Abstract Introduction: This study aimed to assess the clinical, economic, and humanistic impact of short-bowel syndrome/chronic intestinal failure (SBS/CIF) in Portugal. Methods: This is a retrospective multicenter cohort chart review study, with a cross-sectional component for quality-of-life (QoL) evaluation. Inclusion criteria comprised patients with SBS/CIF, aged ≥1 year, with stable parenteral nutrition (PN). Data collection included patient chart review over a 12-month period and patient/caregiver self-report and SF-36/PedsQL™ questionnaires. Main endpoints comprised clinical and PN characterization, healthcare resource use (HRU), direct costs, and patient QoL. Results: Thirty-one patients were included (11 adults and 20 children). Patients’ mean age (standard deviation [SD]) was 57.9 (14.3) years in adults and 7.5 (5.0) years in children, with a mean time since diagnosis of 10.2 (5.9) and 6.6 (4.2) years, respectively. PN was administered for a mean of 5.2 and 6.6 days/week in adults and children, respectively; home PN occurred in 81.8% of adults and 90.0% of children for a mean of 9.6 and 10.8 months/year, respectively. The mean annual number of hospitalizations was 1.9 and 2.0 which lasted for a mean of 34.0 and 29.4 days in adults and children, respectively. Twenty-one and forty hospitalization episodes were reported in adults and children, respectively, of which 71.4% and 85.0% were due to catheter-related complications. Mean annual direct costs per patient amounted to 47,857.53 EUR in adults and 74,734.50 EUR in children, with PN and hospitalizations as the main cost-drivers. QoL assessment showed a clinically significant impaired physical component in adults and a notable deterioration in the school functioning domain in children. Conclusion: In Portugal, SBS/CIF patient management is characterized by a substantial therapeutic burden and HRU, translating into high direct costs and a substantial impairment of the adults’ physical function and children’s school functioning.

Resumo Introdução: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o impacto clínico, económico e social da síndrome do intestino curto/falência intestinal crónica (SIC/FIC) em Portugal. Métodos: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo e multicêntrico de revisão dos processos clínicos incluindo uma componente transversal para avaliação da qualidade de vida (QV). Os critérios de elegibilidade incluíram doentes com SIC/FIC, idade ≥1 ano, em nutrição parenteral (NP) e clinicamente estáveis. A recolha de dados incluiu a revisão dos processos clínicos ao longo de um período de 12 meses e a aplicação de questionários auto-administrados a doentes e cuidadores e de questionários de QV (SF-36/ PedsQL™). Os indicadores principais foram a caracterização clínica e da NP, a utilização de recursos de saúde, custos diretos e QV dos doentes. Resultados: Foram incluídos 31 doentes (11 adultos e 20 crianças). A idade média (desvio padrão: DP) foi de 57.9 (14.3) anos nos adultos e de 7.5 (5.0) nas crianças com um tempo médio desde o diagnóstico de 10.2 (5.9) e 6.6 (4.2) anos, respetivamente. A NP foi administrada durante uma média de 5.2 e 6.6 dias por semana, em adultos e crianças respetivamente, em 81.8% e 90.0% dos adultos/crianças foi feita em casa durante uma média de 9.6 ou 10.8 meses por ano, respetivamente. O número médio anual de hospitalizações foi de 1.9 (1.6) e 2.0 (1.5) com uma duração média de 34.0 (47.4) e 29.4 (32.3) dias, em adultos e crianças, respetivamente. Foram reportados 21 e 40 episódios de hospitalização em adultos/crianças, dos quais 71.4% e 85.0% foram devido a complicações relacionadas ao uso de cateter. Os custos diretos anuais médios por doente ascenderam a 47,857.53 EUR nos adultos e a 74,734.50 EUR nas crianças, sendo que os maiores responsáveis foram a NP e as hospitalizações. A avaliação da QV mostrou um comprometimento clinicamente significativo da componente física nos adultos e uma deterioração relevante da dimensão escolar nas crianças. Conclusões: A gestão dos doentes com SIC/FIC em Portugal é caracterizada por uma sobrecarga substancial a nível terapêutico e de utilização de recursos de saúde, o que se traduz em elevados custos diretos e comprometimento substancial da componente física nos adultos e do desempenho escolar nas crianças.

Objective to report the experience of production of surgical masks by a committee of technological innovation production. Method descriptive study of the experience-report type. The production process involved six seamstresses, one cutting the hospital nonwoven fabric, one at the Overlock stitch machine to make the finish of sides and four sewing with the Straight stitch machine. A 60-grammage nonwoven fabric, white thread and a cloaked galvanized wire were used. Result production reached 1,300 surgical masks per day. The process was managed by two nurses. Conclusion the strategy reported represented the production of 63,000 units of surgical masks and was an alternative to meet the demand for surgical masks in health services, contributing to improve the safety of health professionals within the scope of COVID-19.

Objetivo informar la experiencia de producción de mascarillas quirúrgicas por una comisión de producción de innovación tecnológica. Método estudio descriptivo del tipo informe de experiencia. El proceso de producción implicó seis costureras, una cortando la tela no tejida hospitalaria, una en la máquina Sobrehilada para hacer el acabado en los lados y cuatro cosiendo en la máquina Recta. Se utilizó una tela no tejida de 60 gramos, hilos blancos y un alambre galvanizado camuflado. Resultado la producción alcanzó 1.300 máscaras quirúrgicas por día. El proceso fue gestionado por dos enfermeras. Conclusión la estrategia reportada representó la producción de 63.000 unidades de mascarillas quirúrgicas y fue una forma alternativa de satisfacer la demanda de mascarillas quirúrgicas en los servicios de salud, contribuyendo a mejorar la seguridad de los profesionales de la salud en el contexto da la COVID-19.

Objetivo relatar a experiência de produção de máscaras cirúrgicas por uma comissão de produção de inovação tecnológica. Método estudo descritivo do tipo relato de experiência. O processo de produção envolveu seis costureiras, uma cortando o tecido-não-tecido hospitalar, uma na máquina Overlock para fazer o acabamento nas laterais e quatro, costurando na máquina Reta. Foi utilizado tecido-não-tecido gramatura de 60, linhas brancas e arame galvanizado encapado. Resultado a produção chegou a 1.300 máscaras cirúrgicas por dia. Todas passaram pelo teste de qualidade em uma central de distribuição antes de serem encaminhadas aos serviços de saúde. O processo foi gerenciado por duas enfermeiras. Conclusão a estratégia relatada representou a produção de 63 mil unidades de máscaras cirúrgicas e foi uma maneira alternativa de suprir a demanda de máscaras cirúrgicas nos serviços de saúde, contribuindo para melhorar a segurança dos profissionais de saúde no âmbito da COVID-19.

ABSTRACT Geopropolis is produced by some stingless bee species such as Melipona fasciculata and consists of a mixture of plant resins, salivary secretions of the bee, wax, and soil. This study evaluated the antileishmanial activity in vitro, cytotoxicity and chemical composition of geopropolis produced by M. fasciculata in the savannah region of Maranhão, Brazil. The geopropolis extract was obtained through maceration using in 70% ethanol. The hydroalcoholic extract of geopropolis after liquid–liquid partition yielded the hexane, chloroformic, ethyl acetate and hydroalcoholic fractions. Antileishmanial activity was evaluated against promastigote and intracellular amastigote of Leishmania amazonensis. Cytotoxic was realized in BALB/c mice peritoneal macrophages. Chemical analysis was performed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography coupled to an ultraviolet–visible detector. The geopropolis inhibited the L. amazonensis promastigotes growth and was effective in reducing the infection of murine macrophages since the number of internalized amastigotes were smaller in cells treated with the geopropolis extract in relation to the untreated group. The ethyl acetate fraction was the most active and showed the highest index of selectivity as antileishmanial product. The geopropolis from M. fasciculata had an antileishmanial effect, mainly after the obtention of the ethyl acetate fraction that improved the activity without increasing the cytotoxicity against murine macrophages. Analysis for gas chromatography-mass spectrometer identified as main compounds the gallic and ellagic phenolic acids, either in the extract or in the active fraction. The results obtained by high performance liquid chromatography it was possible to confirm the presence and quantify the concentration gallic and ellagic acid either in the extract or in the active fraction. These results suggest that the antileishmanial activity of geopropolis is related to the presence of derivatives of these phenolic acids, mainly gallic and ellagic acids.

ABSTRACT Introduction The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of GBS colonization in pregnant women in a public health service. Methods A study of 496 pregnant women at 35-37 gestational weeks was conducted from September 2011 to March 2014 in 21 municipalities of the 18th Health Region of Paraná State. Vaginal and anorectal samples of each woman were plated on sheep blood agar, and in HPTH and Todd-Hewitt enrichment broths. Results Of the 496 pregnant women, 141 (28.4%) were positive for GBS based on the combination of the three culture media with vaginal and anorectal samples. The prevalence was 23.7% for vaginal samples and 21.9% for anorectal ones. Among the variables analyzed in this study, only urinary infection was a significant factor (0.026) associated with GBS colonization in women. Conclusions Based on these results, health units should performs universal screening of pregnant women and hospitals should provide adequate prophylaxis, when indicated.

RESUMO: A colibacilose é a principal causa infecciosa de condenação total de carcaça em frangos de corte no sul do Brasil. Esse trabalho tem por objetivo determinar o grau de concordância entre a condenação total por colibacilose de frangos de corte abatidos em estabelecimento sob Serviço de Inspeção Federal (SIF) com o diagnóstico anatomopatológico e bacteriológico. O estudo foi realizado com 45 frangos de corte condenados totalmente por colibacilose (caso) e seus respectivos 45 controles (frangos sem lesões). Em todos os frangos condenados pelo SIF havia lesões macroscópicas e, nos controles não se observou. Através do teste Kappa-Cohen´s essas duas variáveis apresentaram concordância quase perfeita. As aves condenadas apresentaram lesões em fígado (27/45); em fígado e sacos aéreos (11/45); em fígado e coração (2/45); fígado, sacos aéreos e coração (2/45); fígado, sacos aéreos e oviduto (1/45); fígado, sacos aéreos, coração e tecido subcutâneo (1/45); e fígado, sacos aéreos, oviduto e baço (1/45). Observou-se concordância quase perfeita entre condenação e lesão hepática. Histologicamente, em 41 casos e 12 controles observaram-se lesões, sendo os mais frequentes hepatite necrosante aleatória, bronquite fibrino-heterofílica, pericardite aguda e traqueíte linfoplasmocitária. Nas aves com hepatite identificou-se E. coli, Enterococcus sp. e Streptococcus sp. (10/38) e, nas aves com bronquite ou broncopneumonia isolou-se Escherichia coli e Staphylococcus coagulase positiva (9/14). O PCR em tempo real e a imuno-histoquímica para Mycoplasma gallisepticum e M. synoviae foram negativos. Nos casos de condenação total por colibacilose o fígado foi o principal órgão acometido, portanto, o critério de condenação deveria ser revisto, sugerindo condenação por hepatite nesses casos, já que outras bactérias podem causar hepatite, como foi demonstrado nesse estudo.

ABSTRACT: Colibacillosis is the main infectious cause of total carcass condemnation in broilers in southern Brazil. This study aims to determine the degree of agreement between the total carcass condemnation for colibacillosis in broilers slaughtered in establishments under Federal Inspection Service (SIF) with the pathological and bacteriological diagnosis. The study was conducted with 45 broilers totally condemned by colibacillosis (case) and theirs 45 respective controls (chickens without lesions). All broilers condemned had gross lesions and the controls had not. The Kappa-Cohen’s test showed that these two variables had almost perfect agreement. Broilers condemned showed lesions in liver (27/45); liver and air sacs (11/45); liver and heart (2/45); liver, heart and air sacs (2/45); liver, air sacs and oviduct (1/45); liver, air sacs, heart and subcutaneous (1/45); and liver, air sacs, oviduct and spleen (1/45). There is almost perfect agreement between carcass condemnation and liver damage. Histologically, in 41 cases and 12 controls were observed lesions, the most frequent diagnoses were random necrotizing hepatitis, fibrinous-heterophilic bronchitis, acute pericarditis and lymphoplasmacytic tracheitis. In hepatitis cases was isolated Escherichia coli, Enterococcus sp. and Streptococcus sp. (10/38) and in bronchitis or bronchopneumonia E. coli and coagulase positive Staphylococcus (9/14). The polymerse chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) tests for Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M. synoviae were negative. In cases of total carcass condemnation by Colibacillosis the liver was the main organ affected. Therefore, the condemnation criteria should be revised, suggesting conviction for hepatitis in these cases, because other bacteria can cause hepatitis, as demonstrated in this study.

Marco contextual: El Accidente Cerebro Vascular causa cambios permanentes en vida del paciente y del cuidador y en consecuencia en la calidad de vida de los mismos. Objetivos: Evaluar la calidad de vida de los cuidadores e de los pacientes con accidente cerebrovascular ingresados en la Unidad de accidente cerebrovascular del Centro Hospitalar do Baixo Vouga Metodología: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo y transversal, com amuestra non probabilística por conveniencia. Resultados: Las variables sociodemográficas y clínicas influyen en la calidad de vida. Después de 2 meses los pacientes y el cuidador tienen una peor calidad de vida. Conclusión: Mediante la comparación de la calidad de vida del paciente con el cuidador tanto en el momento de la hospitalización como en la revaluación a los 2 meses (después del alta), concluimos que ambos tienen peor calidad de vida, después del accidente cerebrovascular. Aún concluímos que el cuidador tiene una mejor calidad de vida que lo paciente, pero la diferencia no es estadísticamente significativa.

Enquadramento: O acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) pode provocar alterações permanentes no paciente e no prestador de cuidados (PC) e consequentemente na qualidade de vida (QV). Objetivos: Avaliar a perceção da QV dos prestadores de cuidados e dos pacientes com AVC internados na Unidade de Acidentes Vasculares Cerebrais do Centro Hospitalar do Baixo Vouga. Metodologia: Estudo quantitativo, descritivo e transversal, com amostra não probabilística por conveniência. Resultados: As variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas influenciam a QV. Dois meses após o AVC, tanto os pacientes como os PC apresentam pior QV. Conclusão: Ao compararmos a QV do paciente e do PC tanto no momento de internamento como na reavaliação aos 2 meses (após a alta) concluímos que ambos têm pior QV aos 2 meses após o AVC. Concluímos ainda que o PC apresenta melhor QV do que o paciente, no entanto a diferença não é estatisticamente significativa.

Background: Stroke may cause permanent changes in the patient and in the caregiver and, consequently, in their quality of life. Objectives: To assess the perception of quality of life of caregivers and stroke patients hospitalized in the Stroke Unit of the Hospital Center of Baixo Vouga. Methodology: Quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study, with a non-probability convenience sample. Results: The socio-demographic and clinical variables influence the quality of life. Two months after the stroke, both the patients and the caregivers have worse quality of life. Conclusion: When comparing patients' and caregivers' quality of life at the time of hospitalization and at the 2-month follow- -up (after discharge), we concluded that both have worse quality of life 2-months after the stroke. We also concluded that the caregivers have better quality of life than the patients, although this difference was not statistically significant.

Se presenta la revisión de los valores de referencia de proteínas. Se determinó el consumo de la población venezolana según las Encuestas de Seguimiento al Consumo de Alimentos (ESCA) 2010- 2012. La dieta aportó proteínas de buena calidad, combinando alimentos de origen animal y vegetal en relación aproximada de 1:1. Los valores de referencia se calcularon en base a la ingesta proteica segura indicada por WHO/ FAO/ONU 2007, y ajustando el aporte de proteínas según edad, peso y contribución a la fórmula calórica de proteínas para una actividad física ligera. Los valores de referencia de proteínas recomendados como ingesta segura en g/kg/día son: para niñas y niños, menores de 1 año 1,14 a 1,80; de 1 a 3 años 0,90 a 1,14; de 4 a 6 años 0,86 a 0,89; y de 7 a 10 años 0,91 a 0,92. En adolescentes de 12 a 19 años, el promedio es de 0,88 y 1,07 para el sexo masculino y femenino respectivamente. En adultos de 20 a 59 años, se recomienda 0,83 y en adultos mayores de 60 años 1,00 para hombres y mujeres. En embarazadas se recomiendan consumos adicionales de proteínas según el trimestre de gestación. Las embarazadas adolescentes deben consumir 1,2 a 1,7 g/ kg/día adicional al requerimiento normal. En mujeres lactantes, los valores difieren entre los primeros seis meses post-parto y después de seis meses lactando. En esta actualización de 2012 los valores de referencia de proteínas resultaron en general menor a los recomendados en la revisión del año 2000.

Reference values of proteins for the Venezuelan population. This study presents the reference values for protein requirements. The consumption of the Venezuelan population was obtained according to the Food Consumption Monitoring Survey (ESCA) 2010-2012. The diet provided good quality proteins, combining animal and vegetable foods in an approximate ratio of 1:1.The reference values were calculated based on the safe levels of protein intake recommended by WHO/FAO/UN 2007, with an adjustment for protein supply depending on age, weight, and contribution to the caloric formula of proteins for light physical activity. The reference values for protein requirements recommended as safe levels of intake in g/kg/day are 1.14 to 1.80 for males and females less than one-year-old, from 1 to 3 years, 0.90 to 1.14; from 4 to 6 years old, 0.86 to 0.89; and from 7 to 10 years old, 0.91 to 0.92. For adolescents, the average is 0.88 and 1.07 for males and females, respectively. In adults from 20 to 59 years old, 0.83 for men and women is recommended, and for older adults, 1.00 for men and women. In pregnant women, additional consumptions are recommended according to gestation time. Adolescent pregnant women must consume additional 1.2 to 1.7 g/kg/day to normal requirement. In breastfeeding women, the values differ between the first six months postnatal period and after six months of breastfeeding. The reference values for protein in this update were lower than the values of the 2000 version.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el contenido de polifenoles y la capacidad antioxidante en bebidas elaboradas con panela (edulcorante natural obtenido de la concentración del jugo de caña), a fin de evaluar su potencial como fuentes de antioxidantes. En bebidas elaboradas con tres marcas de panela (A, B y C) sabor a limón, mandarina y durazno, se determinó el contenido de polifenoles totales utilizando el reactivo de Folin-Ciocalteu y la capacidad antioxidante por tres métodos: Eficiencia antirradical DPPH, poder reductor férrico (FRP) y capacidad de absorción de radicales de oxígeno (ORAC). El contenido de polifenoles varió de 0,76 a 1,26 g EAG/mL y 0,73 a 1,32 g EAT/mL, observando un mayor contenido para la bebida sabor a limón seguido por mandarina y durazno. Las bebidas tienen una Eficiencia Antirradical (EA) baja y los compuestos antioxidantes presentes muestran una cinética lenta. El poder reductor férrico fue de 8,28 a 10,41 mmol Fe+2/L. Los valores de ORAC variaron desde 1.536 hasta 5.220 μmol ET/100mL, siendo las elaboradas con la marca B la de mayor ORAC, seguida por la marca A y C. La interacción marca-sabor afecta de forma significativa el contenido de polifenoles totales y la EA, además el procesamiento térmico afecta significativamente la EA (p < 0,05). Los valores de polifenoles encontrados y la capacidad antioxidante mostrada por las bebidas elaboradas con panela indican que son productos potencialmente con capacidad antioxidante.

Polyphenols content and antioxidant capacity in beverages made with panela. The objective of this work was to determine the total polyphenols content and antioxidant capacity in beverages made with panela (a natural sweetener obtained after drying the unrefined whole sugarcane juice) in order to assess their potential as sources of antioxidants. In beverages made with three panela brands (A, B and C) with lemon, tangerine and peach flavors, the total polyphenols content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu ´s reactive and antioxidant capacity was determined by three methods: antiradical efficiency DPPH, ferric reducing power (FRP) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). The total polyphenols content ranged from 0.76 to 1.26 EAG g/mL and 0.73 to 1.32 EAT g/mL. The lemon flavored beverage showed the highest total polyphenols content followed by tangerine and peach flavored beverages. The three beverages had a low antiradical efficiency (AE) and the antioxidant compounds present in the beverages showed a slow kinetic. The ferric reducing power ranged from 8.28 to 10.41 mmol Fe+2/L. The ORAC values ranged from 1,536 to 5.220 μmol ET/100mL. The brand B showed the highest ORAC, followed by brands A and C. The brand-flavor interaction significantly affects the total polyphenols content and the EA, thermal processing also significantly affect the AE (p<0.05). The values of polyphenols and antioxidant capacity found in the beverages made with panela indicate that they are products potentially with antioxidant capacity.

Background: Systemic fungal infections and specifically invasive aspergillosis (IA) are associated with a high morbi-mortality rate in patients with hematologic malignancies. Itraconazole kinetic studies show that plasma levels are not satisfactory, even though there is a reduction of the severity in clinical cases. Aim: To evaluate the results of oral prophylaxis with high dose itraconazole, 400 mg bid, among patients with adult acute leukemia. Material and Methods: Prospective analysis of 93 high risk febrile episodes (with an absolute neutrophil count of less than 500 x mm3 for more 10 days), that occurred in 76 patients. Results: Seventy five percent of episodes occurred in patients with acute myeloid leukemia and 25% in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Fifty two percent occurred during the induction of chemotherapy. Median duration of severe neutropenia was 21 days (range 10-48). Median duration of itraconazole prophylaxis was 17 days (range 6-34). A low frequency of invasive fungal infections was observed (17%). According to diagnostic criteria, 5% of episodes corresponded to persistent fever , 1% and 11% of episodes, to probable or possible IA, respectively. No confirmed or proven IA was observed. Mortality of IA was 18%. No serious adverse events due to itraconazole were observed. Conclusions: The use of high dose itraconazole prophylaxis in adult patients with acute leukemia and severe neutropenia was associated to low incidence and mortality of invasive mycoses.

The mesenteric cysts are uncommon and represent less than one case out of 100 000 hospital admissions. The first time they were described was on 1507 and on 1880 Dr. Tillaux was the first surgeon which removed a mesenteric cyst successfully. The present case report is about a patient of 64 years old that had mesogastric and left quadrant volume mass together with nausea and throbbing along with labs results including tumor markers all being on average normal range. The abdomen CT report of the patient showed a cyst mass of about 10 x 10 cm with probable diagnose of mesentericcyst. The surgery was performed with such preop diagnosis finding a mass of 15x10cm strongly dependent to root mesentery which was able to be removed. The histopatologic report was a simple mesenteric Cyst. The patient followed good postop follow and got off on the fourth day after surgery and getting reviewed at clinic with good outcome. The mesenteric cysts are rare pathologies and the bibliography reviews are few being more often at pediatric time and at adult age being shown with vague abdominal pain, bad located together with nausea. The last treatment is always surgical remove.

Los quistes mesentéricos son poco frecuentes y representan menos de 1 de cada 100,000 ingresos hospitalarios. Fueron descritos por primera vez en 1507, y en 1880 Tillaux fue el primer cirujano que extirpó uno en forma exitosa. El presente reporte de caso se trata de una paciente de 64 años de edad que presentaba un aumento de volumen progresivo a nivel de mesogastrio e hipocondrio izquierdo, acompañado de náusea y dolor punzante intermitente. Contaba con exámenes de laboratorio que incluían marcadores tumorales, los cuales se encontraban dentro de rangos normales. La tomografía axial computada (TAC) de abdomen mostraba una imagen quística de aproximadamente 10 x 10 cm y diagnóstico probable de quiste mesentérico. Se realizó intervención quirúrgica programada con el diagnóstico preoperatorio de probable quiste mesentérico y se encontró un tumor de 15 x 10 cm dependiente de mesenterio, firmemente adherido la raíz del mismo, que se pudo extirpar sin dificultad. El reporte histopatológico fue de quiste simple de mesenterio. La paciente cursó con buena evolución posquirúrgica; egresó al cuarto día y fue dada de alta del servicio al tercer mes en la consulta externa de cirugía general. Los quistes mesentéricos constituyen patologías raras, y las referencias bibliográficas continúan siendo pocas, es más frecuente en la edad pediátrica y su presentación clínica en adultos generalmente se presenta con dolores abdominales vagos y poco localizados y en ocasiones acompañado de náuseas. El tratamiento definitivo lo constituye generalmente la escisión quirúrgica, con preferencia la enucleación.

Los cereales son fuente importante de macronutrientes que varían con el procesamiento y preparación antes de su consumo. La cocción mejora el sabor de los alimentos, los hace agradables y más digeribles. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar los cambios producidos en la composición proximal de la harina de maíz precocida, arroz blanco, pasta alimenticia y cereales infantiles al momento de la preparación en el hogar, a fin de actualizar y aportar datos a la Tabla de Composición de Alimentos (TCA) de Venezuela. Se adquirieron 87 muestras de productos alimenticios entre harina de maíz precocida, arroz blanco, pasta alimenticia y cereales infantiles. Las muestras fueron captadas en expendios oficiales (MERCAL) y cadenas de supermercados en diferentes zonas de Caracas. Se obtuvieron 11 lotes, los cuales fueron analizados crudos y cocidos (forma habitual de preparación en el hogar). Los análisis realizados fueron humedad, proteínas, grasas y cenizas utilizando métodos oficiales. Los resultados porcentuales indican que existen diferencias significativas (p<0,05) entre los parámetros evaluados para las diferentes marcas, entre los productos crudos y cocidos. Todos los cereales crudos tienen una humedad menor de 11,12 % y presentan variaciones porcentuales en proteínas de 7,07 a 15,02, grasas de 1,18 a 2,50 y cenizas de 0,40 a 2,38 cumpliendo lo establecido en la Norma COVENIN correspondiente. En las muestras preparadas para el consumo, las variaciones porcentuales son: humedad entre 56,31 y 75,97, las proteínas de 2,53 a 5,38, las grasas de 0,36 a 1,22, y las cenizas 0,16 a 0,72. Se concluye que el mayor cambio que experimentan los alimentos en su procesamiento doméstico es la humedad (absorción y evaporación de agua), la cual diluye y modifica los componentes, que en el caso de las proteínas se reducen en mas del 50%, por esto para el efecto de cálculo de aporte de macronutrientes debe considerarse el contenido tal y como se consume el alimento. Los resultados obtenidos son semejantes a los reportados en la versión 2000 de la TCA.

Cereals are an important source of macronutrients that vary with the processing and preparation before their consumption. Cooking improves the taste of food, nice and makes them nicer and more digestible. The objective was to evaluate the changes produced in the proximate composition of precooked cornmeal, white rice, pasta and baby cereals at the time of preparation at home, aiming to update and provide data to the Venezuelan Food Composition Table (TCA). Eighty-seven samples of food products were purchased among precooked cornmeal, white rice, pasta and baby cereals. The samples were acquired at government outlets (MERCAL) and supermarket chains in different areas of Caracas. Eleven lots were obtained, which were analysed raw and cooked (usual home preparation). The analyses performed were moisture, protein, fat and ash, using official methods. The percentage results indicate significant differences (p <0.05) for the evaluated parameters between raw and cooked products for different brands. All raw cereals have humidity lower than 11.12%, and show protein percentage variations from 7.07 to 15.02, fat from 1.18 to 2.50 and ash from 0.40 to 2.38 meeting the provisions of the corresponding COVENIN standard. In the samples prepared for consumption, the percentage variations are: humidity between 56.31 and 75.97, protein from 2.53 to 5.38, fat from 0.36 to 1.22, and ash from 0.16 to 0 72. The major change these foodstuffs experience by domestic food processing is the moisture (water absorption and evaporation), which dilutes and modifies the components, which in the case of proteins are reduced by more than 50%, and thus for calculating the supply of macronutrients, the content should be considered as the foodstuff is consumed. The results obtained are similar to those reported in the 2000 version of the TCA.

El lactosuero derivado de la elaboración de quesos casi siempre ha sido considerado como un desecho con poco valor comercial. Su destino sigue siendo uno de los problemas más serios que enfrenta la industria láctea a nivel mundial. En el mercado existen productos que incluyen al lactosuero como ingrediente, principalmente como medio para aumentar los sólidos lácteos a un bajo costo y, en menor grado, para aprovechar algunas de sus propiedades funcionales de las proteínas del suero, tales como, formación de espuma, retención de agua libre y espesante. Debido a una continua actividad de investigación, se está logrando incrementar el número de aplicaciones funcionales (como fuente de péptidos con actividad biológica: hipotensivos, antioxidantes, antitrombóticos e inmunomoduladores, entre otros) y nutricionales (como fuente de energía, aminoácidos esenciales, vitaminas y minerales), promoviendo así el empleo del lactosuero como ingrediente y como alimento funcional. En los últimos años, relativamente pocos estudios han reportado el papel que juegan algunas fracciones peptídicas del lactosuero sobre la salud de los consumidores, en comparación con las derivadas de las caseínas, que han recibido mayor atención. En la presente revisión se recopiló información, sobre las investigaciones realizadas para el aprovechamiento de la fracción proteica del lactosuero como fuente de péptidos bioactivos.

Whey derived from cheese making operations has always been regarded as a low value waste. It´s destination is still one of the most serious problems faced by the dairy industry worldwide. Some food products in the market include whey as an ingredient, mainly as a way to increase dairy solids at a low cost, and to a lesser degree, to take advantage of its functional properties, such as foaming, water retention and thickening agent. Thanks to a continuous research activity, there has been an increase in the number of functional (as a source of peptides with biological activity: hypotensives, antioxidants, antithrombotics or immunomodulators, among others) and nutritional applications (as a source of energy, essential amino acids, vitamins and minerals), promoting the use of whey as an ingredient and a functional food. Recently, relatively few studies have reported the role that some whey peptide fractions play over the consumer´s health, in comparison with those derived from caseins. This review compiles information, regarding research done on whey as a source of bioactive peptides.

A rapadura é um adoçante natural obtido pela concentração do suco de cana-de-açúcar e elaborado artesanalmente em pequenas fábricas. No estudo realizado, se determinaram as propriedades físicas e químicas de rapaduras granuladas artesanais de duas marcas comerciais e de uma produzida em nível experimental. Analisaram-se três lotes de cada amostra. Os parâmetros medidos foram umidade, a w, proteína, cinzas, minerais, açúcares redutores, sacarose, pH, cor (L, a e b), sólidos insolúveis (SI), turbidez e filtrabilidade. Também se realizou uma prova qualitativa para detectar dióxido de enxofre. Os parâmetros de maior variabilidade foram umidade (1.66-4.36 g.100 g-1), a w (0.51-0.69), açúcares redutores (4.58-11.48 g.100 g-1), pH (5.58-6.90) e cor. O potássio foi o mineral mais abundante. Encontrou-se uma relação inversa entre SI e turbidez (R² = 0,96) e uma relação direta entre SI e cinzas (R² = 0,94). A prova de dióxido de enxofre resultou negativa para todas as amostras.

"Panela" is a natural sweetener obtained by concentrating sugar cane juice and handmade in small factories. In the study carried out, the physical and chemical properties of two commercial brands of artisanal granulated panelas and of one made on an experimental level were determined. Three lots of each sample were analyzed. The parameters measured were moisture, a w, protein, ash, minerals, reducing sugars, sucrose, pH, color (L, a and b), insoluble solids (IS), transmittance a 720 nm and filterability. In addition, a qualitative test to detect sulphur dioxide was performed. The parameters with higher variability were moisture (1.66-4.36 g.100 g-1), a w (0.51-0.69), reducing sugars (4.58-11.48 g.100 g-1), pH (5.58-6.90), and color. Potassium was the most abundant mineral (229.52-1027.18 mg.100 g-1). An inverse relationship between IS and transmittance at 720 nm (R² = 0.96) and a direct relationship between IS and ash (R² = 0.94) were found. The sulphur dioxide test was negative for all the samples.

Los cereales más consumidos en Venezuela son maíz, trigo y arroz, el último de los cuales tiene mayor rendimiento y un mejor valor nutricional que disminuye al procesarlo para obtener el arroz blanco. El arroz integral, rico en vitaminas y minerales, presenta bajo consumo por su largo tiempo de cocción (45-60min), baja estabilidad y atributos sensoriales no atractivos. En los últimos años ha habido un auge en el desarrollo de productos saludables y de rápida preparación. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo la obtención y evaluación de arroz integral de cocción rápida. Se utilizó un proceso de tres etapas: 1) Remojo: Se evaluaron los efectos de la solución, temperatura y tiempo sobre la absorción de agua, incremento de volumen y humedad. 2) Cocción: Se estudió los efectos de la temperatura y el tiempo sobre la absorción de agua, incremento de volumen y gelatinización; el tratamiento que resultó mejor se comparó con la cocción a vapor. 3) Secado: Se utilizaron dos temperaturas y se midió la capacidad de rehidratación. Se determinó la composición proximal y el contenido de minerales al arroz crudo y precocido. Se obtuvo un arroz integral de cocción rápida (25min) el cual mantuvo sus características nutricionales, en cuanto a proteínas, grasa y minerales.

The cereals of highest consumption in Venezuela are corn, wheat and rice, the later having a higher yield and a better nutritional value that decreases with processing. Brown rice is rich in vitamins and minerals and its consumption is low, due to its long cooking time (45-60min). In recent years there has been a boom in the development of healthy products of fast preparation. The objective was to obtain and evaluate a quick-cooking brown rice. A three-stage process was used: 1) Soaking. The effects of dissolution, temperature and time on the water absorption, volume increase and humidity were evaluated. 2) Cooking. The effects of temperature and time on water absorption, volume increase and gelatinization were studied, and the best treatment was compared with heating in an autoclave. 3) Drying. Two temperatures were used and the rehydration capacity was measured. The composition and mineral content of the raw brown rice and the quick cooking brown rice were determined. A quick cooking (25min) brown rice was obtained which maintained its nutritional characteristics in terms of protein, fat and minerals.

Os cereais mais consumidos na Venezuela são o milho, trigo e arroz. Este último tem maior rendimento e melhor valor nutritivo, o que diminue com o processamento para obter o arroz branco. O arroz integral, rico em vitaminas e minerais, apresenta baixo consumo pelo longo tempo de cocção (45-60min). Nos últimos anos tem existido aumento no desenvolvimento de produtos saudaveis e de rápida preparaçao, pelo que o objetivo deste estudo é a obtençao e avaliaçao de um arroz integral de cocção rápida. Utilizou-se o um proceso e tres etapas: 1) Colocar de molho e avaliar os efeitos da solução, temperatura e tempo sobre a absorção de agua, aumento de volume e umidade. 2) Cocção. Estudou-se os efeitos da temperatura e tempo sobre a absorção de agua, aumento de volume e gelatinização; o tratamento que resoltou melhor comparou-se com a cocção a vapor. 3) secado. Utilizaram-se duais temperaturas e midiu-se a capacidade de rehidratação. Determinou-se a composição proximal e o conteúdo de minerais do arroz crú e precocido. Obteve-se um arroz integral de cocção rápida (25min) o qual manteve suas caracteristicas nutricionais, quanto a proteinas, gordura e minerais.