Abstract The tarantula genus Tmesiphantes Simon, 1892 includes 20 valid species distributed in Argentina and Brazil. These spiders are distinguished from other Theraphosinae genera by the presence of an incrassate femur III, more evident in males, urticating hair types III and IV on the abdominal dorsum, few cuspules on the labium (0 to 30), maxillae with a maximum of 200 cuspules and sternum rounded. From recent examination of material from Peru, we discovered specimens that share all the morphological characters of Tmesiphantes, but did not fit with any known species. In the present study T. intiyaykuy sp. nov. is diagnosed, described, and illustrated. This new species resembles T. caymmii in the circular patch with stiff setae on midventral abdomen but can be distinguished by the shape of the palpal bulb and spermathecae. Also, we performed a phylogenetic analysis using morphological characters to infer the taxonomic placement of the new species. The analysis included 26 terminal species and 36 characters. Representatives of Tmesiphantes formed a monophyletic group and T. intiyaykuy sp. nov. is close related with T. caymmii. A dichotomous identification key and a geographic distribution map were constructed for recognized species of Tmesiphantes.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: In a literate society, linguistic/arithmetic performance is highly valued. Based on defined risk factors, strategies for promotion of better performance can be developed. OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the risk and protective factors relating to development of language and arithmetic. DESIGN AND SETTING: Observational comparative cross-sectional study at a public elementary school in Ribeirão Preto (SP), Brazil. METHODS: A total of 66 children (41% females) attending first to fifth grades participated in this study. They were divided into two groups: G1, children classified as presenting language or arithmetic deficits; G2, average performance. Language (oral and written) and arithmetic skills were assessed through standardized tests. Variables relating to social skills, home environment resources and behavioral problems were assessed through standardized scales. Data on other variables (pre, peri and postnatal complications, maternal variables and others) were collected through interviews. The logistic regression technique with LASSO was used (α = 0.05). RESULTS: Teenage pregnancy and consumption of psychoactive substances during pregnancy or complications during pregnancy were risk factors for performance regarding arithmetic and language. Higher schooling level for the mother was a protective factor in the development of arithmetic and language. Being female and having a history of otitis were risk factors for language. Altered social skills (responsibility and civility) and complaints of inattention were risk factor for arithmetic. Adequate linguistic development was a protective factor for the development of arithmetic. CONCLUSION: The risk/protective factors included variables relating to the gestational period, mother's age when pregnant, mother's schooling, social skills, behavior and development issues.

ABSTRACT A new species of Bumba Pérez-Miles, Bonaldo & Miglio, 2014 is described and illustrated. This species comprises the first record of the genus for Bolivia. Bumba paunaka sp. nov. differs from the other species in the genus in the black longitudinal band on abdomen, in the long and slender embolus of the palpal bulb and in the thin and long subapical spine of the retrolateral branch of tibial apophysis. Females additionally differ in the spermathecal morphology. Finally, a distribution map for all known species of Bumba is presented.

ABSTRACT A new species of Euathlus Ausserer, 1875 (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae), Euathlus vanessae sp. nov. is described and diagnosed. The genus is known from Chile and Argentina, and E. vanessae sp. nov. represents the first record for the genus in Peru, being the new northernmost limit of its known distribution. Distribution and natural history data are provided. Additionally, the conservation status of the new species is discussed and it is proposed as Endangered (EN) according to IUCN criteria.

RESUMEN Se describe y diagnostica una nueva especie de Euathlus Ausserer, 1875 (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae), Euathlus vanessae sp. nov. El género es conocido en Chile y Argentina, y E. vanessae sp. nov. representa el primer registro oficial del género para el Perú, siendo el nuevo límite más septentrional de distribución conocida. Se proporcionan datos de distribución e historia natural, adicionalmente se discute el estado de conservación de la nueva especie y se propone como En Peligro (EN) según los criterios de la UICN.

The first record of the genus Ocnaea Erichson, 1840 (Diptera, Acroceridae) is presented for the Argentine Republic and the first record of this family parasitizing a spider of the genus Catumiri Guadanucci 2004 (Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae). Some observations of the biological cycle of the fly parasitizing the tarantula Catumiri argentinense (Mello-Leitão, 1941) are reported.

Se presenta el primer registro del género Ocnaea Erichson, 1840 (Díptera, Acroceridae) para la República Argentina y el primer registro de esta familia parasitando una araña del género Catumiri Guadanucci 2004 (Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae). Se dan a conocer algunas observaciones del ciclo biológico de la mosca parasitando la tarántula Catumiri argentinense (Mello-Leitão, 1941).

RESUMEN El género Homoeomma presenta trece especies que se distribuyen en Argentina, Brasil, Colombia, Perú y Uruguay. En Argentina, se citan dos especies, Homoeomma elegans en la provincia de Misiones y H. uruguayense en las provincias de Buenos Aires, Entre Ríos y Santa Fe. El objetivo de este trabajo es reportar el primer registro de Homoeomma uruguayense para las sierras centrales de Argentina, lo cual corresponde al registro más occidental del género en este país. Además, se proveen datos sobre la historia natural de la especie, algunas notas sobre el comportamiento sexual y mediante el modelado de distribución de especies se discute sobre la distribución geográfica de la especie y los factores que pudieron conducir a este patrón.

ABSTRACT The genus Homoeomma has thirteen species distributed in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Peru and Uruguay. In Argentina, two species are recorded, Homoeomma elegans in Misiones province and H. uruguayense in Buenos Aires, Entre Ríos and Santa Fe provinces. The objective of this work is to provide the first record of Homoeomma uruguayense in the mountainous system of central Argentina, belonging to western record of the genus in this country. In addition, we provide data on natural history of the species, some notes on its sexual behavior and through the species distribution modeling we discussed about the geographic distribution of the species and factors that could led to this pattern.

Abstract: The male of Stenoterommata uruguaiGoloboff, 1995 is described and illustrated for the first time. A photograph of a female spermathecae collected at the same locality is also presented to confirm the identification, as well as data on the natural history of this species.

Resumen: Se describe e ilustra por primera vez el macho de Stenoterommata uruguaiGoloboff, 1995. También se presenta una fotografía de la espermateca de una hembra recolectada en la misma localidad para confirmar la identificación y se registran datos sobre la historia natural de esta especie.

Se describe Acanthoscurria sacsayhuaman sp. nov. (Araneae: Theraphosidae) en base a un macho proveniente de Cusco, Perú. Esta especie se diferencia del resto de las especies del género por la ausencia de setas estriduladoras en la cara retrolateral del trocánter del pedipalpo. Además, puede separarse por la forma del bulbo del macho y la apófisis tibial del primer par de patas. Se registra por primera vez el género para Perú.

ABSTRACT A new species of Phrixotrichus Simon, 1889, P. pucara sp. nov., is described and illustrated based on a male from Pucará river, Neuquén province, Argentina. Male can be distinguished from all other species of the genus by the presence of a long strong spine on inner face of prolateral branch of tibial apophysis; also, it differs from P. scrofa (Molina, 1788) and P. vulpinus (Karsch, 1880) by a serrated prolateral keel of the male palpal bulb. Male resembles P. jara Perafán & Pérez-Miles, 2014 but can be distinguished by the uniform color on dorsal cephalothorax and by the palpal organ morphology being wider on the bulb base and embolus shorter and thicker, with the tip of embolus not so directed retrolaterally and prolateral keel bearing a serrated edge with three teeth. Additionally, P. vulpinus is reported for the first time for Argentina along with new distributional data.

RESUMEN Se describe e ilustra una nueva especie de Phrixotrichus Simon, 1889, P. pucara sp. nov., basada en un macho del río Pucará, provincia de Neuquén, Argentina. El macho se distingue de las especies restantes del género por la presencia de una espina larga y fuerte en la cara interna de la rama prolateral de la apófisis tibial; además, difiere de P. scrofa (Molina, 1788) y P. vulpinus (Karsch, 1880) por una quilla prolateral aserrada en el bulbo del macho. El macho recuerda a P. jara Perafán & Pérez-Miles, 2014 pero se distingue por el color uniforme en el dorso del caparazón y por la morfología del órgano palpar siendo la base del bulbo más ancha y el émbolo más corto y grueso, con el extremo del émbolo dirigido no tan retrolateralmente y la quilla prolateral lleva un borde aserrado con tres dientes. Adicionalmente, se reporta por primera vez para Argentina la presencia de P. vulpinus junto con nuevos datos en su distribución.

Uma nova espécie de Chaco Tullgren, 1905 é descrita e ilustrada do sopé dos Andes na província de Mendoza, no oeste da Argentina. Esta é a décima espécie do gênero e o primeiro registro de Chaco em Mendoza. Uma chave atualizada é apresentada para todas as espécies de Chaco. Uma análise cladística baseada em uma matriz de caráter morfológico publicada anteriormente resultou na árvore consenso: (C. obscura, C. tucumana, C. castanea, (C. socos + C. tigre) (C. tecka (C. sanjuanina (C. Patagonia + C. ansilta sp. nov.)))).

A new species of Chaco Tullgren, 1905 is described and illustrated from the Andean foothills of Mendoza province, western Argentina. This is the tenth species of the genus and the first record of Chaco in Mendoza. An updated key is presented for all Chaco species. The cladistic analysis based on a previously published morphological character matrix resulted in the consensus tree: (C. obscura, C. tucumana, C. castanea, (C. socos + C. tigre) (C. tecka (C. sanjuanina (C. Patagonia + C. ansilta sp. nov.)))).

El Parque Provincial “Ernesto Tornquist” (PPET) se encuentra dentro del sistema de Ventania (Argentina) y fue creado para proteger uno de los últimos relictos de pastizal pampeano. Aunque se han realizado varios estudios sobre la diversidad, ecología y conservación de la fauna en este Parque, la mayoría se enfocaron en vertebrados, y solo unos pocos estudios se dedicaron a los artrópodos. Las arañas son utilizadas como indicadores ecológicos para evaluar el estado de conservación de los ecosistemas. Cuando se utilizan especies individuales es necesario contar con excelente información básica sobre su distribución y ecología para la elección del taxón indicado. Es por esto que el objetivo de este estudio es presentar la fenología y demografía de Odo bruchi Mello-Leitão 1938 (Zoridae), una araña cursorial que se encuentra en el PPET. Las arañas se capturaron bimestralmente utilizando trampas de caída entre Septiembre 2009-2010 (primer año) y Marzo 2011-2012 (segundo año). Las trampas se colocaron cada de 10m en un transecto de 100m paralelo al el eje más largo de la pendiente del pastizal. Cargamos las trampas con 1 500mL de etilenglicol y las examinamos y recargamos cada 60 días. Recolectamos 799 individuos en dos años. Los jóvenes fueron los más abundantes con un 47.8% del total, mientras que los machos correspondieron al 27.8% y las hembras al 24.4%. Encontramos diferencias significativas en la abundancia media de O. bruchi: la abundancia en primavera-verano (nov-dic-ene-feb) fue significativamente mayor que el resto de los períodos en los dos años estudiados. A su vez, encontramos una distribución similar de la abundancia a lo largo del año en todo el estudio. Este trabajo representa una de las primeras contribuciones a la ecología de esta familia de arañas. Además, los resultados obtenidos comprenden información relevante para fomentar estudios futuros sobre esta especie de araña como un posible bio-indicador del estado de conservación de los pastizales pampeanos.

The “Ernesto Tornquist” Provincial Park (ETPP) is located inside the Ventania system (Argentina) and was created to protect one of the last relicts of pampean grasslands. Even though many studies have looked at the vertebrate faunal diversity, biology, and conservation in this Park, few studies have been dedicated to arthropods. Among these, spiders have been used as ecological indicators to evaluate nature conservation status, nevertheless, basic information on their distribution and ecology is necessary for their use as indicator taxa in this region. Thus the goal of this study was to present the phenology and demography of the spider Odo bruchi, a cursorial spider present in the ETPP. For this, spiders were sampled bimonthly using pitfall traps between September 2009-2010 (first year), and March 2011-2012 (second year). A total of 10 traps were placed every 10m along a transect of 100m parallel to the longest axis of a grassland slope with native vegetation. Traps were filled with 1 500mL of ethylene glycol, that were examined and refilled every 60 day period. We collected a total of 799 specimens in two years. Juveniles were the most abundant reaching 47.8% of the total, while males corresponded to 27.8% and females 24.4%. We found significant differences in the mean abundance of O. bruchi: the abundance during spring-summer (Nov-Dec-Jan-Feb) was significantly higher than the other periods of the two years period. Moreover, we found an even abundance distribution throughout the year in the entire study. This work represents one of the first contributions to the ecology of this spider family in the area. Also, our results comprise relevant information to encourage future studies on this spider species as a bio-indicator of the conservation status of pampean grasslands.

We documented the specific richness, abundance and activity of the Mygalomorph spider community in the Natural Reserve Sierra del Tigre, Buenos Aires, Argentina. This hilly ecosystem is home for many endemic species and rich in native fauna and flora. Spider abundance was sampled monthly from May 2011 - May 2012 by hand capture and pitfall traps. The species recorded in the study area were Actinopus sp. 1 (Actinopodidae), Grammostola vachoni Schiapelli y Gerschman, 1960; Plesiopelma longisternale Schiapelli y Gerschman, 1942 and Catumiri argentinense (Mello-Leitão, 1941) (Theraphosidae). Grammostola vachoni was the dominant species in hand capture and Actinopus sp. 1 in pitfall traps. The seasonal variation, diversity, and abundance of the mygalomorph community are analyzed and discussed here. The Mygalomorphae of the Tandilia system comprises an important group of sedentary and cryptozoic spiders that seem to be dependent on habitat type and environmental factors.

En el presente trabajo se analizó la riqueza específica, abundancia y actividad de la comunidad de arañas Mygalomorphae en la Reserva Natural Sierra del Tigre, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Este ecosistema serrano alberga numerosas especies endémicas y es rico en fauna y flora nativa. La abundancia de arañas se muestreó mensualmente desde mayo de 2011 a mayo de 2012, mediante recolección manual y trampas de caída. Las especies registradas en el área de estudio fueron Actinopus sp. 1 (Actinopodidae), Grammostola vachoni Schiapelli y Gerschman, 1960; Plesiopelma longisternale Schiapelli y Gerschman, 1942 y Catumiri argentinense (Mello-Leitão, 1941) (Theraphosidae). Grammostola vachoni resultó la especie dominante en la recolección manual y Actinopus sp. 1 en trampas de caída. Se discuten y analizan la variación estacional, diversidad y abundancia de la comunidad de migalomorfas. Las Mygalomorphae del sistema de Tandilia comprenden un grupo importante de arañas sedentarias y criptozoicas que parecen depender del tipo de ambiente y factores ambientales.