ABSTRACT. The density and distribution of soybean plants can interfere in the plant growth stage and yield, as well as phytosanitary management of this crop. Thus, innovations in production systems must be followed by improvements in pesticide application technology. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the influence of soybean sowing arrangements on fungicide application technology, with or without air assistance in the spray boom, using qualitative and quantitative assessments of the spray deposits. In the experiments, a randomized block design with split plots was used. Four soybean sowing arrangements: Conventional (CO), Double row (DR), Narrow row (NR), and Crossed rows (CR) composed the main plots, and fungicide application technologies with air assistance (AA) and without air assistance (WA) in the spray boom composed the subplots, with four replications. For the assessment of spray deposits, Brilliant Blue tracer dye was used in the spray solution, and the spray coverage was evaluated using water-sensitive papers. The effects of different soybean sowing arrangements on deposits and spray coverage were limited. However, an increase in spray deposits on the lower part of the soybean plants was observed with air assistance in the spray boom.

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate in vivo animal model of cardiac ischemia/reperfusion the cardioprotective activity of pancreatic lipase inhibitor of the orlistat. Methods: Adult male Wistar rats were anesthetized, placed on mechanical ventilation and underwent surgery to induce cardiac I/R by obstructing left descending coronary artery followed by reperfusion to evaluation of ventricular arrhythmias (VA), atrioventricular block (AVB) and lethality (LET) with pancreatic lipase inhibitor orlistat (ORL). At the end of reperfusion, blood samples were collected for determination of triglycerides (TG), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB). Results: Treatment with ORL has been able to decrease the incidence of VA, AVB and LET. Besides that, treatment with ORL reduced serum concentrations of CK and LDL, but did not alter the levels of serum concentration of TG, VLDL and HDL. Conclusion: The reduction of ventricular arrhythmias, atrioventricular block, and lethality and serum levels of creatine kinase produced by treatment with orlistat in animal model of cardiac isquemia/reperfusion injury suggest that ORL could be used as an efficient cardioprotective therapeutic strategy to attenuate myocardial damage related to acute myocardial infarction.

PURPOSE:To investigate if expression of genes encoding pro and anti-apoptotic proteins in the rat enteric endothelial cells stimulated by intestinal ischemia followed by reperfusion (IR) can be modified by treatment with heparin (HP).METHODS:Eighteen adult Wistar rats were divided in three groups: sham group submitted to laparotomy only (SG), ischemia followed by reperfusion group (IRG); ischemia followed by reperfusion plus pretreatment with HP 100 mg.kg-1 (IRG+HP). Ischemia was performed by clamping of the superior mesenteric artery. After 60 min of ischemia, metal clamps were removed for reperfusion for 120 min. Gene expression of encoding pro (Casp1, Casp6, Casp3, Cflar, Fas and Pgl) and anti-apoptotic (Bcl2, Bcl2l1 and Naip2) proteins in rat enteric endothelial cells was evaluated by PCR microarray method.RESULTS:Compared to rat endothelial cells of SG, the expression of pro-apoptotic genes was up-regulated in IRG while anti-apoptotic genes were down-regulated. In contrast, the expression of anti-apoptotic genes in IRG+HP was up-regulated while pro-apoptotic genes was down-regulated compared to SG.CONCLUSION:The attenuation by heparin of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion previously demonstrated in rodents could be related with ability of this drug to stimulate and reduce gene expression of encoding anti and pro-apoptotic proteins, respectively.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on the expression of pro and anti-apoptotic genes in rat endothelial cells undergoing enteric ischemia (I) and reperfusion (R). METHODS: Thirty rats underwent clamping of the superior mesenteric vessels. Sham group (GS) laparotomy only; Ischemia (GI): intestinal ischemia (60 min); Ischemia and Reperfusion (GIR): ischemia (60 min) and reperfusion (120 min); Ischemia and intestinal ischemic preconditioning (GI + IPC) : 5 minutes of ischemia followed by 10 min of reperfusion before sustained ischemia (60 min) ischemia and reperfusion and IPC (GIR + IPC): 5 min ischemia followed by 10 min of reperfusion before sustained ischemia (60min) and reperfusion (120 min). Rat Endothelial Cell Biology (PCR array) to determine the expression of genes related to endothelial cell biology. RESULTS: Gene expression of pro-apoptotic markers (Casp1, Casp6, Cflar, Fas, and Pgl) was down regulated in GI+IPC and in GIR + IPC. In contrast, the expression of anti-apoptotic genes (Bcl2 and Naip2), was up-regulated in GI + IPC and in GIR + IPC. CONCLUSION: Ischemic preconditioning may protect against cell death caused by ischemia and reperfusion.

OBJETIVO: Investigar os efeitos da infusão endovenosa da L-arginina (LG) na morfologia, função e resposta de citocinas pró-inflamatórias do fígado durante a fase precoce da lesão de isquemia e reperfusão (IRI). MÉTODOS: Trinta coelhos foram submetidos a 60 minutos de isquemia hepática e 120 minutos de reperfusão. Foi administrada injecção intravenosa de solução salina ou L-arginina aos cinco minutos antes de iniciar a isquemia e cinco minutos antes de iniciar a reperfusão e aos 55 e 115 minutos após o início da isquemia. Realizou-se análise histológica do fígado e dosagens séricas de AST, ALT, LDH, citocinas IL-6 e TNF-alfa. RESULTADOS: Ocorreu redução significante da congestão sinusoidal, vacuolização citoplasmática, infiltração de leucócitos polimorfonucleares, picnose nuclear, necrose e esteatose no tecido hepático, assim como nos níveis de AST, ALT e LDH após a injeção da LG na isquemia (p<0,001). Níveis mais baixos de IL-6 e TNF-alfa foram associados com a infusão LG durante a isquemia. Níveis mais elevados dessas proteínas foram observados nos animais que receberam LG durante a reperfusão. CONCLUSÃO: A L-arginina protegeu o fígado contra a lesão de isquemia e reperfusão principalmente quando administrada durante a fase de isquemia.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of intravenous L-arginine (LG) infusion on liver morphology, function and proinflammatory response of cytokines during the early phase of ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). METHODS: Thirty rabbits were subjected to 60 minutes of hepatic ischemia and 120 minutes of reperfusion. An intravenous injection of saline or L-arginine was administered five minutes before the ischemia and five minutes before initiating the reperfusion and at the 55th and 115th minutes after the ischemia. Samples were collected for histological analysis of the liver and measurements of the serum AST, ALT and LDH and the cytokines IL-6 and TNF-alpha. RESULTS: It was observed a significant reduction of sinusoidal congestion, cytoplasmic vacuolization, infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocyte, nuclear pyknosis, necrosis and steatosis in liver tissue, as well as AST, ALT and LDH after injection of LG in the ischemia (p <0.001). Lower levels of IL-6 and TNF-alpha were associated with LG infusion during ischemia. Higher levels these proteins were observed in animals receiving LG during reperfusion. CONCLUSION: L-arginine protects the liver against ischemia/reperfusion injury, mainly when is administered during the ischemic phase.

Case related about activities developed by a Nursing Research Group about the control and prevention of infections related to health care assistance thematic. The study has had the aim to describe the history of the group, its relevance and importance in the field of the prevention and control of infections along twenty years of existence. The paper discusses the trajectory of the Group, which was the first of its kind in nursing at the Central-West region of Brazil, and highlights the relevance of the group's experience in consolidating the knowledge production of the researchers involved and the preparation in research of undergraduate nursing students. The Research Group establishes the opportunity to share theoretical and practical knowledge, to instigate students and teachers to be creative and to study, focusing on the search for solutions to problems identified in the reality.

Relato de experiencia de las actividades realizadas por un Centro de Estudios e Investigación en Enfermería, en el desarrollo del tema de la prevención y el control de las infecciones relacionadas con el cuidado de la salud. Es estudio tuvo como objetivo describir la historia del grupo, su relevancia y contribuciones en el ámbito de la prevención y control de las infecciones en sus veinte años de existencia. El documento analiza la trayectoria de un grupo pionero en la área de enfermería en la región Centro - Oeste de Brasil y refuerza la relevancia de la experiencia en el fortalecimiento y consolidación de la producción del conocimiento por los investigadores envueltos y en la educación de jóvenes investigadores. El grupo de investigación es una oportunidad de compartir conocimientos y mejores prácticas, instigar a los estudiantes y profesores para crear y evaluar, centrándose en la búsqueda de soluciones a los problemas identificados en la realidad.

Relato de experiência sobre as atividades realizadas por um Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisa em Enfermagem, no desenvolvimento da temática de prevenção e controle de infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde. O estudo teve como objetivo descrever a trajetória histórica, a importância e contribuição de um grupo de pesquisa da área de prevenção e controle de infecção em seus vinte anos de existência. O texto discute a trajetória do grupo, que foi pioneiro na área de enfermagem na região Centro Oeste do Brasil e destaca a relevância da experiência no fortalecimento, consolidação da produção de conhecimento dos pesquisadores envolvidos e na formação de jovens pesquisadores. O grupo de pesquisa constitui-se em oportunidade de compartilhar conhecimentos teóricos e práticos, instigar estudantes e docentes à criação e aos estudos, com foco na busca de soluções para problemas identificados na realidade.

The glutaraldehyde widely used in the reprocessing of endoscope for the advantages and low cost presents high toxicity and can expose the professionals to occupational risks. Descriptive research carried through digestive endoscope services in Goiânia-GO/ Brazil by means of a questionnaire and direct observation registered in check list, characterized the occupational exposure in professionals who reprocess endoscopes verifying the clinical manifestations reported by them and the environment ventilation. The clinical manifestations reported had been gastric, ophthalmic, dermatological, neurological and respiratory origins, more frequent in the three last ones. Amongst respiratory, the most cited ones had been: cold (72.73%) and nasal constipation (59.09%), between the neurological ones: chronic headaches (72.73%), sleepiness (72.73%) and tension (54.55%) and dermatological: dry skin (59.09%) and pruritus (54.55%). The majority of the services does not have windows nor exhaust fan, and the air conditioning devices beyond not having appropriate chemical filters produce air turbulence, impeding the emanated toxic vapors elimination. The data of the work environment, the incorrect use of the Individual Protection Equipment and the clinical manifestations reported by the workers suggest evidences that the studied endoscope services may offer occupational chemical risk to the workers during the management of glutaraldehyde.

El glutaraldehído, ampliamente utilizado en el reprocesamiento de endoscopios por las ventajas y bajo coste, presenta alta toxicidad y puede exponer los profesionales a riesgos laborales. Investigación descriptiva realizada en servicios de endoscopia de Goiânia-GO/Brasil que se caracterizó a través de un cuestionario y observación un check list, la exposición ocupacional de los profesionales que reprocesan endoscopios, observando los síntomas notificados por ellos y la ventilación del ambiente. Las manifestaciones clínicas relatadas fueron de origen gástrico, oftalmológico, dermatológico, neurológicos y respiratórios más frecuentes en los últimos tres. Entre las vías respiratorias, los más citados fueron: resfriado (72,73%) y constipación nasal (59,09%), entre las neurológicas: cefalea (72,73%), somnolencia (72,73%) y la tensión (54, 55%) y dermatologicas: la piel resecado (59,09%) y prurito (54,55%). La mayoría de los servicios no tienen ventanas tampoco exaustores, y los aparatos de aire acondicionado no tienen buenos filtros químicos apropiados y producen turbulencia de aire, impedindo la eliminación de los gases tóxicos que emanan. Los datos sobre el ambiente de trabajo, el uso incorrecto de los equipos de protección individual y los síntomas las manifestaciones clinicas relatadas por los trabajadores sugieren evidencias que los servicios de endoscopia estudiados pueden ofrecer riesgo química ocupacional a los trabajadores durante el manoseo del glutaraldehído.

O glutaraldeído, amplamente utilizado no reprocessamento de endoscópios pelas vantagens e baixo custo, apresenta alta toxicidade e pode expor os profissionais a riscos ocupacionais. Pesquisa descritiva realizada em 2007 em serviços de endoscopia digestiva de Goiânia-GO/Brasil que caracterizou por meio de um questionário e observação direta registradas em check list, a exposição ocupacional dos profissionais que reprocessam endoscópios, verificando as manifestações clínicas relatadas por eles e a ventilação do ambiente. As manifestações clínicas relatadas foram de origem gástrica, oftalmológica, dermatológica, neurológica e respiratória, mais freqüentes nas três últimas. Dentre as respiratórias, as mais citadas foram: resfriado (72,73%) e constipação nasal (59,09%), entre as neurológicas: cefaléias (72,73%), sonolência (72,73%) e tensão (54,55%) e dermatológicas: pele ressecada (59,09%) e prurido (54,55%). A maioria dos serviços não possui janelas nem exaustor, e os aparelhos de ar condicionado além de não possuírem filtros químicos apropriados produzem turbulência do ar, impedindo a eliminação dos vapores tóxicos emanados. Os dados sobre o ambiente de trabalho, o uso incorreto dos Equipamentos de Proteção Individual e as manifestações clínicas relatadas pelos trabalhadores sugerem evidências que os serviços de endoscopia estudados podem oferecer risco químico ocupacional aos trabalhadores durante o manuseio do glutaraldeído.

Foi realizado um estudo entre auxiliares de enfermagem e enfermeiros que trabalhavam em hospital público de São Paulo. A organização dos turnos diurnos e noturnos fixos era de 12 horas diárias, seguidas de 36 horas de descanso. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a percepção da duração e qualidade dos episódios de sono nos dias de trabalho e de descanso, bem como dos níveis de alerta durante os turnos diurnos e noturnos de 12 horas de trabalho. Comparadas as durações dos episódios de sono, foram detectadas diferenças significativas entre sono diurno e noturno (Teste t de Student = 10,82; p < 0,000). A qualidade dos episódios de sono diurno após as noites de trabalho foi percebida como pior do que a qualidade dos episódios de sono noturno (Teste de Wilcoxon, Z = 2,67; p < 0,007). Foram encontradas diferenças significativas na percepção dos estados de alerta em três momentos diferentes do turno da noite (Friedman = 63,0; p < 0,00). Os níveis percebidos de alerta à noite tornam-se piores à medida que aumenta o número de horas de trabalho. Isso é um indicativo de que a sonolência no trabalho noturno se faz presente e pode prejudicar seriamente tanto trabalhadores quanto os pacientes que estão aos seus cuidados.

This study was conducted among health care personnel (registered nurses and nurse aides) in a public hospital in São Paulo, Brazil. Work was organized in 12-hour daytime or nighttime shifts, followed by 36 hours off. The study aimed to evaluate how the nursing staff perceived the duration and quality of sleep both during and off work days, as well as their perception of alertness during working hours. There were significant differences between night and day in the duration of sleep (Student t test = 10.82; p < 0.000). Quality of daytime sleep after working night shifts was perceived as worse than nighttime sleep (Wilcoxon test, Z = 2.67; p < 0.007). Significant differences were detected in self-evaluation of alertness after the 2nd, 6th, and 10th hour of night shifts (Friedman = 63.0; p < 0.00). Alertness was perceived as worse during dawn hours. This is an indication of sleepiness at work and can have serious consequences for both health care workers and patients.

Foi realizado um estudo entre auxiliares de enfermagem e enfermeiros que trabalhavam em hospital público de São Paulo. A organização dos turnos diurnos e noturnos fixos era de 12 horas diárias, seguidas de 36 horas de descanso. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a percepção da duração e qualidade dos episódios de sono nos dias de trabalho e de descanso, bem como dos níveis de alerta durante os turnos diurnos e noturnos de 12 horas de trabalho. Comparadas as durações dos episódios de sono, foram detectadas diferenças significativas entre sono diurno e noturno (Teste t de Student = 10,82; p < 0,000). A qualidade dos episódios de sono diurno após as noites de trabalho foi percebida como pior do que a qualidade dos episódios de sono noturno (Teste de Wilcoxon, Z = 2,67; p < 0,007). Foram encontradas diferenças significativas na percepção dos estados de alerta em três momentos diferentes do turno da noite (Friedman = 63,0; p < 0,00). Os níveis percebidos de alerta à noite tornam-se piores à medida que aumenta o número de horas de trabalho. Isso é um indicativo de que a sonolência no trabalho noturno se faz presente e pode prejudicar seriamente tanto trabalhadores quanto os pacientes que estão aos seus cuidados.

This study was conducted among health care personnel (registered nurses and nurse aides) in a public hospital in São Paulo, Brazil. Work was organized in 12-hour daytime or nighttime shifts, followed by 36 hours off. The study aimed to evaluate how the nursing staff perceived the duration and quality of sleep both during and off work days, as well as their perception of alertness during working hours. There were significant differences between night and day in the duration of sleep (Student t test = 10.82; p < 0.000). Quality of daytime sleep after working night shifts was perceived as worse than nighttime sleep (Wilcoxon test, Z = 2.67; p < 0.007). Significant differences were detected in self-evaluation of alertness after the 2nd, 6th, and 10th hour of night shifts (Friedman = 63.0; p < 0.00). Alertness was perceived as worse during dawn hours. This is an indication of sleepiness at work and can have serious consequences for both health care workers and patients.