Abstract In this research, aqueous and ethanolic extracts from Justicia pectoralis Jacq and Croton Jacobinensis Baill were characterized. The UPLC-QTOF-MSE analysis was performed on the extracts identified, predominantly, flavonoids, tannins and acids. The extracts did not indicate toxicity in human epithelial cells. C. jacobinensis presented a concentration of phenolics 60.5% higher than J. pectoralis in all scenarios evaluated and, for both samples, the hydroalcoholic extract at 70% exhibited the best efficiency in the extraction (14501.3 and 32521.5 mg GAE 100 g-1 for J. pectoralis and C. jacobinensis, respectively). The antioxidant activity presented a positive correlation with the concentration of phenolics, being 1.186,1 and 1.507,9 μM of Trolox for J. pectoralis and C. jacobinensis at 70% of ethanol; however, it was not verified statistical difference between the ethanolic solutions (p < 0.05). The antimicrobial activity of J. pectoralis extracts was highlighted once was the most effective against gram-positive bacteria. The results suggest that both J. pectoralis and C. jacobinensis extracts present the potential to be applied as natural additives due to their antioxidant and antimicrobial activity and safety. Thus, it is suggesting the development of studies that could investigate the interaction of these plant extracts with food matrices is required.

Abstract The elaboration of fruit blends added of functional components results in nutritionally enriched products. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the physicochemical, sensorial and rheological properties of cashew-apple and araça-boi beverages added with encapsulated omega-3 and stability during 120 days of storage. Juice formulations were prepared with and without adding omega-3 oil and encapsulated omega-3, pasteurized and stored at room temperature, and evaluated sensory, physicochemical and rheological properties. The optimized formulation of the beverage was obtained with 18.6% of cashew-apple and 9.3% of araça-boi pulps, selected in the experiment of the response surface. The formulations with encapsulated omega-3 maintained sensory acceptability. The physicochemical parameters did not present significant interactions among the formulations and the storage time. A consumer test with 100 people was performed using an acceptance test and check all that apply (CATA). The beverage added with unencapsulated omega-3 presented a variation in the sensory attributes along with the storage. All samples showed non-Newtonian behavior and pseudoplastic character. Omega-3 encapsulation is recommended to favor the acceptability and constancy of rheological characteristics in the beverage nutritionally enriched with omega-3.

Abstract The present study aimed to develop and perform physicochemical and sensory analyses of new vegetable beverage with cashew nuts (C), brown rice, and prunes (P). Four formulations (F) were developed: F1: 3% C + 9% P; F2: 6% C + 9% P; F3: 3% C + 12% P; F4: 6% C + 12% P. All formulations had good acceptance with grades ranging from 6.14 to 7.23. Among formulations, F3 showed more promising from a functional and sensory point of view, since presented a higher content of oleic acid and antioxidant activity, and showed lower values for calories, lipids and viscosity compared to all other formulations. It was concluded that it was technically possible to develop an alternative vegetable beverage for those allergic to cow's milk, those with lactose intolerance, and people with obesity or cardiovascular and digestive problems.

Abstract Acerola industrial by-products present high levels of antioxidant compounds. Encapsulation technology has shown to be of great importance in the food industry. In this context, better nanoparticles are indicated in aiming to enrich food products with bioactive compounds. Five formulations were analyzed for yield, size distribution and zeta potential, infrared spectroscopy, encapsulation efficiency and doping. The yield data presented values from 38.01% to 44.34%. The nanoparticles had sizes varying from 27.12 nm to 308.80 nm and negatively charged surfaces. The encapsulation efficiency was quantified based on the vitamin C content, total extractable polyphenols and antioxidant activity according to specific methodology taking into account the different compounds ranging from 25.44% to 69.37%; 66.45% to 99.56% and 2.24% to 6.54%, respectively. The above data indicate that nanoparticles made with acerola by-products and arabic gum/maltodextrin are promising as natural food additives, with high levels of bioactive compounds.

Abstract This work aimed a sensory characteristics of structured guava elaborated with hydrocolloids agar and combinations of LA and HA gellan. The methods used were Optimized Descriptive Profile (ODP), CATA and Sensory Acceptance Tests. For the ODP, 18 semi-trained judges selected 12 sensory attributes and evaluated the samples using 9 cm unstructured scales. Sensory acceptance and CATA tests were performed by 100 untrained panelists. Sensory tests expressed medium acceptability indexes and similar results for all samples. The highest frequency CATA attributes were Homogeneous, Brightness, Pinkish red color, Guava aroma and Sour taste. The characteristics from ODP were Brightness, Sweet taste, Sour taste, Guava flavor, Firm and Sandy texture. Comparing the three methods, in the CATA and sensory acceptance, tasters did not identify differences between the samples in relation to the type of hydrocolloid, but with the ODP method they could achieve this.

Abstract This study aimed at brewing wheat beer with cashew peduncle (CP) and orange peel (OP). Six formulations (F) were assessed for their physicochemical characteristics and total amount of polyphenols and antioxidant activity. The flavors of F1 and F6 were evaluated via sensory analysis. The results showed that the evaluated beers were in accordance with the parameters required by the Brazilian legislation. Moreover, the addition of CP and OP improved total amounts of polyphenols, antioxidant activity, and flavor. We conclude that the use of by-products from the food industry brings new possibilities of innovation into the beverage sector.

Abstract Three paste formulations were developed for four fruits: caja, murici with mango and pitanga, with differentiated percentages of fruit pulp, organic honey and gellan gum. Pulps, honey and fruit paste formulations were analyzed by antioxidant capacity, vitamin C and in vitro bioaccessibility. All formulations showed a high content of vitamin C, antioxidant action and the bioaccessibility. All the formulations were accepted regarding the overall impression, except MM3 (murici pulp:mango pulp:honey 50:50:00 and 0.25% gellan gum) and PI1 (pitanga pulp: honey 90:10 and 0.6% gellan gum). Therefore, fruit pastes are options to encourage consumption of tropical fruits of agro-biodiversity in the Brazilian Northeast.

RESUMO Este estudo teve como objetivos comparar as alterações nos compostos bioativos, parâmetros de cor e determinar as opiniões dos consumidores através da análise sensorial de abóbora preparada por diferentes métodos de cocção (ebulição, vapor, micro-ondas e sous vide). Os métodos de cocção reduziram o teor de ácido ascórbico (49,73-50,42%) e polifenóis (49,68-64,94%). A cocção em micro-ondas aumentou o conteúdo de carotenóides em 24,58%. A cor das amostras cozidas foi afetada, brilho (L*), cor vermelha (a*) e cor amarela (b*) foram reduzidas e houve também perda de cores vivas (chroma). Os métodos de cocção foram bem aceitos pelos provadores, representando diferentes nichos de mercado e muitos consumidores expressaram a intenção de comprar estes produtos. A análise de componentes principais indicou também a aceitação de diferentes tratamentos por três grupos distintos de avaliadores, um formado pelos tratamentos ebulição e vapor, e outros dois formados por sous vide e micro-ondas individualmente. Abóboras contêm altos níveis de componentes funcionais, e cocção em micro-ondas é o método preferido para promover a sua retenção, a qual pode ser realizada com garantias suficientes de que o produto irá ser sempre adquirido pelos consumidores.

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to compare the changes in the bioactive compounds, color parameters and to determine consumer opinions through sensory analysis of the pumpkin using different cooking methods (boiling, steaming, microwaving and sous vide). The cooking methods reduced the ascorbic acid content (49.73-50.42%) and polyphenols (49.68-64.94%). Microwaving increased the carotenoid content by 24.58%. The brightness (L*), red color (a*) and yellow color (b*) were reduced and there was also the loss of vivid color (chroma). The color of samples was affected after cooking process. All cooking methods were well accepted by the tasters, representing different market niches and many consumers expressed the intention of purchasing these products. The main component analysis also indicated the acceptance of different treatments for three distinct groups of assessors, one formed by boiling and steam treatments and two others formed by sous vide and microwave alone. Pumpkins contain high levels of functional components, and microwaving is the preferred cooking method to promote their retention, which can be performed with enough guarantees that the product will always be purchased by consumers.

Resumo O yacon é uma raiz tuberosa que se destaca por sua elevada concentração de oligossacarídeos prebióticos, principalmente os fruto-oligossacarídeos (FOS), e também pela presença de compostos fenólicos específicos, como o ácido clorogênico. Contudo, a presença destes compostos fenólicos torna o yacon susceptível a reações de escurecimento enzimático, devido à ação, principalmente, das polifenoloxidases (PPO). A ação destas enzimas pode diminuir o valor nutritivo do produto, além de afetar a sua aparência e o seu sabor, tornando-o inaceitável para o consumo. Neste sentido, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar o pH de estabilidade e o pH ótimo de atividade das PPO do yacon, visando estabelecer condições que resultem em uma menor atividade desta enzima, com o uso de um tratamento ácido mais brando, uma vez que os FOS são susceptíveis à hidrólise ácida. Em posse destes resultados, realizou-se um delineamento estatístico do tipo Delineamento Central Composto Rotacional (DCCR), para avaliar o efeito de diferentes concentrações de ácido cítrico (AC) e diferentes tempos de imersão no tratamento das raízes de yacon, visando à inativação da PPO. Observou-se que o AC foi eficaz para inativação parcial da enzima PPO, sendo estatisticamente significativa (p < 0,10) apenas a concentração de AC (termo linear e quadrático). A porcentagem de variação explicada (R2) pelo modelo foi de 85,6%. O tratamento selecionado pelo planejamento experimental (2,4% de ácido cítrico por 540 segundos) ocasionou uma perda de 15% nos teores de FOS. Entretanto, o produto final apresentou 6,84 g FOS/100 g, muito acima do mínimo exigido pela legislação pertinente (2,5 g FOS/porção de produto) para alimentos com alegação de propriedade funcional, tornando assim viável o processo tecnológico proposto no presente trabalho.

Abstract Yacon is a tuberous root that stands out for its high concentration of prebiotic oligosaccharides, mainly fructooligosaccharides (FOS), and some specific phenolic compounds such as chlorogenic acid. However, the presence of these phenolic compounds makes yacon susceptible to enzymatic browning, due mainly to the activity of polyphenoloxidases (PPO). The action of these enzymes can decrease the nutritional value of the product, and also affect its appearance and taste, making it unacceptable for consumption. Thus the objective of the present work was to determine the optimum pH for the activity and for the stability of the yacon PPO, and establish the conditions that result in lower activity of this enzyme using a mild acid treatment, since FOS are susceptible to acid hydrolysis. Following this, a CCRD (Central Composite Rotatable Design) was used to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of citric acid (CA) and different immersion times in the treatment of yacon roots, aiming to inactivate the PPO. It was observed that CA was effective for the partial inactivation of PPO, and that only the CA concentration (linear and quadratic terms) was statistically significant (p < 0.10). The percentage of variance explained (R2) by the model was 85.6%. The treatment selected by the experimental design (2.4% of citric acid for 540 seconds) resulted in a 15% loss of the FOS contents. However, the final product presented 6.84 g FOS/100 g, higher than the minimum amount required by the relevant legislation (2.5 g FOS/portion of product) for a food to claim a functional property, making the technological process proposed in the present work feasible.

Este trabalho objetivou determinar as mudanças na qualidade do abacaxi 'Gold' colhido verdoso, recoberto com cera e exposto ao 1-MCP antes ou após o recobrimento. As condições de armazenamento simularam o transporte e comercialização, considerando o estado do Ceará como o centro de produção e Europa como o centro de comercialização. As avaliações ocorreram após a aplicação dos tratamentos, após a retirada da refrigeração e a cada três dias durante o armazenamento ambiente e incluiu qualidade visual, perda de massa, amarelecimento da casca, coloração da polpa, sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável, pH, relação sólidos solúveis e acidez, açúcares solúveis, açúcares redutores, ácido ascórbico, flavonóides amarelos e compostos fenólicos totais. A refrigeração foi a chave para a conservação da qualidade durante o transporte. O recobrimento com cera conservou a qualidade visual reduzindo a desidratação e atrasando o amarelecimento da casca. Tratamento com 1MCP não incrementou estes efeitos, mas resultou na conservação dos teores de flavonóides amarelos e fenólicos. A polpa tornou-se clara e vívida durante o armazenamento. Açúcares e pH variaram pouco durante o armazenamento, enquanto a acidez titulável dos frutos recobertos declinou mais intensamente. Cera e 1-MCP podem ser combinados para a preservação da qualidade visual e interna de abacaxi 'Gold'.

This work evaluated the changes in quality in early-harvested 'Gold' pineapple after coating with wax and exposure to 1-Methylcycloprepene before or after coating. The storage conditions and the experimental period simulated those of shipping and marketing, assuming that Ceará, Brazil, is the production site and Europe is the marketplace. Evaluation was performed after harvest, upon removal of the fruit from cold storage, and every three days during room storage. Evaluations included visual quality of the fruit, shell yellowing, mass loss, flesh color, soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, soluble solids to acid ratio, ascorbic acid, total soluble sugars, reducing sugar, phenolic content, and yellow flavonoids. Low temperature was the key variable for maintaining fruit quality during storage and simulated shipping. Waxing had a remarkable effect on visual quality, delaying yellowing and reducing shell dehydration. Those effects were not enhanced by the application of 1-MCP. 1MCP treatment resulted in the maintenance of total phenolic content and retention of yellow flavonoids. Fruit flesh became lighter, while yellow color became more vivid during storage. Sugars and pH varied little during storage, while the decline in TA was more intense in waxed fruit. 1-MCP and waxing may be combined to preserve external and internal quality.

Informações a respeito das características químicas e do valor nutritivo dos frutos do cerrado são ferramentas básicas para a avaliação do consumo e para a formulação de novos produtos. No entanto, poucos dados estão disponíveis na literatura especializada com relação à composição química destes frutos e sua aplicação tecnológica, ressaltando a necessidade de pesquisas científicas sobre o assunto. Realizou-se o presente estudo com o objetivo de caracterizar físico-quimicamente e determinar a atividade antioxidante in vitro, pelo método DPPH, da cagaita (Eugenia dysenterica), cajuzinho-do-cerrado (Anacardium humile), chichá (Sterculia striata Naud.), jatobá-do-cerrado (Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart.) e macaúba (Acrocomia aculeata Mart.). Os frutos foram colhidos na EMBRAPA - MEIO NORTE - PI, e na Cidade de Corrente-PI. Analisaram-se as características físicas (peso, comprimento e diâmetro), químicas (umidade, cinzas, lipídeos, proteínas, carboidratos), Valor Energético Total (VET), conteúdo de compostos fenólicos totais, flavonoides, antocianinas, β-caroteno, licopeno, vitamina C e atividade antioxidante pelo método DPPH. As amostras foram analisadas em dois lotes, e cada análise, em triplicata. Para a análise dos dados, foi elaborado um banco de dados, utilizando-se do programa estatístico EPI INFO, versão 6.04b, e o programa EXCEL. Os resultados obtidos para os compostos bioativos estudados demonstraram que todos os frutos apresentaram quantidade elevada de vitamina C (mg/100g), destacando-se o cajuzinho-do-cerrado (500). Os frutos que apresentaram maior capacidade antioxidante, expressos em capacidade de reduzir em 50% a atividade do radical livre DPPH (EC50mg/L), foram cagaita (Eugenia dysenterica Dc.) e cajuzinho-do-cerrado (Anacardium humile). Concluiu-se, portanto, que os frutos pesquisados apresentaram bom valor nutritivo, um elevado conteúdo de compostos bioativos e demonstraram atividade antioxidante.

Details about the chemical characterist composition and nutritional value of the cerrado fruits are basic tools for evaluating the consumption and formulation of new products. However, few data are available in the literature with regard to chemical composition of these fruits and their technological application, highlighting the need for scientific research on the subject. It was performed the present study aiming at characterizing the physical-chemical and determine the antioxidant activity in vitro by the DPPH method, the cagaita (Eugenia dysenterica) cajuzinho-do-cerrado (Anacardium humile), chichá (Sterculia striata Naud .), jatoba-do-cerrado (Hymenaeastigonocarpa Mart.) and macaúba (Acrocomiaaculeata Mart.). The fruits were harvested at EMBRAPA - MID NORTH - PI and Correntes City - PI. It was analyzed the physical characteristics (weight, length and diameter), chemical (moisture, ashes, lipids, proteins, carbohydrates), total energy value (TEV), the content of total phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, β-carotene, lycopene, vitamin C and antioxidant activity by DPPH. The samples were analyzed in two batches and each in triplicate analysis. For data analysis, it was designed a database, using the statistical program EPI INFO, version 6.04b. The obtained results for the studied bioactive compounds showed that all the fruits expressed hight amount of vitamin C (mg/100g), highlighting the cajuzinho-do-cerrado (500). The fruits with the highest antioxidant capacity, expressed in ability to reduce by 50% the activity of free radical DPPH (EC50mg / L) were cagaita (Eugenia dysenterica Dc.) and cajuzinho-do-cerrado (Anacardium humile). The research concludes, therefore, that the fruits studied showed good nutritional value, a meaningful content of bioactive compounds and demonstrate antioxidant activity.

Das espécies frutíferas nativas do Nordeste, o muricizeiro (Byrsonima dealbata Griseb) destaca-se dupla finalidade, consumo "in natura" e industrialização. As populações locais vivem do extrativismo e tem no murici uma fonte de renda, comercializando-o em feiras livres. Apesar da importância social das espécies frutíferas nativas para algumas regiões, no entanto, há poucas informações a cerca destas espécies. Em vista do exposto, o objetivo foi avaliar frutos de diferentes genótipos de muricizeiros por meio da caracterização biométrica e as relações genéticas entre os mesmos. Analisaram-se 18 genótipos de muricizeiros, oriundos dos municípios Pacajus, Fortaleza e Paraipaba, CE. Foram realizadas 30 medições, onde cada medição correspondeu a um fruto, nos quais foram analisados: massa, diâmetro, comprimento, cor (L, a*, b*), firmeza e rendimento, sendo este com base em 100 g de polpa. Dos resultados obtidos obteve-se predominância de frutos oblongos, com destaque para o genótipo EM 4 por apresentar maior massa dos frutos. Foram estimadas: variância residual, variância genética, repetibilidade e correlações fenotípicas entre as variáveis estudadas. As técnicas multivariadas aplicadas (agrupamento de genótipos por meio da otimização de Tocher, análise de componentes principais e análise da dissimilaridade dos genótipos, expressa em dendrograma, com base no método do vizinho mais próximo) foram concordantes entre si, demonstrando que os genótipos EM 3, EM 4 e PAC 6 foram divergentes entre si e entre os demais, possuindo variabilidade genética, permitindo potencial uso dos mesmos em programas de melhoramento.

Of the species of fruits native to the northeast of Brazil, the nance tree (Byrsonima dealbata Griseb) stands out for offering the potential for both fresh consumption and industrialization. The local populations live by harvesting fruits, and find a source of income in the nance fruit, selling it in street markets. Despite the social importance of those fruit species which are native to certain regions, there is little information about these species. In view of the above, the objective here was to evaluate the fruits of different nance genotypes, using biometric characterization and the genetic relationships between those genotypes. Eighteen genotypes of the nance were analysed, taken from the municipalities of Pacajus, Fortaleza and Paraipaba in the state of Ceará. Thirty measurements were taken, each corresponding to a single fruit, in which the following were analysed: weight, diameter, length, color (L, a*, b*) firmness and yield, this last being based on 100g of pulp. From the results, oblong fruit were predominant, especially the EM 4 genotype which presented the greatest weight. The residual variance, genetic variance, repeatability and phenotypic correlations between variables were all estimated. The multivariate techniques used (genotype clustering using Tocher optimisation, principal-component analysis, and analysis of the dissimilarity of the genotypes expressed as a dendrogram based on nearest-neighbor methodology) had similar results, showing that the three genotypes EM 3, EM 4 and PAC 6 presented different results from each other and the rest of the group, having a genetic variability which would potentially allow for usage in breeding programs.

Brazil is one of the three largest producers of fruits in the world, and among those fruit trees, the cashew tree stands out due to the high nutritional and commercial value of its products. During its fruit processing, there are losses in some compounds and few studies address this issue. Over the last decade the conventional system of food production has been substituted for the organic cultivation system, which is a promising alternative source of income given the global demand for healthy food. Therefore, this research aimed to characterize and quantify the prevalent fatty acids found in cashew nuts obtained from conventional and organic cultivation during various stages of processing. The prevalent fatty acids found were palmitic, linoleic, oleic, and stearic acid. The average of these fatty acids were 6.93 ± 0.55; 16.99 ± 0.61; 67.62 ± 1.00 and 8.42 ± 0.55 g/100 g, respectively. There was no reduction in the palmitic, oleic and stearic fatty acid contents during processing. Very little difference was observed between the nuts obtained from conventional and organic cultivation, indicating that the method of cultivation used has little or no influence on the content of cashew nut fatty acids.

A abordagem do comportamento reológico de néctares mistos de frutas tem fornecido importantes informações para o processamento dos mesmos, resultando em benefícios para a indústria e, consequentemente, para o consumidor. Portanto, neste trabalho, se estudou o comportamento reológico de néctares mistos de caju, manga e acerola, nas temperaturas de 8 °C e 25 °C. As medidas experimentais foram realizadas em reômetro rotacional de cilindros concêntricos e os dados experimentais foram ajustados ao modelo de Casson. A tensão inicial apresentou ajuste ao modelo cúbico especial, para a temperatura de 8 °C. Para a temperatura de 25 °C, observou-se ajuste ao modelo cúbico especial para a viscosidade plástica de Casson. O aumento nas proporções de polpas de caju, manga e acerola resultou no aumento da viscosidade plástica de Casson e o aumento da quantidade de polpa de caju proporcionou aumento na tensão inicial.

The rheological behaviour approach to the study of fruit nectars has provided important information for the processing of these products, resulting in benefits for industry and hence for the consumer. In this paper, the rheological behaviour of mixed beverages based on cashew, mango and acerola fruits was studied at 8 °C and 25 °C. The experimental measurements were made using a rotating concentric cylinder rheometer and the results adjusted to fit the Casson model. The initial stress fitted the special cubic model at a temperature of 8 °C. At a temperature of 25 °C, it fitted the special cubic model for Casson's plastic viscosity. An increase in the proportions of cashew apple, mango and acerola pulps resulted in an increase in Casson's plastic viscosity and an increase in the amount of cashew apple pulp increased the initial stress.

O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a estabilidade química, físico-química e microbiológica de polpas de acerola pasteurizadas e não-pasteurizadas, oriundas de cultivo orgânico e armazenadas sob congelamento (-18±2°C) durante 360 dias. O armazenamento sob congelamento não ocasionou perdas significativas de qualidade das polpas de acerola. No entanto, o tratamento térmico influenciou negativamente nos conteúdos iniciais de alguns componentes, principalmente sólidos solúveis, açúcares solúveis totais e redutores, que apresentaram conteúdos inferiores no início do armazenamento para as polpas pasteurizadas. As polpas pasteurizadas e não-pasteurizadas apresentaram boa qualidade microbiológica do início ao final do armazenamento. Dentre as polpas estudadas, as polpas não-pasteurizadas apresentaram melhores características iniciais de cor. As polpas pasteurizadas garantiram melhores características microbiológicas no que concerne aos aspectos de segurança alimentar.

The present research aimed to evaluate the chemical, physical-chemical and microbiological stability of pasteurized and non-pasteurized acerola pulp coming from organic cultivation stored frozen for 360 days. Storage under freezing did not cause significant loss of acerola pulp's quality. However, the heat treatment had a negative influence on the initial contents of some components, especially soluble solids, total soluble and reducing sugars, which showed lower contents at the beginning of storage for pasteurized pulp. Among the pulps studied, non-pasteurized pulps showed the best characteristics of the initial color. The pasteurized pulps guaranteed best features in regard to the microbiological aspects of food safety.