ABSTRACT Introduction. Porvac( is a subunit vaccine against Classical Swine Fever (CSF), whose active principle is the chimeric protein between the E2 antigen and the molecular adjuvant CD154. Its ability to prevent transplacental transmission and to protect 7 days after one dose was demonstrated. This paper summarizes the safety, immunogenicity and efficacy studies of this vaccine at different ages and handling conditions. Methods. The vaccine was produced under GMP conditions. Dubroc x Yorkshire crossbreed swine were used in all experiments. The general immunization schedule consists in two immunizations on days 0 and 21 by the intramuscular route in the neck. The neutralizing antibody response was measured by the NPLA assay. Viral challenge experiments were conducted in controlled areas. Results and Discussion. Porvac( was safe and well tolerated in piglets and pregnant sows. No local or systemic reactions were documented. The number of offspring, their weight and survival in vaccinated sows was similar to unvaccinated controls. Different immunization schedules with Porvac( induce protective neutralizing antibodies (NAb). The titers of maternal derived antibodies (MDA) in the offspring of Porvac( or Attenuated Life vaccine and Porvac( vaccinated sows were higher than 1:200 up to at least 8 weeks of life. The MDA were able to protect piglets from a lethal viral challenge. Those MDA did not interfere with Porvac( vaccination of the piglets 15 days after birth or more. Finally, Porvac( induced NAb titers persisted during 9 months above 1:2000 and were still protective against the viral challenge. Conclusions. The results demonstrate the capacity of Porvac( to be safe and to induce robust and long term immunity through all the life of the animals, without immunological windows.

RESUMEN Introducción. Porvac( es una vacuna de subunidad contra la peste porcina clásica, cuyo principio activo es la proteína quimérica entre el antígeno E2 y el adyuvante molecular CD154. Se ha demostrado su capacidad para evitar la transmisión transplacentaria y proteger 7 días después de una dosis. El presente trabajo ha resumido los estudios de seguridad y eficacia de esta vacuna en diferentes edades y condiciones de manejo. Métodos. La vacuna se produjo en condiciones de BPM. Para los ensayos clínicos se emplearon cerdos Dubroc x Yorkshire. Por lo general, se empleó un esquema de 2 dosis los días 0 y 21 y se administraron 2 mL por vía intramuscular. La respuesta de anticuerpos neutralizantes se midió por NPLA. Los ensayos de desafío viral se realizaron en áreas controladas. Resultados. Se demostró la seguridad de Porvac( en crías y en cerdas gestantes. No se observaron reacciones locales ni sistémicas. El número de crías, su peso y sobrevida fue similar en las cerdas vacunadas y sus controles. Se evidenció la capacidad de Porvac( al inducir títulos de anticuerpos neutralizantes (AcN) protectores con diferentes esquemas. Los títulos de AcN calostrales (AcNC) en las crías de madres vacunadas con Porvac® o con VVA y Porvac( fueron superiores a 1:200 hasta al menos 8 semanas. Los AcNC fueron suficientes para proteger a las crías frente al reto viral letal. Se demostró que los AcNC no interferían en la vacunación con Porvac( en crías a partir de 15 días de nacidas. Finamente, los títulos de AcN inducidos por Porvac( persistieron durante 9 meses por encima de 1:2000 y protegieron frente al retoviral. Conclusiones . Los resultados evidenciaron la seguridad de Porvac( y su capacidad para inducir una inmunidad robusta y sostenida en los animales desde su nacimiento hasta la muerte, sin ventanas inmunológicas durante todo el ciclo productivo.

Resumo Existem escassos estudos de parasitismo em gaivota-de-Franklin Leucophaeus pipixcan, e o conhecimento sobre seus endoparasitas é ainda mais limitado. Com o objetivo de descrever sua comunidade parasitaria, um total de 60 gaivotas-de-Franklin foram capturadas usando-se armadilhas Bal-chatri numa zona costeira do centro do Chile. A pesquisa de ectoparasitas foi realizada em todos os indivíduos capturados e, para os endoparasitas, foram examinados 30 deles por necropsias. A prevalência de ectoparasitas foi de 78,3%, incluíndo o ácaro de pena Zachvatkinia larica (43,3%) e outras quatro espécies de piolhos, Actornithophilus piceus lari (15,0%), Austromenopon transversum (6,7%), Quadraceps punctatus (10,0%) e Saemundssonia lari (46,7%). Das aves necropsiadas, 83,3% estavam parasitadas por helmintos, sendo registrados Aporchis sp. (6,7%), Tetrabothrius cylindraceus (56,7%), Cyclophyllidea gen. sp. (3,3%), Profilicollis altmani (56,7%), Eucoleus contortus (10,0%), Cosmocephalus obvelatus (13,3%), Paracuaria adunca (10,0%), Stegophorus sp. (3,3%) e Tetrameres skrjabini (3,3%). Com exceção de P. altmani, este é o primeiro relato desses helmintos parasitando gaivotas-de-Franklin.

Abstract Parasitological studies of the Franklin's gull, Leucophaeus pipixcan, are scarce, and knowledge about its endoparasites is quite limited. In order to describe its parasitic community, a total of 60 Franklin’s gulls were captured in the coastal area in central Chile, using modified Bal-chatri traps. Ectoparasites were collected from all 60 live individuals through inspection of their plumage, while 30 were examined for endoparasites by standard parasitological necropsy. The prevalence of ectoparasites was 78.3%, including the feather mite Zachvatkinia larica (43.3%) and four species of lice: Actornithophilus piceus lari (15.0%), Austromenopon transversum (6.7%), Quadraceps punctatus (10.0%) and Saemundssonia lari (46.7%). Some 25 of 30 (83.3%) of birds necropsied were parasitized with the following helminths: Aporchis sp. (6.7%), Tetrabothrius cylindraceus (56.7%), Cyclophyllidea gen. sp. (3.3%), Profilicollis altmani (56.7%), Eucoleus contortus (10.0%), Cosmocephalus obvelatus (13.3%), Paracuaria adunca (10.0%), Stegophorus sp. (3.3%) and Tetrameres skrjabini (3.3%). To our knowledge, with the exception of P. altmani, these helminths are reported for first time in the Franklin's gull.

Resumo Estudos comparativos de parasitas em espécies de aves simpátricas são escassos. A infecção/transmissão de parasitas pode acontecer de diversas maneiras, incluindo possível transmissão direta, indireta ou horizontal entre as aves hospedeiras. Com o objetivo de determinar se dois icterídeos simpátricos do centro e sul do Chile compartilham a sua fauna parasitária (ecto- e endoparasitas), foram examinados os parasitas de 27 chupins Molothrus bonariensis e 28 pássaros-pretos-austral Curaeus curaeus, incluindo indivíduos capturados com rede de neblina e em carcaças. Nos chupins analisados, foram encontrados os piolhos de penas Brueelia bonariensis, Philopterus sp. 1, os ácaros Amerodectes molothrus, Proctophyllodes spp. (espécie 1 e 2), e os helmintos Mediorhynchus papillosus, Plagiorhynchus sp., Dispharynx nasuta e Tetrameres paucispina. Em contraste, os pássaros-pretos-austral estavam infectados com os piolhos Myrsidea sp., Philopterus sp. 2, os ácaros Proctophyllodes sp. 3, Amerodectes sp., e os helmintos Anonchotaenia sp., Capillaria sp. e M. papillosus. Adicionalmente, um espécime de pássaro-preto-austral estava parasitado pela pulga Dasypsyllus (Neornipsyllus) cteniopus. A única espécie de parasita que foi encontrada nas duas espécies de aves foi o acantocéfalo M. papillosus, possivelmente devido ao fato de que ambas as aves se alimentam dos insetos que são os hospedeiros intermediários deste parasita. Exceto os registros de B. bonariensis e Philopterus sp. 1 encontrados no chupim, todas as espécies reportadas neste estudo correspondem à novas associações de parasita/hospedeiro e novos registros para a diversidade parasitológica do Chile.

Abstract Comparative studies of parasites in sympatric bird species have been generally scarce. Parasitic infection/transmission can be spread in a number of ways that suggests possible direct and indirect, horizontal transmission between avian hosts. In order to determine whether two sympatric icterids from Central and Southern Chile share their parasite fauna (ecto- and endoparasites), we examined parasites of 27 Shiny Cowbirds, Molothrus bonariensis, and 28 Austral Blackbirds, Curaeus curaeus, including individuals captured in the wild and carcasses. We found that Shiny Cowbirds were infected with the chewing lice Brueelia bonariensis, Philopterus sp. 1, the feather mites Amerodectes molothrus, Proctophyllodes spp. (species 1 and 2), and the helminths Mediorhynchus papillosus, Plagiorhynchus sp., Dispharynx nasuta and Tetrameres paucispina, while Austral Blackbirds had the chewing lice Myrsidea sp., Philopterus sp. 2, the feather mites Proctophyllodes sp. 3, Amerodectes sp., and three helminths: Anonchotaenia sp., Capillaria sp. and M. papillosus. The flea Dasypsyllus (Neornipsyllus) cteniopus was found only on the Austral Blackbird. The only parasite species shared by both icterids was the acanthocephalan M. papillosus, possibly due to their feeding on the same intermediate insect hosts. With the exception of B. bonariensis and Philopterus sp. 1 found on the Shiny Cowbird, all species reported in this study represent new parasite-host associations and new records of parasite diversity in Chile.

Abstract In order to evaluate the acaricidal activity of the oil from Jatropha curcas L. seeds, with different storage periods, against larvae of the tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Strain: Cayo Coco), this research was conducted at the Pastures and Forages Research Station Indio Hatuey. Oils with different storage periods (1 and 4 years) were evaluated. The oil was obtained from the mature, sun-dried and shelled fruits, of the Cape Verde provenance, collected in the Paraguay Farm, Guantánamo. A complete randomized experimental design was used with 17 treatments and 10 repetitions per treatment, from the different evaluated concentrations for the oils (0,5; 1,75; 2,5; 5 and 10 mg/mL), the solvent (Tween-80) and the negative (distilled water) and positive controls (Butox® Deltamethrin) used. For the in vitro studies the larval immersion techniques were applied. The negative control (distilled water) did not show acaricidal activity on the larvae (2,07 ± 0,40 %); a similar performance was observed in the solvent concentrations. The oil showed a marked larvicidal action in the two storage periods, with significant differences (p<0,05) among the experimental treatments, the negative control and the solvent, with values higher than 93 %. The best results were for the concentrations of 10 mg/mL oil 2014 (97,72 ± 0,58 %) and of 10 and 5 mg/mL oil 2017 (98,99 ± 0,33 and 98,11 ± 0,30 %, respectively), without significant differences with regards to Butox® (97,83 ± 0,45 %). The results showed that the oil from the J. curcas L. seed has acaricidal activity for the evaluated concentrations against larvae of the tick R. (B.) microplus, without significant differences between the storage periods and with values that exceeded 90 % of efficacy.

Resumen Con el objetivo de evaluar la actividad acaricida del aceite de las semillas de Jatropha curcas L., con diferentes períodos de almacenamiento, frente a larvas de la garrapata Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Cepa: Cayo Coco), se desarrolló la presente investigación en la Estación Experimental de Pastos y Forrajes Indio Hatuey. Se evaluaron aceites con diferentes períodos de almacenamiento (1 y 4 años). El aceite se obtuvo de los frutos maduros, secados al sol y descascarados, de la procedencia Cabo Verde, colectados en la Granja Paraguay, Guantánamo. Se utilizó un diseño experimental totalmente aleatorizado con 17 tratamientos y 10 repeticiones por tratamiento, a partir de las diferentes concentraciones evaluadas para los aceites (0,5; 1,75; 2,5; 5 y 10 mg/mL), el solvente (Tween-80) y los controles negativos (agua destilada) y positivos (Butox® Deltametrina) utilizados. Para los estudios in vitro se utilizaron las técnicas de inmersión de larvas. El control negativo (agua destilada) no mostró actividad acaricida en las larvas (2,07 ± 0,40 %); un comportamiento similar se apreció en las concentraciones del solvente. El aceite presentó una marcada acción larvicida en los dos períodos de almacenamiento, con diferencias significativas (p<0,05) entre los tratamientos experimentales, el control negativo y el solvente, con valores superiores al 93 %. Los mejores resultados fueron para las concentraciones de 10 mg/mL/aceite 2014 (97,72 ± 0,58 %) y de 10 y 5 mg/mL/aceite 2017 (98,99 ± 0,33 y 98,11 ± 0,30 %, respectivamente), sin diferencias significativas con respecto al Butox® (97,83 ± 0,45 %). Los resultados mostraron que el aceite de la semilla de J. curcas L. posee actividad acaricida para las concentraciones evaluadas frente a larvas de la garrapata R. (B.) microplus, sin diferencias significativas entre los períodos de almacenamiento y con valores que superaron el 90 % de eficacia.

Abstract It should begin to conceive volunteerism, in the development of community tourism, as an opportunity for economic improvement, organizational gain, in the cultural and social aspect and therefore, in the level of life of those involved, the work of volunteering in the development of community tourism would provide substantial gains to the communities that practice it, this research of quantitative-descriptive analytical-exploratory approach, was proposed as an objective to assess the issue of volunteering through the analysis of tourism volunteers who have worked in tourism community in Ecuador, for the implementation of a volunteer program as a tool for community tourism development in the Tocachi parish, of the Pedro Moncayo district. After the assessment it was concluded that open and participatory, interclass, intercultural and intergenerational volunteerism should be established, where everyone contributes and benefits. It contributes in four areas to the development of community tourism, culture, organization, environment and economy, this latter can contribute to the financial support in the communities that carry out community tourism. The volunteer project as a development tool for the community tourism in the parish of study is viable and realistic to provide economic benefits to that community. In addition, there are gaps in solid data on volunteering that the academic community and the State must guarantee to develop strategies that take into account the universal and powerful force which represents volunteering in the development of the country.

Resumen Se debe comenzar a concebir el voluntariado, en el desarrollo de la actividad turística comunitaria, como una oportunidad de mejora económica, ganancia organizativa en el aspecto cultural y social y, por tanto, en el nivel de vida de los involucrados. El trabajo del voluntariado en el desarrollo del turismo comunitario aportaría ganancias sustanciales a las comunidades que lo practiquen. En esta investigación de enfoque cuali-cuantitativo, de tipo descriptiva analítica-exploratoria, se propuso como objetivo valorar el tema del voluntariado mediante el análisis de voluntarios turísticos que han trabajo el turismo comunitario en el Ecuador, para la implementación de un programa de voluntariado como herramienta de desarrollo del turismo comunitario en la parroquia Tocachi, del cantón Pedro Moncayo. Después de dicha valoración se concluyó que, se debe instaurar un voluntariado abierto y participativo, interclasista, intercultural e intergeneracional, donde todos aporten y se beneficien. El mismo aporta en cuatro ejes al desarrollo del turismo comunitario, la cultura, organización, ambiente y economía, en esta última puede contribuir al aporte económico en las comunidades que realicen el turismo comunitario. El proyecto de voluntariado como herramienta de desarrollo para el turismo comunitario en la parroquia de estudio es viable y realista para aportar ventajas económicas a esa comunidad. Además, existen carencias de datos sólidos sobre el voluntariado que la comunidad académica y el Estado deben garantizar para desarrollar de estrategias que tengan en cuenta la fuerza universal y poderosa que representa el voluntariado en el desarrollo del país.

Abstract This article was aimed at evaluating the impacts tourism activities, under the methodology of acceptable change limit, in the area of conservation Mashpi - Guaycuyacu - Saguangal. We used field research methods, as well as analysis of primary and secondary sources. In historical terms, the area of conservation has a diverse ecosystem, which is appreciated by the visitos who provide income for the local population, but who on the other hand, had an impact on the environment. These have been solved by the methodology of acceptable change limit which has been selected, previous an analysis of other monitoring systems such as pressure- state- response, visitor impact management, Tourism Management System, and Visitor Experience and Resources Protection. As result of this research work, we were able to characterize the sites of visit, to identify the indicators of impact, to determine the measurement methods of the indicators, to establish acceptable change limit, to evaluate the site, to define strategies of management, and to follow-up and monitor the process.

Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivo evaluar los impactos del turismo, bajo la metodología de límites de cambios aceptables, en el área de conservación Mashpi – Guaycuyacu – Saguangal. Se utilizaron métodos de campo, así como análisis de fuentes primarias y secundarias. En términos históricos el área de conservación tiene un ecosistema diverso, muy apreciado por los turistas quienes dejan ingresos para los pobladores locales, pero que por otro lado, tienen impacto sobre el entorno que han sido solucionados con la metodología de límites de cambios aceptables, la cual ha sido seleccionada previo análisis de otros sistemas de monitoreo como: Presión – Estado - Respuesta, Manejo del Impacto del Visitante, Sistema de Manejo de Visitantes, Experiencia de Visitantes y Protección de Recursos. Como resultado, se logró seleccionar y caracterizar los sitios de visita, se identificó los indicadores de impacto, se determinó los métodos de medición de los indicadores, se establecieron límites de cambio aceptables y la evaluación del sitio, se definió estrategias de manejo, y por último el seguimiento y monitoreo.

Resumo Spinus barbatus (Molina, 1782), apesar de ser uma ave de distribuição rica e extensa no Chile, não existem estudos relacionados com os seus parasitas. Este trabalho tem como objetivo classificar taxonomicamente os parasitas de S. barbatus no Chile central e do sul. Para isso, foram analisados 125 indivíduos capturados com redes de neblina e 22 que foram submetidos a autópsia parasitária. Os parasitas extraídos foram conservados em álcool 70% para um posterior montagem e identificação. Em 56 indivíduos de S. barbatus (38%) foram encontrados ectoparasitas, 48 deles (33%) tinham 870 ácaros, 680 identificados como Proctophyllodes spini, 167 como Knemidokoptes jamaicensis, 19 como Strelkoviacarus critesi, três ácaros pertencentes à tribo Schoengastiini e um Analges passerinus. Em 21 aves (14%) 54 piolhos foram encontrados, 21 dos quais foram identificados como Philopterus roehreri; 18 como Myrsidea serini e 15 como Ricinus carolynae. Não foram encontradas endoparasitas em indivíduos necropsiados. Todos os parasitas encontrados são novos registros para o Chile e, por sua vez novos recordes parasitológicos para a espécie S. barbatus, por isso são novas associações hospedeiro-parasita.

Abstract Despite being a bird with a broad and extensive distribution in Chile, the black-chinned siskin, Spinus barbatus Molina, 1782 is not well studied in relation to its parasites. This paper aims to describe the ectoparasite fauna of S. barbatus in central and southern Chile. A total of 125 individuals caught with mist nets were examined alive; a total of 22 parasites were found dead and were exposed to parasit autopsy. The extracted parasites were preserved in 70% alcohol for subsequent mounting and identification. Ectoparasites were found in 56 black-chinned siskins (38%); 48 of them (33%) had 870 mites – 680 feather mites (Astigmata: Analgoidea) were identified as Proctophyllodes spini, 167 as Knemidokoptes jamaicensis, 19 as Strelkoviacarus critesi, and one as Analges passerinus. Moreover, three mites were chiggers belonging to the tribe Schoengastiini (Prostigmata: Trombiculidae). In 21 birds (14%), 54 lice were found, 21 of which were identified as Philopterus roehreri, 18 as Myrsidea serini, and 15 as Ricinus carolynae. Endoparasites were not found in the necropsied individuals. All of the parasites that were found represent new records for Chile, and they also serve as new records of host–parasite associations for S. barbatus.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a fauna de ectoparasitas e helmintos do guaracava de crista branca Elaenia albiceps chilensis. Em 51% das aves (n=106), foram detectados os ácaros de pena Anisophyllodes elaeniae, Trouessartia elaeniae e Analges sp. enquanto 24% foram infectadas por piolhos (Tyranniphilopterus delicatulus, Menacanthus cfr. distinctus e Ricinus cfr. invadens. Em contrapartida, em cinco aves necropsiadas foram encontrados os helmintos Viguiera sp. e Capillaria sp. Com exceção de A. elaeniae, T. elaeniae e T. delicatulus, todos os parasitas representam novos registros para a guaracava de crista branca e, portanto, para a diversidade da fauna parasitária do Chile.

The objective of this study is to evaluate the ectoparasites and helminths of the white-crested elaenia, Elaenia albiceps chilensis. Feather mites Anisophyllodes elaeniae, Trouessartia elaeniae, and Analges sp. were detected in 51% of birds (n=106), whereas 24% were infected with lice (Tyranniphilopterus delicatulus, Menacanthus cfr. distinctus, and Ricinus cfr. invadens). Helminths Viguiera sp. and Capillaria sp. were found in five of the birds that were necropsied (n=20). With the exception of A. elaeniae, T. elaeniae, and T. delicatulus, all parasites represented new records found for the white-crested elaenia, and therefore for the Chilean repertoire of biodiversity.