evolução e perdurabilida de de empresas bolsistas da Bolsa Mexicana de Valores (BMV) de 1895 a 2016. O método de pesquisa foi uma análise histórica-descritiva de 1663 empresas que cotizaram um ano ou mais dentro do período, concluindo: 51.53 % de empresas deixam de ser bolsistas nos primeiros cinco anos. Utilizando a Teoria de Redes, e duas variáveis de centralidade estrutural: grau nodal (nodal degree) e proximidade (closeness centrality), se avaliou a amostra de 91 empresas com 21 anos ou mais de perdurabilidade em BMV; concluindo que, 5.47 % perdurou durante esse período. Os resultados da análise concluem: os períodos presidenciais com maior participação bolsista foram: Porfiriato, Desenvolvimento estabilizador (López Mateos-Díaz Ordaz) e Neoliberalismo PRI, (Salinas-Zedillo). As variáveis de centralidade estrutural, demostram: setor industrial foi o de maior perdurabilidade e setor serviços o de maior volatilidade na BMV, existindo correlação entre variáveis de grau nodal e proximidade: a maior número de anos de empresas ativas na BMV, maior proximidade empresarial existia com o presidente em turno. A relevância da pesquisa é ser o primeiro trabalho que analisa a perdurabilidade de empresas bolsistas em 121 anos, mediante a análise de redes.