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au:Fajardo, R.

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Aplicación de redes neuronales artificiales en el liderazgo asignado y el éxito académico en egresados de medicina
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Ponce-Rosas, Efrén R.

; Dávila-Mendoza, Rocío

; Jiménez-Galván, Irma

; Fernández-Ortega, Miguel A.

; Ortiz-Montalvo, Armando

; Fajardo-Ortiz, Guillermo

Cirugía y cirujanos

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aug 2023, Volume 91 N. 4 Pages 550 - 560

Abstract: Es En | Text: Es En | PDF: Es | PDF: En

Resumen Objetivo: Aplicar un modelo de análisis de redes neuronales artificiales (RNA) para identificar las variables que predicen el liderazgo asignado y el éxito académico en egresados de seis generaciones de la carrera de Medicina. Método: Estudio analítico, retrospectivo y comparativo. Participaron 1434 egresados. Se envió un cuestionario por correo electrónico que incluyó el consentimiento de participación voluntaria. Se realizó análisis estadístico multivariado mediante RNA del tipo perceptrón multicapa, árboles de decisión y análisis de impulsores. Resultados: Las RNA identificaron siete variables independientes que predijeron el éxito profesional y ocho para el liderazgo en los médicos egresados. Los árboles de decisión identificaron diferencias significativas en las variables desempeño profesional (p = 0.000), edad (p = 0.005) y actividades de educación continua (p = 0.034) relacionadas con el éxito profesional, y para el liderazgo las variables sexo (p = 0.000), promedio en el bachillerato (p = 0.042), realizar práctica clínica en el servicio social (p = 0.002) y actividades de educación continua (p = 0.011). Conclusiones: Las RNA identificaron las principales variables independientes predictoras del éxito profesional y el liderazgo de los egresados. El estudio abre dos líneas de investigación poco estudiadas con las técnicas de RNA en el área de la medicina.

Abstract Objective: To apply an artificial neural networks analysis (ANN) model to identify variables that predict assigned leadership and academic success in graduates of six generations of medical school. Method: Analytical, retrospective, comparative study. A total of 1434 graduates participated. A questionnaire was sent to them by e-mail including a voluntary participation consent. A multivariate statistical analysis using multi-layer perceptron ANN, decision trees and driver analysis was performed. Results: The ANN identified seven independent variables that predicted professional success and eight for leadership in medical graduates. The decision trees identified significant differences in the variables professional performance (p = 0.000), age (p = 0.005) and continuing education activities (p = 0.034) related to professional success, and for leadership the variables gender (p = 0.000), high school grades (p = 0.042), performing clinical practice during the social service year (p = 0.002) and continuing education activities (p = 0.011). Conclusions: The ANN identified the main independent predictor variables of professional success and leadership of the graduates. This study opens up two new lines of research little studied with the techniques of in the area of medicine.

https://doi.org/10.24875/ciru.22000318

Effects of UV-B radiation on the morphology, UV-B absorbing compounds and photosynthetic pigment content of Plantago lanceolata and Rheum rhabarbarum
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Niculcar, Roberto

; Fajardo, Víctor

; Cuadra, Pedro

Gayana. Botánica

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jun 2023, Volume 80 N. 1 Pages 38 - 48

Abstract: Es En | Text: Es En | PDF: Es | PDF: En

RESUMEN En las últimas décadas, la fluencia de radiación ultravioleta-B (UV-B) que golpea el suelo ha aumentado como consecuencia del adelgazamiento de la capa de ozono en las latitudes del sur. Este fenómeno ha despertado mucho interés en desentrañar cómo las plantas se aclimatan a esta condición. La radiación UV-B desencadena varias respuestas que afectan la fisiología, morfología y bioquímica de las plantas. En este estudio, se analizó el efecto de la radiación UV-B suplementaria en la arquitectura de la planta, los compuestos absorbentes de UV-B y los pigmentos fotosintéticos en dos especies cosmopolitas. Se encontró un rango diferente de capacidad de respuesta en los parámetros morfológicos (área foliar, longitud y ancho de las hojas; altura de la planta) de las especies. El efecto sobre el contenido de pigmentos fotosintéticos y los compuestos absorbentes de UV-B se estudió a través de mediciones de absorbancia. Los datos obtenidos mostraron que sólo los carotenoides aumentaron en plantas irradiadas de R. rhabarabarum. Asimismo, se encontró un aumento en el contenido de compuestos absorbentes de UV-B en plantas irradiadas de la misma especie. Este efecto puede considerarse como una protección química contra los efectos dañinos de la luz en la fotosíntesis y contra el daño celular oxidativo. Asimismo, también se encontraron respuestas fotomorfogénicas inducidas por la radiación UV-B. De hecho, todos los parámetros morfológicos de P. lanceolata se incrementaron. El claro aumento mostrado en el tamaño de la hoja y la altura de la planta sugiere que la división celular y los procesos de elongación y/o diferenciación del tallo son estimulados por la radiación UV-B. Estos cambios pueden verse como un efecto de “eustrés” y pueden indicar que dichas plantas están fisiológicamente adaptadas a este nivel de radiación UV-B.

ABSTRACT In recent decades the fluence of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation striking the ground has increased as a consequence of ozone depletion at southern latitudes. This phenomenon has sparked much interest in unravelling how plants acclimate to this condition. UV-B radiation triggers several responses that affect plant physiology, morphology and biochemistry. In this study, the effects of supplemental UV-B radiation on plant architecture, UV-B absorbing compounds and photosynthetic pigments were analyzed in two cosmopolitan species. A different range of responsiveness was found in the morphological parameters (leaf area, length and width; plant height) of species. The effects on photosynthetic pigment content and the UV-B absorbing compounds were studied through absorbance measurements. The obtained data showed that only carotenoids increased in irradiated plants of R. rhabarabarum. Likewise, an increase in the UV-B absorbing compounds content was found in irradiated plants from the same species. This effect may be regarded as a chemical protection against the damaging effects of light in photosynthesis and against oxidative cell damage. UV-B radiation induced photomorphogenic responses. In fact, all the morphological parameters of P. lanceolata were increased. The clear increase shown in leaf size and plant height suggest that cell division and stem elongation and/or differentiation processes are stimulated by UV-B radiation. These changes can be seen as an eustress effect and may indicate that plants are physiologically adapted to this level of UV-B radiation.

Axial compressive behavior of short tie-columns with strapping spiral ties
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Mesa-Lavista, Milena

; Álvarez-Pérez, José

; Chávez-Gómez, Jorge H.

; Fajardo-San-Miguel, G

; Cavazos-de-Lira, Diego

; Ruvalcaba-Ayala, Fabián R.

Revista de la construcción

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dec 2022, Volume 21 N. 3 Pages 658 - 668

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

Abstract: Spiral ties with rectangular cross sections have been developed as a new technology in construction, reducing the workforce in the reinforcement production series, because the worker does not have to place the tie reinforcement for the columns on the construction site. In this paper, a new type of tie was evaluated in short tie-columns subjected to axial compression to be applied in confined masonry. A comparison was made in this paper among spiral ties, with circular and rectangular cross sections, and traditional closed ties. The main aim of this research is to prove that these rectangular cross section spiral ties can be used in tie-columns for confined masonry structures. Twenty-one specimens were tested to investigate their structural behavior. As a part of the results, maximum loads, strains, load-displacement curves, and stress-strain relationships, were obtained based on testing standards, for both specimens and component materials. In addition, the fracture energy in compression and the ductility index were assessed. These results demonstrate that spiral ties with rectangular cross section have an efficient structural response compared to traditional and circular spiral ties.

https://doi.org/10.7764/rdlc.21.3.657

Efluentes hospitalarios como reservorio de enterobacterias productoras de betalactamasas y carbapenemasas
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Soriano-Moreno, David R.

; Yareta, José

; Rojas-Cosi, Ana F.

; Fajardo-Loyola, Alexander

; León-Luna, Diana

; Castillo-Quezada, Isabel

; Laura-Bejarano, Mario

; Hilario-Sánchez, Milagros

; Galarza-Pérez, Marco

; Marcos-Carbajal, Pool

Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Pública

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jun 2021, Volume 38 N. 2 Pages 302 - 307

Abstract: En Es | Text: En Es | PDF: En | PDF: Es

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine the presence of beta-lactamase- (bla) producing Enterobacteriaceae in hospital effluent samples from two level II and III hospitals in Lima, Peru. The resistance profile of the isolated bacteria was identified and characterized using the MicroScan system for 18 antimicrobials, and the presence of extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) (blaCTX-M ,bla SHV bla TEM ,bla PER) and carbapenemases (bla KPC ,bla NDM ,bla VIM ,bla IMP) resistance genes was determined by conventional PCR. Thirty-two isolates were identified (20 Enterobacteriaceae and 12 gram-negative bacteria). All the isolated bacteria showed multidrug resistance. ESBL (bla TEM) and carbapenemase (blaKPC, blaIMP) genes were found in samples from the hospitals that we evaluated. The release of these microorganisms to public areas and the lack of treatment of the hospital effluents could be an important public health problem.

RESUMEN Con el objetivo de determinar la presencia de enterobacterias productoras de betalactamasas (bla) en muestras de efluentes hospitalarios, se realizó un estudio en dos hospitales de nivel II y III de Lima, Perú. Se identificó y caracterizó el perfil de resistencia de las bacterias aisladas mediante el sistema MicroScan para 18 antimicrobianos, y mediante PCR convencional se determinó la presencia de los genes de resistencia a betalactamasas de espectro de extendido (BLEE) (bla CTX-M, bla SHV, bla TEM, bla PER) y carbapenemasas (bla KPC , bla NDM , bla VIM , bla IMP). Se identificaron 32 aislados (20 enterobacterias y 12 bacterias gramnegativas). Todas las bacterias aisladas presentaron multirresistencia. Se halló la presencia de genes BLEE (bla TEM) y carbapenemasas (bla KPC y bla IMP) en los hospitales evaluados. La liberación de estos microorganismos a la vía pública y la falta de tratamiento de los efluentes hospitalarios podría ser un importante problema de salud pública.

https://doi.org/10.17843/rpmesp.2021.382.6202

Producción de proteína unicelular de Saccharomyces cerevisiae con granza de arroz e inclusión en cerdos
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Pinzón-Fajardo, Omar R.

; Hurtado-Nery, Víctor L.

ORINOQUIA

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jun 2021, Volume 25 N. 1 Pages 23 - 33

Abstract: Es En Pt | Text: Es En Pt | PDF: Es | PDF: En | PDF: Pt

Resumen El contenido proteico de harinas de cereales se incrementa con proteínas microbianas mediante procesos de fermentación utilizando levaduras. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la inclusión de granza de arroz sometida a fermentación liquida con Saccharomyces cerevisiae por fermentación anaeróbica como fuente de proteína unicelular (PUC) para cerdos en crecimiento. Se realizó prueba piloto en laboratorio para producción de PUC de S. cerevisiae con granza de arroz para estandarizar y encontrar las mejores condiciones en el proceso, para su posterior producción en fermentador de 600 l. Se evalúo la granza obtenida por fermentación con S. cerevisiae por un tiempo de 30 días, en 24 cerdos de 21.72 ± 3.31 kg, distribuidos en un diseño en bloques completos al azar con cuatro tratamientos, tres bloques y seis animales por tratamiento. El ensayo consistió en cuatro niveles de inclusión: T1: 0%, T2: 10%, T3: 20% y T4: 25%, de granza de arroz post-fermentada con S. cerevisiae. Las variables evaluadas fueron peso final (kg), ganancia de peso (g/día), consumo final (kg), conversión alimenticia. El alimento pasó de 8.23% a 13.97% de PC. Se presentaron diferencias (p<0.05) en ganancia diaria de peso T1: 625.81 y T2: 618.77 respecto T3: 526.38 y T4: 542.77 g/día, y en la conversión alimenticia entre T1: 2.20 y T2: 2.16 respecto a los tratamientos T3: 2.54 y T4: 2.45. No hubo diferencias (p>0.05) para el peso final ni el consumo final. El costo de las dietas fue menor para T2, T3 y T4. En conclusión, con la fermentación anaerobia de la granza se mejoró el nivel proteico del alimento por crecimiento de la levadura S. cerevisiae y puede ser incluido en dietas para cerdos en crecimiento, presentándose buena palatabilidad y hasta un nivel de inclusión del 10% obtener buen rendimiento, con una dieta de menor costo.

Abstract Cereal flour protein content can be increased by microbial protein action through yeast-driven fermentation. This research was aimed at evaluating the anaerobic fermentation of liquid rice bran with Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a single cell protein (SCP) source for raising pigs. A pilot test for S. cerevisiae SCP production was carried out in the laboratory using rice bran to standardise and find the best process conditions regarding SCP production in a 600 L fermenter tank. The rice bran obtained by fermentation with S. cerevisiae was evaluated for 30 days using twenty-four 21.72±3.31 kg pigs; a randomised complete block design (RCBD) was used, involving four treatments, three blocks and six animals per treatment. The trial had four rice bran post-fermented with S. cerevisiae inclusion levels: T1 0% bran inclusion, T2 10%, T3 20% and T4 25%. Final weight (kg), average daily gain (g/day), final consumption (kg) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were the variables evaluated here. SCP inclusion in food rose from 8.23% to 13.97%. There were significant statistical differences (p<0.05) regarding average daily gain for T1 (625.81 g/day) and T2 (618.77) compared to T3 (526.38) and T4 (542.77) and FCR for T1 (2.20) and T2 (2.16) compared to T3 (2.54) and T4 (2.45). There were no differences (p>0.05) regarding final weight or final consumption. Diet costs were lower for T2, T3 and T4. The anaerobic fermentation of rice bran improved feed protein content through S. cerevisiae growth and can be included in diets for raising pigs; it has good palatability and up to 10% SCP inclusion level, obtaining good yield and a lower cost diet.

Resumo O conteúdo protéico das farinhas de cereais é aumentado com proteínas microbianas através de processos de fermentação utilizando leveduras. O objectivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a inclusão de quirera de arroz submetido a fermentação líquida com Saccharomyces cerevisiae por fermentação anaeróbia como fonte de proteína unicelular (PUC) para porcos em crescimento. Teste-piloto foi realizado no laboratório para a produção PUC de S. cerevisiae com quirera de arroz, a fim de padronizar e encontrar as melhores condições do processo para a produção subsequente fermentador de 600 l. Foram avaliadas a quirera de arroz obtido por fermentação com S. cerevisiae foi avaliado por um período de 30 dias, em 24 porcos 21.72 ± 3.31 kg, distribuídos em blocos casualizados com quatro tratamentos, três blocos e seis animais por tratamento. O julgamento consistiu em quatro níveis de inclusão: T1: 0%, T2: 10%, T3: 20% e T4: 25%, de quirera de arroz pós-fermentado com S. cerevisiae. As variáveis estudadas foram o ganho diário de peso (g/dia), peso final (kg), consumo final (kg) e conversão de feed. A comida passou de 8.23% para 13.97% de PC. Houve diferenças (p<0,05) no ganho de peso diário T1: 625.81 e T2: 618.77 em relação a T3: 526.38 e T4: 542.77 g/dia, e na conversão alimentar entre T1: 2.20 e T2: 2.16 com relação aos tratamentos T3: 2.54 e T4: 2.45. Não houve diferenças (p>0.05) para o peso final ou consumo final. O custo das dietas foi menor para T2, T3 e T4. Em conclusão, com a fermentação anaeróbia do quirera de arroz, o nível protéico da ração foi melhorado pelo crescimento da levedura S. cerevisiae e pode ser incluído em rações para suínos em crescimento, apresentando boa palatabilidade e até um nível de inclusão de 10% obtendo boa desempenho, com uma dieta de menor custo.

https://doi.org/10.22579/20112629.653 278 downloads

Efluentes hospitalarios como reservorio de enterobacterias productoras de betalactamasas y carbapenemasas
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Soriano-Moreno, David R.

; Yareta, José

; Rojas-Cosi, Ana F.

; Fajardo-Loyola, Alexander

; León-Luna, Diana

; Castillo-Quezada, Isabel

; Laura-Bejarano, Mario

; Hilario-Sánchez, Milagros

; Galarza-Pérez, Marco

; Marcos-Carbajal, Pool

Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Publica

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apr 2021, Volume 38 N. 2 Pages 302 - 307

Abstract: En Es | Text: En Es | PDF: En | PDF: Es

https://doi.org/10.17843/rpmesp.2021.382.6202

Oxidação anódica para descontaminação de um efluente contaminado com o herbicida glifosato utilizando anodo de diamante dopado com boro
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Lima, Maycon D. de

; Fajardo, Ana S.

; Santos, Elaine C. de M.

; Sales-Solano, Aline M.

; Silva, Djalma R. da

; Martínez-Huitle, Carlos A.

Química Nova

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2021, Volume 44 N. 5 Pages 561 - 569

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

Glyphosate is one of the most widely used herbicides in various crops. Based on the existing literature, this herbicide has carcinogenic characteristics, being able to be found in water courses, not only for its leaching in soils, but also in the effluents of the industries that produce it. Due to its negative impact on living beings, this work aims to investigate the applicability of the electrochemical treatment of a synthetic solution containing glyphosate with boron-doped diamond anode. Two electrochemical systems were tested (magnetic stirring and recirculation flow) for studying the applied current density (j = 30-200 mA cm-2), initial glyphosate concentration (250-850 mg L-1) and initial pH (3-9) as operating conditions. Best removal efficiencies were achieved at 100 mA cm-2, 850 mg L-1 of glyphosate and the natural effluent pH (≈5,0). The performance of the electrochemical systems was evaluated in terms of removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and energy requirements. After 120 min of treatment, comparing the magnetic stirring system to the recirculation it was verified that the first one is the most economically viable with an energy consumption of 56 kWh m-3. However, the results at both electrochemical systems are more efficient than those reported in the literature when the initial concentration, time and mass transport coefficient are considered.

https://doi.org/10.21577/0100-4042.20170715 74 downloads

Use of nano-SiO2 as a preventive maintenance surface treatment in concrete aged by carbonation
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Vaca-Arciga, L.

; Cruz-Moreno, D.

; Fajardo-San Miguel, G.

; Orozco-Cruz, R.

; Tienda, F.

Revista ALCONPAT

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dec 2020, Volume 10 N. 3 Pages 274 - 285

Abstract: Pt En Es | Text: Pt En Es | PDF: Pt | PDF: En | PDF: Es

Resumo Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a utilização de nanopartículas à base de silício (NS) e funcionalizadas (NF) como tratamento preventivo de superfície (ST) emergente em corpos de prova de concreto armado. As amostras foram fabricadas com uma relação água/cimento (a/c) de 0,65 e submetidas a um período de envelhecimento prévio por exposição ao CO2. Posteriormente, duas variantes diferentes do tratamento foram aplicadas por pulverização (utilizando uma dispersão de 0,1% de nanopartículas em água) e, em seguida, submetidas à carbonatação novamente. Os resultados de profundidade de carbonatação e ângulo de contato indicam que existe uma influência entre o grau de envelhecimento e a eficiência de cada tratamento.

Abstract This study aims to evaluate the use of silicon base (NS) and functionalized (NF) nanoparticles as emerging preventive surface treatment (ST) in reinforced concrete specimens. The specimens were fabricated with a water/cement (w/c) of 0.65 and subjected to a previous aging period through exposure to CO2. Subsequently, two different variants of the treatment were applied by spraying (using a 0.1% dispersion of nanoparticles in water) and then re-applied to carbonation. The carbonation depth and contact angle results indicate that there is an influence between the degree of aging and the efficiency of each treatment.

Resumen Este estudio, tiene como objetivo evaluar el uso de nanopartículas base silicio (NS) y funcionalizadas (NF) como tratamiento superficial (ST) preventivo emergente en especímenes de concreto reforzado. Los especímenes fueron fabricados con una relación agua/cemento (a/c) de 0.65 y sometidos a un periodo de envejecimiento previo mediante la exposición a CO2. Posteriormente, dos diferentes variantes del tratamiento fueron aplicadas mediante aspersión (usando una dispersión de 0.1% de nanopartículas en agua) y después fueron sometidas nuevamente a carbonatación. Los resultados de profundidad de carbonatación y ángulo de contacto indican que existe una influencia entre el grado de envejecimiento y la eficiencia de cada tratamiento.

https://doi.org/10.21041/ra.v10i3.487 74 downloads

Guía práctica interinstitucional para el tratamiento del infarto agudo de miocardio
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Borrayo-Sánchez, Gabriela

; Alcocer-Gamba, Marco A.

; Araiza-Garaygordobil, Diego

; Arias-Mendoza, Alexandra

; Aubanel-Riedel, Patricia

; Cortés-Lawrenz, Jorge

; González-Juanatey, José R.

; Gutiérrez-Fajardo, Pedro

; Martín-Hernández, Patricia

; Martínez-Ramírez, Leonel

; Merino-Rajme, José A.

; Muñoz-Carrillo, José M.

; López-Pais, Javier

; Parra-Michel, Rodolfo

; Piña-Reyna, Yigal

; Ortiz-Fernández, Patricio

; Ramírez-Arias, Erick

; Robles-Rangel, Marco A.

; Rosas-Peralta, Martín

; Rangel-Velázquez, Raúl

; Palami-Antúnez, Diana

; López-Ridaura, Ruy

; Reyes-Terán, Gustavo

Gaceta médica de México

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dec 2020, Volume 156 N. 6 Pages 569 - 579

Abstract: En Es | Text: En Es | PDF: En | PDF: Es

Abstract Introduction: Mexico has the highest 30-day acute myocardial infarction (AMI) mortality rate: 28% versus 7.5% on average for the OECD countries, and it constitutes one of the main causes of mortality in the country. Objective: To establish critical pathways and essential interinstitutional pharmacological strategies for the care of patients with AMI in Mexico, regardless of their socioeconomic status. Method: A group of experts in AMI diagnosis and treatment, representatives of the main public health institutions in Mexico, as well as the Mexican cardiology societies, the Mexican Red Cross and representatives of the Spanish Society of Cardiology, were brought together in order to optimize strategies based on the best existing evidence. Results: An interinstitutional clinical practice guideline was designed for early diagnosis and timely treatment of AMI with ST elevation, following the clinical horizon of the disease, with the proposal of algorithms that improve the prognosis of patients who attend the emergency services due to an AMI. Conclusion: With these clinical practice guidelines, the group of experts proposes to universalize AMI diagnosis and treatment, regardless of patient socioeconomic status.

Resumen Introducción: México tiene la mortalidad más alta a 30 días por infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM), el cual constituye una de las principales causas de mortalidad en el país: 28 % versus 7.5 % del promedio de los países de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos. Objetivo: Establecer las rutas críticas y las estrategias farmacológicas esenciales interinstitucionales para la atención de los pacientes con IAM en México, independientemente de su condición socioeconómica. Método: Se reunió a un grupo de expertos en diagnóstico y tratamiento de IAM, representantes de las principales instituciones públicas de salud de México, así como las sociedades cardiológicas mexicanas, Cruz Roja Mexicana y representantes de la Sociedad Española de Cardiología, con la finalidad de optimizar las estrategias con base en la mejor evidencia existente. Resultados: Se diseñó una guía de práctica clínica interinstitucional para el diagnóstico temprano y tratamiento oportuno del IAM con elevación del segmento ST, siguiendo el horizonte clínico de la enfermedad, con la propuesta de algoritmos que mejoren el pronóstico de los pacientes que acuden por IAM a los servicios de urgencias. Conclusión: Con la presente guía práctica, el grupo de expertos propone universalizar el diagnóstico y tratamiento en el IAM, independientemente de la condición socioeconómica del paciente.

https://doi.org/10.24875/gmm.20000372 3905 downloads

10.

Modeling of the variation of the electrical conductivity of the leachate of cocoa with different fermentation index
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Loo-Miranda, JLM

; Chire-Fajardo, GC

; Ureña-Peralta, MO

Enfoque UTE

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sep 2020, Volume 11 N. 3 Pages 46 - 54

Abstract: En Es | Text: En Es | PDF: En | PDF: Es

Abstract This study linked the fermentation index of two varieties of cocoa beans: CCN 51 and ICS 6 with electrical conductivity (EC) of the water where they were immersed using a laboratory conductimeter. Mixtures of 11 fermented cocoa beans and unfermented were performed in order to obtain fermentation index from 0% (unfermented beans) to that reached by the fermented cocoa beans. Immersion times tested for determination of the electrical conductivity were 90 and 180 minutes. The results of electrical conductivity for CCN 51 and ICS 6 were 56.1 ± 12.0 to 1375.0 ± 28.0 mS/cm and 150.0 ± 19.9 to 1199.3 ± 44.5 mS/cm, respectively. Subsequent conductivity values did not represent significant increases over time. The relationship between the fermentation index and electrical conductivity for CCN 51 showed positive trend, achieving a R. = 63.1%. The following function by regression: EC (CCN-51) = 1196 + 10.83 * (FI) – 0.06 *(FI). got a model with significant adjustment to be used to determine its fermentation index.

Resumen El presente estudio relacionó el índice de fermentación de dos variedades de granos de cacao: CCN 51 e ICS 6, con la conductividad eléctrica (CE) del agua donde estuvieron inmersos, utilizando un conductímetro de laboratorio. Para ello se realizaron 11 mezclas de granos de cacao fermentados y no fermentados, con el propósito de obtener índices de fermentación desde 0% (grano sin fermentar) hasta el alcanzado por el grano de cacao fermentado. Los tiempos ensayados de inmersión para la determinación de la conductividad eléctrica fueron de 90 y 180 minutos. Los resultados de la conductividad eléctrica para CCN 51 e ICS 6 fueron de 56.1 ± 12.0 a 1375.0 ± 28.0 μS/cm, y de 150.0 ± 19.9 a 1199.3 ± 44.5 μS/cm, respectivamente. Valores de conductividad posteriores no representaron incrementos significativos en el tiempo. La relación entre el índice de fermentación y la conductividad eléctrica para CCN 51, mostró tendencia positiva, y se obtuvo un R. = 63.1%. Con la función lograda por regresión: CE (CCN-51) = 1196 + 10.83 * (IF) – 0.06 *(IF)., se obtuvo un modelo con ajuste significativo a ser utilizado para determinar su índice de fermentación.

https://doi.org/10.29019/enfoque.v11n3.609 22 downloads

11.

Caracterización de seis generaciones de egresados de medicina
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Fernández-Ortega, Miguel A.

; Ponce-Rosas, Efrén R.

; Ortiz-Montalvo, Armando

; Fajardo-Ortiz, Guillermo

; Jiménez-Galván, Irma

Cirugía y cirujanos

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jun 2020, Volume 88 N. 3 Pages 269 - 276

Abstract: En Es | Text: En Es | PDF: En | PDF: Es

Abstract Background: Medical graduates follow-up programs allow the improvement of the curriculum of the Medicine career. Through identifying opportunity areas and strengthening points, institutions become increasingly competitive. Objective: Identify the socio-demographic, formative, labor insertion and satisfaction characteristics among six generations of graduates of the Medical School of the Faculty of Medicine of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (2004-2009). Method: It is a descriptive, cross-sectional, retrospective, comparative study integrating the answers of mailed electronic questionnaires to 5295 graduates who concluded studies between 2004 and 2009. Descriptive and inferential techniques were used for analysis. Results: An upward trend in the number of years to conclude the career was identified and an increase in failed assignments in the last three generations. Noticeable was also that, as time went by, the incorporation of physicians into the labor market was slower. Although the percentage of general unemployment was very low (2.9%). Conclusions: There are no major changes in the characteristics of the Medicine graduates. Although it is necessary to identify the reason for the increased in failed assignments which affects the length of completion. Further improvement in Research and Social Medicine programs are to be considered.

Resumen Antecedentes: Los programas de seguimiento de egresados permiten mejorar los programas y el currículo de la carrera de Medicina, identificando las áreas de oportunidad y haciendo más competitivas a las instituciones educativas. Objetivo: Identificar las características sociodemográficas, formativas, de inserción laboral y de satisfacción, en seis generaciones de egresados de la carrera de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (2004-2009). Método: Estudio descriptivo, transversal, retrospectivo y comparativo, con 5295 egresados de la carrera de Medicina que concluyeron entre 2004 y 2009. Se envió un cuestionario por correo electrónico a cada uno de los egresados y se analizaron los resultados mediante técnicas descriptivas e inferenciales. Resultados: Se observó un incremento en el número de años para concluir la carrera y un aumento en el número de materias reprobadas en las últimas tres generaciones. Además, hubo mayor lentitud en la inserción laboral en el mismo periodo, aunque el porcentaje de desempleo general fue muy bajo (2.9%). Conclusiones: No hay cambios en la caracterización de los egresados respecto a generaciones anteriores; no obstante, será fundamental identificar las causas del incremento en el número de materias reprobadas que está afectando la eficiencia terminal, además de mejorar los programas de investigación epidemiológica y socio-médica.

https://doi.org/10.24875/ciru.20000881 42 downloads

12.

Caracterización de las propiedades tensiles de un material compuesto laminado Epoxi-Carbono empleado en la fabricación de un monoplaza tipo Fórmula SAE
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Fajardo, Jorge I.

; Villa, Micaela N.

; Pozo, Jonatan A.

; Urgilés, Diego R.

Enfoque UTE

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sep 2019, Volume 10 N. 3 Pages 1 - 12

Abstract: En Es | Text: En Es | PDF: En | PDF: Es

Abstract: This article presents the analysis of the tensile properties of a carbon fiber reinforced polymer composite used in the manufacture of the single-seater for Formula SAE competition. Composites were manufactured from pre-pregs with different fiber orientations by a vacuum curing process. The effect of the fiber orientation on the strength and rigidity of the formulated composites was evaluated. The tensile specimens were instrumented with biaxial extensometers in order to obtain a real record of the deformation and subsequent determination of the Young's modulus. The experimental results were compared with the analytical results obtained from the Classical Laminate Theory using specialized software. A microscopic analysis of the fractured region of the specimens was also developed to evaluate the effect of the manufacturing process. The set of information generated from the experimental and analytical results provides an understanding of the anisotropy of Epoxy-Carbon fiber composites that will allow design decisions to be made in future developments within the Formula SAE project.

Resumen El presente artículo analiza las propiedades tensiles de un material compuesto polimérico reforzado con fibras de carbono empleado en la fabricación del monoplaza para competición Fórmula SAE. Para ello se manufacturaron compuestos a partir de pre impregnados con diferentes orientaciones de fibra mediante un proceso de curado al vacío. Se evaluó el efecto de la orientación de las fibras sobre la resistencia y la rigidez de los compuestos formulados. Se instrumentaron las probetas de tracción con extensómetros biaxiales para obtener un registro real de la deformación y posterior determinación del módulo de Young. Los resultados experimentales fueron comparados con los resultados analíticos obtenidos a partir de la Teoría Clásica de Laminados mediante software especializado. Se desarrolló también un análisis microscópico de la región fracturada de las probetas para evaluar el efecto del proceso de manufactura. El conjunto de información generada a partir de los resultados experimentales y analíticos proporciona un entendimiento de la anisotropía de los materiales compuestos Epoxi-Carbono que permitirá tomar decisiones de diseño en futuros desarrollos dentro del proyecto Fórmula SAE.

https://doi.org/10.29019/enfoqueute.v10n3.381 4 downloads

13.

Epidemiology of tumors in dogs in the capital of the state of Mexico from 2002-2016
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García, E.

; Alpízar, A.

; Fajardo, R.

; Córdova, D.

; Pérez, L.

; Martínez, S.

Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia

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aug 2019, Volume 71 N. 4 Pages 1085 - 1092

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

RESUMO Um estudo retrospectivo e transversal dos tumores caninos foi realizado na capital do Estado do México durante o período de 2002-2016. Desde esse período, 393 tumores foram remetidos. Epidemiologia descritiva foi feita com base em todos os dados: raça, idade, sexo e características do tumor. Em seguida, a associação de risco entre tumores cutâneos e não cutâneos com variáveis como sexo, raça e idade foi analisada por meio do teste exato de Fisher e odds ratio. Além disso, algumas características da população canina foram estudadas em uma pesquisa. De todos os tumores, os de pele foram os mais frequentes (59,0%). O grupo de tumores relacionados à radiação ultravioleta foi o mais comum (15,1%). A frequência de tumores no sexo feminino foi de 53%, no entanto os machos apresentaram maior risco de desenvolver tumores cutâneos (OR = 1,88; 1,24-2,84) (0,003). As raças puras foram as mais comuns (82,5%), e a faixa etária mais frequente foi >7 anos (54,7%). A pesquisa mostrou que os machos (53%) e a faixa etária de um a sete anos (62,1%) foram os mais frequentes. Conclusões: idade, raça e sexo foram identificados como os principais fatores de risco para a tumorigênese. Da mesma forma, os tumores cutâneos foram associados à exposição à radiação ultravioleta, provavelmente até a altura da localidade (2667m ANM).

ABSTRACT A retrospective and cross-sectional study of canine tumors was performed in the capital of State of Mexico from 2002-2016. Since then, 393 tumors were remitted. Descriptive epidemiology was made from all data: breed, age, sex, and tumor features. Then the risk association between cutaneous and non-cutaneous tumors with variables such as sex, breed, and age were analyzed through an exact Fisher test and Odds ratio. In addition, some characteristics of the canine population were studied under a survey. Of all tumors, skin tumors were the most frequent (59.0%). The group of tumors related to ultraviolet radiation was the most common (15.1%). The frequency of tumors in females was 53%, nevertheless, males had more risk to develop cutaneous tumors (OR=1.88, 1.24-2.84) (0.003). The Pure breeds were the most common (82.5%) and the most frequent age range was > 7 years (54.7%). The survey showed that males (53%) and the age range 1-7 years (62.1%) were the most frequent. Conclusions, age, breed, and sex were identified as the major risk factors for tumorigenesis. Likewise, skin tumors were associated with exposure to ultraviolet radiation, probably to the height of the locality (2667mamls).

https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-10534 1255 downloads

14.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from an intensive care unit in Minas Gerais, Brazil, over a six-year period
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Nascimento, Thiago C.

; Diniz, Cláudio G.

; Silva, Vânia L.

; Ferreira-Machado, Alessandra B.

; Fajardo, Marina O.

; de Oliveira, Tamara Lopes R.

; Ferreira, Dennis de C.

; Cavalcante, Fernanda S.

; Santos, Kátia R. Netto dos

Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases

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jan 2018, Volume 22 N. 1 Pages 55 - 59

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

ABSTRACT To characterize methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from an intensive care unit of a tertiary-care teaching hospital, between 2005 and 2010. A total of 45 isolates were recovered from patients admitted to the intensive care unit in the study period. Resistance rates higher than 80% were found for clindamycin (100%), erythromycin (100%), levofloxacin (100%), azithromycin (97.7%), rifampin (88.8%), and gentamycin (86.6%). The SCCmec typing revealed that the isolates harbored the types III (66.7%), II (17.8%), IV (4.4%), and I (2.2%). Four (8.9%) isolates carried non-typeable cassettes. Most (66.7%) of the isolates were related to the Brazilian endemic clone from CC8/SCCmec III, which was prevalent (89.3%) between 2005 and 2007, while the USA100/CC5/SCCmec II lineage emerged in 2007 and was more frequent in the last few years. The study showed high rates of antimicrobial resistance among methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolates and the replacement of Brazilian clone, a well-established hospital lineage, by the USA100 in the late 2000s, at the intensive care unit under study.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjid.2017.10.004 501 downloads

15.

Estudio del Comportamiento del Avance de la Carbonatación del Concreto Reforzado en Ambiente Natural y Acelerado
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Campos Silva, Aldo R.

; Fajardo, G.

; Mendoza-Rangel, J. M.

Concreto y cemento. Investigación y desarrollo

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dec 2016, Volume 8 N. 1 Pages 14 - 34

Abstract: Pt En Es | Text: Pt En Es | PDF: Pt | PDF: En | PDF: Es

RESUMO Antecedentes: A durabilidade das estruturas de concreto armado pode ser afetada pela corrosão do aço de reforço devido à carbonatação. Sob a hipótese de que o concreto seguirá um desempenho equivalente in loco, um índice de durabilidade pode ser obtido quando o concreto é submetido a testes acelerados de carbonatação. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estabelecer uma previsão confiável de correlações entre os testes de carbonatação do concreto exposto em ambientes acelerados e naturais. Métodos: Espécimes prismáticos de concreto de 50 x 50 x 250 mm elaborados com dois tipos de cimento CPO e CPC (respectivamente, cimento Portland comum e cimento Portland composto) e três diferentes relações a /c (0.6, 0.7 e 0.8) foram analisadas. Uma série de amostras foram submetidas a carbonatação acelerada em uma atmosfera de 3, 4, 5 ou 6% de CO2 e 50 - 60% de RH a 30° C. Outras séries foram expostas em duas zonas urbanas na área metropolitana de Monterrey. O progresso da carbonatação foi monitorado regularmente em todos os ambientes de exposição e foi comparado com as previsões obtidas a partir dos dados do ambiente acelerado. Resultados: Todas as amostras apresentaram uma maior profundidade de carbonatação, em comparação com as previsões sugeridas na literatura científica, de modo que a aplicação da equação baseada na raiz quadrada do tempo deve ser revisada, o fenômeno de carbonatação é um processo mais complexo do que o que poderia ser descrito mediante este método. Conclusões: Os resultados mostraram que existe uma alta correlação para a previsão baseada em uma tendência linear do avance de carbonatação a partir de testes acelerados.

ABSTRACT Background: The durability of reinforced concrete structures can be affected by corrosion of reinforcing steel due to carbonation. Under the assumption that the concrete will have a behavior equivalent in situ, an index of durability can be obtained when the concrete is exposed to accelerated carbonation tests. The aim of the present work was establish a reliable prediction from correlations between tests of carbonation of concrete exposed to accelerated and natural environments. Methods: Prismatic concrete specimens 50x50x250 mm elaborated with two types of cement OPC and PCC (respectively, ordinary Portland cement and Portland cement composite) and three different water/cement ratios (0.6, 0.7 and 0.8) were tested. A set of specimens were exposed to accelerated carbonation in an environment of 3, 4, 5 or 6% CO2 and 50 - 60% RH at 30 °C. Another set were exposed in two urban areas in the metropolitan area of Monterrey. The carbonation progress was monitored regularly in every environment of exposure and then was compared with predictions obtained from the results of the accelerated environment. Results: All specimens analyzed in this research showed a greater depth of carbonation, compared with predictions suggested in the scientific literature, so the application of the equation based on the square root of time should be reviewed, the phenomenon of carbonation is a more complex process than could be described by this method. Conclusions: The results showed a good correlation to the prediction based on a linear trend carbonation progress from accelerated tests.

RESUMEN Antecedentes: La durabilidad de las estructuras de concreto reforzado puede ser afectada por la corrosión del acero de refuerzo debido a la carbonatación. Bajo la hipótesis que el concreto seguirá un desempeño equivalente in situ, un índice de durabilidad puede ser obtenido cuando el concreto se somete a pruebas aceleradas de carbonatación. Este trabajo tuvo por objetivo establecer una predicción confiable a partir de correlaciones entre las pruebas de carbonatación de concretos expuestos en ambientes acelerados y naturales. Métodos: Especímenes prismáticos de concreto de 50x50x250 mm elaborados con dos tipos de cemento CPO y CPC (respectivamente, cemento portland ordinario y cemento portland compuesto) y tres distintas relaciones a/c (0.6, 0.7 y 0.8) fueron analizados. Una serie de especímenes fueron sometidos a carbonatación acelerada en una atmósfera de 3, 4, 5 o 6 % de CO2 y 50 - 60% de RH a 30°C. Otra serie fueron expuestos en dos zonas urbanas dentro del área metropolitana de Monterrey. El avance de la carbonatación fue monitoreado regularmente en todos los ambientes de exposición y fue comparado con las predicciones obtenidas a partir de los datos del ambiente acelerado. Resultados: Todos los especímenes mostraron una mayor profundidad de carbonatación, en comparación con las predicciones sugeridas en la literatura científica, por lo cual la aplicación de la ecuación basada en la raíz cuadrada del tiempo debe revisarse, el fenómeno de carbonatación es un proceso más complejo que el que pudiese describirse mediante este método. Conclusiones: Los resultados mostraron que existe una alta correlación para la predicción basada en una tendencia lineal del avance de carbonatación a partir de pruebas aceleradas.

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