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Phytochemical profile of Capsicum spp. fruits related to ripeness level, shading and harvest season in the Southeast of Mexico
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Cruz-Ricardez, Dario De la

; Lagunes-Espinoza, Luz del Carmen

; Soto-Hernández, Ramón Marcos

; Hernández-Nataren, Edith

; Ortiz-García, Carlos Fredy

; Acosta-Pech, Rocío Guadalupe

Chilean journal of agricultural research

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feb 2024, Volume 84 N. 2 Pages 211 - 224

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

ABSTRACT Secondary metabolites of Capsicum spp. have biological activity, which can be modified by external factors as the amount of incident light and soil water availability during crop growing, and by internal factors as fruit ripeness level. The study aim was to determine by HPLC method the phytochemical profile of C. annuum L. var. glabriusculum (Dunal) Heiser & Pickersgill (AMA and GAR genotypes) and C. frutescens L. (PIP genotype) grown under open sky and 70% shade during dry and rainy harvest season. Phytochemicals were affected by genotype, light level, harvest season, and fruit ripeness level. Phytochemicals number changed among genotypes: PIP > AMA> GAR. In immature fruits AMA (4.74 mg g-1) and GAR (3.83 mg g-1) had highest capsaicin content; and PIP (0.43 (g g-1), AMA (0.18 (g g-1) and GAR (0.14 (g g-1) in lutein content in all harvest seasons and light level conditions studied. In mature fruits, PIP had the highest capsaicin (5.77 mg g-1) and β-carotene (0.45 (g g-1) content. Gallic and syringic acids were major constituents of phenolics acids, and quercetin and rutin for flavonoids. Mature and immature fruits from 70% shade showed the quercetin highest content (108.4-160.02 (g g-1), increasing during dry season (180.9-1368.6 (g g-1). Gallic acid (789.3-1076.7 (g g-1) and rutin (114.0 (g g-1) increased in AMA immature fruits when grown under open sky. Ferulic acid was not detected in GAR under any of the conditions studied. In AMA, ferulic, protocatechuic and p-hydroxybenzoic acids were detected only in rainy season fruits in both light levels. The harvest season and shading level of these Capsicum spp. should be considered when evaluating the biological activity of chili peppers fruits extracts in tropical crops.

https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-58392024000200211

Incidence of childhood cancer in Latin America and the Caribbean: coverage, patterns, and time trends
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de Paula Silva, Neimar

; Colombet, Murielle

; Moreno, Florencia

; Erdmann, Friederike

; Dolya, Anastasia

; Piñeros, Marion

; Stiller, Charles A

; Steliarova-Foucher, Eva

; Steliarova-Foucher, E

; Colombet, M

; Gloeckler Ries, LA

; Moreno, F

; Dolya, A

; Shin, HY

; Hesseling, P

; Stiller, CA

; Moreno, F

; Laura, EA

; Duarte, MA

; Alonso, M

; Prince, MA

; Diumenjo, MC

; Arias Ondicol, N

; Lima, CA

; Mundim Pena, GP

; Asturian Laporte, C

; de Oliveira, JC

; Pontes de Aquino, JA

; Vallebuona, C

; Galaz, JC

; Umaña, ME

; Espinoza, C

; Vargas Gallagher, SM

; Uribe, CJ

; Bravo, LE

; Arias Ortiz, NE

; Yepez Chamorro, MC

; Torres Alvarado, G

; Galán Alvarez, YH

; Martinez Reyes, FC

; Tanca Campozano, J

; Castillo Calvas, JC

; Mendoza Alava, M

; Cueva Ayala, P

; Roué, T

; Deloumeaux, J

; Joachim, C

; Duarte Muñoz, F

; Hanchard, B

; Fajardo-Gutiérrez, A

; Payet, E

; Albújar, PF

; Zavala Zegarra, DE

; Barrios, E

Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública

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2024, Volume 48 elocation e11

Abstract: Es En Pt | Text: Es En Pt | PDF: Es | PDF: En | PDF: Pt

resumen está disponible en el texto completo

ABSTRACT Objective. To provide a comprehensive overview of geographical patterns (2001–2010) and time trends (1993–2012) of cancer incidence in children aged 0–19 years in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) and interpret the findings in the context of global patterns. Methods. Geographical variations in 2001–2010 and incidence trends over 1993–2012 in the population of LAC younger than 20 years were described using the database of the third volume of the International Incidence of Childhood Cancer study containing comparable data. Age-specific incidence per million person-years (ASR) was calculated for population subgroups and age-standardized (WSR) using the world standard population. Results. Overall, 36 744 unique cases were included in this study. In 2001–2010 the overall WSR in age 0–14 years was 132.6. The most frequent were leukemia (WSR 48.7), central nervous system neoplasms (WSR 23.0), and lymphoma (WSR 16.6). The overall ASR in age group 15–19 years was 152.3 with lymphoma ranking first (ASR 30.2). Incidence was higher in males than in females, and higher in South America than in Central America and the Caribbean. Compared with global data LAC incidence was lower overall, except for leukemia and lymphoma at age 0–14 years and the other and unspecified tumors at any age. Overall incidence at age 0–19 years increased by 1.0% per year (95% CI [0.6, 1.3]) over 1993–2012. The included registries covered 16% of population aged 0–14 years and 10% of population aged 15–19 years. Conclusions. The observed patterns provide a baseline to assess the status and evolution of childhood cancer occurrence in the region. Extended and sustained support of cancer registration is required to improve representativeness and timeliness of data for childhood cancer control in LAC.

RESUMO Objetivo. Apresentar uma visão abrangente dos padrões geográficos (2001 a 2010) e das tendências temporais (1993 a 2012) da incidência de câncer em crianças e jovens de 0 a 19 anos na América Latina e no Caribe (ALC) e interpretar os resultados no contexto de padrões mundiais. Métodos. Foram descritas variações geográficas de 2001 a 2010 e tendências de incidência de 1993 a 2012 na população com menos de 20 anos da ALC usando informações comparáveis da base de dados do terceiro volume do estudo International Incidence of Childhood Cancer. Foram calculadas taxas de incidência específica por idade por milhão de pessoas-ano (ASR, na sigla em inglês) para subgrupos populacionais e taxas padronizadas por idade usando a população padrão mundial (WSR, na sigla em inglês). Resultados. No total, foram incluídos 36 744 casos únicos. No período de 2001 a 2010, a WSR para todos os tumores combinados na faixa etária de 0 a 14 anos foi de 132,6. Os diagnósticos mais frequentes foram leucemia (WSR de 48,7), neoplasias do sistema nervoso central (WSR de 23,0) e linfoma (WSR de 16,6). A ASR para todos os tumores combinados na faixa etária de 15 a 19 anos foi de 152,3, e a maior taxa foi a de linfoma (ASR de 30,2). A incidência foi maior no sexo masculino do que no sexo feminino e maior na América do Sul do que na América Central e no Caribe. De modo geral, em comparação com as estimativas mundiais, a incidência na ALC foi menor, exceto para leucemia e linfoma entre 0 e 14 anos e para outros tumores e tumores não especificados em qualquer idade. A taxa de incidência na faixa etária de 0 a 19 anos aumentou em 1,0% ao ano (IC de 95% [0,6, 1,3]) entre 1993 e 2012. Os registros incluídos cobriam 16% da população de 0 a 14 anos e 10% da população de 15 a 19 anos. Conclusões. Os padrões observados servem de referência para avaliar o status e a evolução da ocorrência de câncer infantil na região. É necessário garantir um apoio ampliado e consistente aos registros de câncer para aprimorar a representatividade e a disponibilidade das informações em tempo adequado para o controle do câncer infantil na ALC.

https://doi.org/10.26633/rpsp.2024.11

Assessment of cellulose nanofibers from bolaina blanca wood obtained at three shaft heights
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Arango-Perez, Sergio Andre

; Gonzales-Mora, Héctor Enrique

; Ponce-Alvarez, Silvia Patricia

; Gutarra-Espinoza, Abel Aurelio

; Cárdenas-Oscanoa, Aldo Joao

Maderas. Ciencia y tecnología

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2024, Volume 26 elocation 18

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

Abstract: Cellulose nanofibers (CNF) could be obtained from diverse lignocellulosic sources, among them wood. Regarding this, it is important to clarify if the shaft section of the tree could influence the CNF characteristics. This study evaluated cellulose nanofibers from Guazuma crinita (bolaina blanca) obtained at different heights of the longitudinal axis of the shaft of trees from a three-and-a-half-year-old plantation. The wood was subjected to pulping, bleaching and subsequent mechanical milling using a Changsha Samy XYQM-2L planetary ball mill to obtain cellulose nanofibers. The product was characterised using analytical techniques: scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. Additionally, the degree of polymerisation was determined. The effect of longitudinal position on cellulose nanofibers characteristics was evaluated by comparing means using ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis statistical tests. The yield of cellulose nanofibers production from the high, middle and basal sections was 32,1 %, 33,6 % and 31 %, respectively. The obtained cellulose nanofibers exhibited a significantly larger diameter for the high zone (84 nm) compared with the middle (75 nm) and basal (69 nm) zones; the length remained above the micrometre range. With respect to degree of polymerisation, a decrease was evidenced with respect to the increase in shaft height; the basal zone exhibited a degree of polymerisation of 300, a significantly higher value than the middle and high zones, which exhibited degree of polymerisation of 249 and 211, respectively. The product showed typical cellulose type I polymorphism and crystallinity indexes of 76 %, 93 % and 96 % for the high, middle and basal sections, respectively. Regarding the thermostability of cellulose nanofibers, the maximum degradation rate of cellulose nanofibers occurred between 335 °C and 341 °C, with cellulose nanofibers from the basal area being the most stable. The adsorption of the methylene blue dye on cellulose nanofibers was evaluated; an efficiency > 60 % was found.

https://doi.org/10.22320/s0718221x/2024.18

Efecto acaricida y ovicida de los aceites esenciales de Chenopodium ambrosioides L. y Peperomia inaequalifolia Ruiz & Pav. contra Tetranychus urticae en fresa (Fragaria spp.)
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Espinoza-Gavilanes, R.

; Tuza-Roa, I.

; Vásquez-Freytez, C.

; Jaramillo-Loayza, K.

; Noriega-Rivera, Paco

Polibotánica

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2024, N. 57 Pages 237 - 247

Abstract: En Es | Text: En Es | PDF: En | PDF: Es

Abstract The present study evaluated the acaricidal effect of the essential oils from Chenopodium ambrosioides L. and Peperomia inaequalifolia Ruiz & Pav. on eggs and adult females of Tetranychus urticae in strawberry plants (Fragaria spp). Essential oils were obtained by steam distillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The oils and their mixtures were diluted in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at concentrations ranging from 0.5% to 4% for ovicidal tests, between 2.5% to 0.125% for acaricidal tests. The various solutions were put in contact with with T. urticae eggs to assess their viability and with adult mite females of the mite to determine the CL50, in treatments distributed in a completely randomized desing. Tetradifon (ovicidal) and abamectin (acaricidal) were used as positive controls, and DMSO as the negative control. The chemistry of the oils showed the most abundant molecules in C. ambrosioides were sylvestrene (18.68%), trans-p-Mentha-2,8-dienol (18.06%), trans-p-mentha-1(7),8-dien-2-ol (11.75%) and cis-p-mentha-1(7),8-dien-2-ol (11.74%); while in P. inaequalifolia, elemicin (36.33%) and myristicin (20.21%) were predominant. The essential oils were efficient in inhibiting the development of mite eggs. The tests on adult females show diverse behaviors in essential oils, where lethality is higher in P. inaequalifolia and lower with C. ambrosioides. In general, a significant activity of the oils and their mixtures as ovicides, and P. inaequalifolia as an oil with acaricidal potential was observed.

Resumen El presente estudio evaluó el efecto acaricida de los aceites esenciales de Chenopodium ambrosioides L. y Peperomia inaequalifolia Ruiz & Pav. sobre huevos y hembras adultas de Tetranychus urticae en plantas de fresa (Fragaria spp). Los aceites esenciales se obtuvieron por arrastre de vapor y se analizaron mediante cromatografía gaseosa acoplada a espectrometría de masas (CG/EM). Los aceites y sus mezclas se diluyeron en dimetilsufóxido (DMSO) a concentraciones en un rango comprendido entre 0.5% y 4% para los ensayos ovicidas, entre 2.5% y 0.125% para las pruebas acaricidas. Las diversas soluciones se pusieron en contacto con huevos de T. urticae para determinar su viabilidad, y en hembras adultas del ácaro para determinar la CL50, en tratamientos distribuidos en un diseño completamente al azar. Como controles positivos se emplearon tetradifon (ovicida) y abemectina (acaricida) y como control negativo DMSO. La química de los aceites evidenció como moléculas más abundantes al silvestreno (18.68%), trans-p-Mentha-2,8-dienol (18.06%), trans-p-menta-1(7),8-dien-2-ol (11.75%) y cis-p-menta-1(7),8-dien-2-ol (11.74%) en C. ambrosioides; elemicina (36.33%) y miristicina (20.21%) en P. inaequalifolia. Los aceites esenciales resultaron eficientes al momento de inhibir el desarrollo de los huevos del ácaro. Los ensayos sobre hembras adultas muestran conductas diversas en los aceites esenciales, en donde la letalidad es mayor en P. inaequalifolia y más baja con C. ambrosioides. En general se observó una actividad significativa de los aceites y sus mezclas como ovicidas y a P. inaequalifolia como un aceite con potencial acaricida.

https://doi.org/10.18387/polibotanica.57.14

Prevalencia de conductos en C de segundos molares mandibulares evaluados en tomografía de haz cónico
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Castillo Córdova, Rosa Verónica

; León Ruidías, Natalia Antuané

; Espinoza Salcedo, Alexander Roger

; Herrera-Plasencia, Paul Martín

Revista Cubana de Estomatología

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2024, Volume 61 elocation e4858

Abstract: Es En | Text: Es En | PDF: Es | PDF: En

RESUMEN Introducción: El conocimiento adecuado de la configuración de conductos radiculares es fundamental en endodoncia; la evaluación tomográfica permite una correcta evaluación de su disposición radicular. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de conductos en C de segundos molares mandibulares, evaluados en tomografía de haz cónico. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y de corte transversal; la muestra estuvo conformada por 200 segundos molares mandibulares permanentes de una población peruana, observadas en tomografías cone beam, donde se registró la presencia del conducto en C, su configuración según la clasificación de Fan y el sexo del paciente. Resultados: La prevalencia de la configuración radicular en forma de C en segundos molares inferiores fue del 65,5 %; según la Clasificación de Fan se observó mayor prevalencia en el tercio cervical del conducto radicular el tipo C1 con 85,7 %; en el tercio medio el tipo C2 con 42,9 %; a nivel apical fue el tipo C3C con 72,1 %; según el sexo, el 65,2 % de los conductos en C correspondió al femenino. Conclusión: La prevalencia de los conductos en C de los segundos molares mandibulares evaluados en tomografías de haz cónico fue de 65,5 % con mayor predominio en el sexo femenino. La evaluación tomográfica permite una mejor identificación y configuración interna de los conductos radiculares.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Adequate knowledge of the configuration of root canals is fundamental in endodontics; tomographic evaluation allows a correct assessment of their radicular arrangement. Objective: To determine the prevalence of C-shaped canals in mandibular second molars, evaluated by cone beam tomography. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out; the sample consisted of 200 permanent mandibular second molars from a Peruvian population, observed in cone beam tomography, where the presence of the C-shaped canal, its configuration according to Fan's classification and the patient's gender were recorded. Results: The prevalence of the C-shaped root canal configuration in lower second molars was 65.5%; according to the Fan classification, the highest prevalence was observed in the cervical third of the root canal, type C1 with 85.7%; in the middle third, type C2 with 42.9%; at the apical level it was type C3C with 72.1%; according to gender, 65.2% of the C-shaped canals corresponded to females. Conclusion: The prevalence of C-shaped canals in mandibular second molars evaluated in cone beam tomography was 65.5% with a higher predominance in the female gender. The tomographic evaluation allows a better identification and internal configuration of the root canals.

Pass-through del tipo de cambio en América Latina
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Espinoza Ipanaque, Paul Christian

Revista mexicana de economía y finanzas

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dec 2023, Volume 18 N. 4 elocation e846

Abstract: En Es | Text: En Es | PDF: En | PDF: Es

Abstract This research evaluates and compares the dynamics of the exchange rate pass-through to consumer prices in Colombia, Chile, Mexico, and Peru from February 2003 to October 2022. The structural vector autoregressive (SVAR) methodology is used following the decomposition of Blanchard and Quah (1989). The results show a relatively low level of transfer, some heterogeneity in its magnitudes and with a similar period of more than 25 months to achieve its permanent long-term effect. This tells us that the region's central banks must continue operating within target ranges to strengthen the anchoring of inflation expectations. A limitation of the study is the non-inclusion of data before the adoption of inflation targets. This work represents the first effort to apply the structural vector autoregressive model with long-term constraints through robust zeros to the economies of Latin America. The effects of exchange rate pass-through in Latin America have been reduced.

Resumen En esta investigación se evalúa y compara la dinámica de traspaso del tipo de cambio a la variación de los precios al consumidor en Colombia, Chile, México y Perú desde febrero de 2003 hasta octubre de 2022. Se utiliza la metodología de vectores autorregresivos estructurales (SVAR, por su sigla en inglés) siguiendo la descomposición de Blanchard y Quah (1989). Los resultados muestran un nivel relativamente bajo de traspaso, cierta heterogeneidad en sus magnitudes y con un periodo similar mayor a 25 meses para alcanzar su efecto permanente de largo plazo. Esto nos indica que los bancos centrales de la región deben continuar operando dentro de rangos metas para fortalecer el anclaje de las expectativas de inflación. Una limitación del estudio es la no inclusión de datos antes de la adopción de metas de inflación. Este trabajo representa el primer esfuerzo en aplicar el modelo de vectores autorregresivos estructurales con restricciones de largo plazo a través de ceros robusto a las economías de América Latina. Los efectos del traspaso del tipo de cambio en América Latina se han reducido.

https://doi.org/10.21919/remef.v18i4.846

Aproximación del ciclo político con series de Fourier
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Espinoza, José Carlos

EconoQuantum

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dec 2023, Volume 20 N. 2 Pages 53 - 68

Abstract: Es En | Text: Es En | PDF: Es | PDF: En

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar la existencia del Ciclo Político Económico (CPE) en México para el periodo 1980-2021 mediante un método matemático de la física, el cual no ha sido utilizado en el campo de la economía política. Metodología: Se estudian las variables de crecimiento económico e inflación en México a través de la teoría del CPE empleando un análisis con series de Fourier, lo cual permite aproximar el comportamiento de una función cíclica. Resultados: Se ha comprobado la presencia del CPE en las últimas cuatro décadas en México, donde ha existido una diferencia considerable en los datos del último año de gobierno respecto a la aproximación realizada mediante series de Fourier. Limitaciones: Si bien, existen otros métodos que incorporan el componente aleatorio de una serie temporal dentro de la estimación, el análisis con series de Fourier puede ser considerado como determinista. Sin embargo, esto se ha convertido en un elemento explicativo dentro de la aplicación de series de Fourier en el campo de la economía. Originalidad: Es la primera vez que se realiza una aproximación del CPE con series de Fourier en México, ya que la metodología tradicional para estimar el CPE consiste en modelos autorregresivos con variables dicotómicas electorales. Por esta razón el presente ensayo puede considerarse como un estudio dentro de la econofísica. Conclusiones: Se concluye que, la aproximación del crecimiento económico y la inflación bajo la teoría del CPE llevada a cabo con series de Fourier de una iteración, permite identificar una tendencia determinista y un componente estocástico, con lo cual no solo se confirma la existencia del CPE, sino se determina la intensificación del mismo en el último año de gobierno.

Abstract Objective: Determine the existence of the Political Business Cycle (PBC) in Mexico for the 1980-2021 period through a mathematical method of physics, which has not been used in the field of political economy. Methodology: Economic growth and inflation in Mexico are studied through the PBC theory using a Fourier series analysis, which allows us to study the behavior of a cyclical function. Results: The presence of the PBC has been confirmed during the last four decades in Mexico, where a considerable difference was found in the data of the last year of government as compared to the approximation made by Fourier series. Limitations: Although there are other methods that incorporate the random component of a time series within the estimation, the Fourier series analysis is deterministic. However, this has become an explanatory element within the application of Fourier series in the field of economics. Originality: It is the first time that an approximation of the PBC through Fourier series has been carried out in Mexico, since the traditional methodology to estimate the PBC consists of autoregressive models with electoral dummy variables. Therefore, this paper might be considered as a pioneering econophysics study. Conclusion: It is concluded that the approximation of economic growth and inflation under the PBC theory carried out with Fourier series of one iteration, allows to identify a deterministic trend and a stochastic component, which not only confirms the existence of the PBC, but also leads to determine its intensification during the last year of government.

https://doi.org/10.18381/eq.v20i2.7302

Caracterización clínica y microbiológica de los eventos de peritonitis asociada a diálisis peritoneal en un hospital de Chile. Un análisis retroāspectivo
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Espinoza Rojas, Jorge

; Bravo, Alejandro Kral

; Lazo, Gonzalo Wilson

; Ramírez Guerrero, Gonzalo

; Segovia Hernández, Bárbara

; García Barrraza, Milisen

Revista chilena de infectología

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apr 2023, Volume 40 N. 2 Pages 94 - 98

Abstract: Es En | Text: Es En | PDF: Es | PDF: En

Resumen Introducción: Las infecciones asociadas a diálisis peritoneal constituyen una de las causas de morbimortalidad más importante en estos pacientes y la terapia antimicrobiana empírica y dirigida adecuada es fundamental para mejorar el resultado, por lo que es importante establecer la microbiología local. Objetivo: Revisar la experiencia clínica de cinco años del Hospital Carlos Van Buren de Valparaíso, Chile, describiendo las características clínicas y microbiológicas de los pacientes con episodios de peritonitis asociada a diálisis peritoneal. Metodología De forma retrospectiva se accedió a los registros clínicos de aquellos pacientes mayores de 18 años que presentaron al menos un evento de peritonitis asociada a diálisis peritoneal. Resultados: De un total de 26 episodios, 62% de los pacientes fueron de sexo femenino, con un promedio de edad de 53 años. La principal comorbilidad fue la hipertensión arterial (100%), y el dolor abdominal fue el síntoma más frecuente (85%), con una mortalidad general de 7,7%. En el laboratorio la leucocitosis, la proteína C reactiva (PCR) y la velocidad de hemosedimentación (VHS) fueron los hallazgos más importantes. Predominaron las cocáceas grampositivas (54%), seguido de bacilos gramnegativos no fermentadores y Enterobacterales en igual proporción (11,5% cada grupo). Casos aislados de Candida albicans y Pasteurella canis fueron identificados, y en 15% de los casos el cultivo resultó negativo. Conclusión: Se pudo conocer las características clínicas y microbiológicas locales de esta patología, para así redefinir las directrices de manejo en la institución.

Abstract Background: Infections associated with peritoneal dialysis are one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in these patients, and adequate empirical and targeted antimicrobial therapy are essential to improve the outcome, so it is important to establish the local microbiology. Aim: To review the clinical experience of 5 years at the Carlos Van Buren Hospital in Valparaíso, Chile, in order to know the clinical and microbiological characteristics of patients with episodes of peritonitis associated with peritoneal dialysis. Methods: Retrospectively, the clinical records of those patients over 18 years of age who presented at least one peritonitis event associated with peritoneal dialysis were accessed. Results: Of a total of 26 episodes, 62% of the patients were female, with a mean age of 53 years. The main comorbidity was arterial hypertension (100%), and abdominal pain was the most frequent symptom (85%), with an overall mortality of 7.7%. In the laboratory parameters, leukocytosis, C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were the most important findings. Gram-positive cocci (54%) predominated, followed by Gram-negative non-fermenting and enterobacterial bacilli in the same proportion (11.5% each group). Isolated cases of Candida albicans and Pasteurella canis were identified, and in 15% of the cases the culture was negative. Conclusion: It was possible to know the local clinical and microbiological characteristics of this pathology, in order to redefine management guidelines for our institution.

Carbono estructural y compartimentos en bosques certificados por el Forest Stewardship Council, en Oaxaca, México
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Espinoza-Zúñiga, Pablo

; Leos-Rodríguez, Juan Antonio

; Rodríguez-Ortiz, Gerardo

; Montiel-Batalla, Blanca Margarita

; Valdivia-Alcalá, Ramon

Ecosistemas y recursos agropecuarios

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apr 2023, Volume 10 N. 1 elocation e3474

Abstract: Es En | Text: Es En | PDF: Es | PDF: En

Resumen: Este estudio compara la cantidad de carbono (C) estructural y de compartimiento aéreo versus C de suelo bajo dos tratamientos silvícolas (TS) aclareo y cortas de regeneración. Las mediciones se realizaron en 2021 en sitios de muestreo (SM) localizados en Oaxaca, México, correspondientes a una comunidad certificada en prácticas de manejo forestal por el Forest Stewardship Council, y a una comunidad forestal no certificada. Se realizaron análisis de varianza y pruebas de medias bajo diseño completamente aleatorio con arreglo factorial y, análisis clúster de los SM. No se documentan diferencias por comunidad o TS por sí mismos, pero la interacción entre comunidad y TS generó efectos altamente significativos (p ≤ 0.01), de tal manera que los SM en la comunidad certificada presentaron mayores montos de C en los compartimentos evaluados. El TS aclareo en SM de la comunidad certificada generó en árboles y piso forestal mayor contenido de C que en SM de la comunidad sin certificación (334 y 24%, respectivamente). Los SM con cortas de regeneración, certificados o no, incrementan en 120.2% el C, al incorporar el piso forestal los montos almacenados en el C fijado en el árbol. No hubo diferencias en el C almacenado en piso forestal entre comunidades (165.97 tC ha-1), independiente del TS que se aplique. Los resultados son de utilidad para la toma de decisiones por los diseñadores de políticas públicas orientadas a mejorar el manejo forestal, las cuales tienen influencia en los montos de C almacenados en el ecosistema.

Abstract: This study compares the amount of structural and aboveground compartment carbon (C) versus soil C under two silvicultural treatments (ST) - thinning and regeneration cut. Measurements were made in 2021 at sampling sites (SS) located in Oaxaca, Mexico, corresponding to a community certified in forest management practices by the Forest Stewardship Council, versus a non-certified forest community. Analysis of variance and tests of means were performed under a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement and cluster analysis of the SS. No differences by community or ST by themselves are documented, but the interaction between community and ST generated highly significant effects (p ≤ 0.01), in such a way that the SS in the certified community presented higher amounts of C in the evaluated compartments. The ST thinning in SS of the certified community generated higher C content in trees and forest floor than in SS of the community without certification (334% and 24%, respectively). The SS with regeneration cuts, certified or not, increase C by 120.2%, by incorporating the amounts stored in the C fixed in the tree into the forest floor. There were no differences in the C stored in the forest floor between communities (165.97 tC ha-1), regardless of the ST applied. The results are useful for decision-making by designers of public policies aimed at improving forest management, which have an influence on the amounts of C stored in the ecosystem.

https://doi.org/10.19136/era.a10n1.3474

10.

Sustitución parcial y total de alfalfa fresca por heno en la alimentación de cuyes (Cavia porcellus) en crecimiento y engorde: una alternativa para la época de estiaje
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Escobar-Ramírez, Felipe

; Espinoza-Ochoa, Teodoro

; Hinojosa-Benavides, Rene Antonio

; De la Cruz-Marcos, Ruggerths Nilo

Journal of the Selva Andina Animal Science

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2023, Volume 10 N. 1 Pages 16 - 29

Abstract: Es En | Text: Es En | PDF: Es | PDF: En

Resumen Con la henificación, los forrajes pierden, entre otros, vitamina C, hasta niveles de carencia en la dieta diaria del cuy (Cavia porcellus). Es de conocimiento que esta vitamina es esencial para los cuyes en virtud a que el organismo de estos no sintetiza vitamina C por la carencia de la enzima L-gulono-1,4-lactona oxidasa, originando dependencia de forraje fresco o verde. En comparación a la información disponible sobre uso de forraje fresco en la alimentación de cuyes, es mucho menor la información con base a experiencias de alimentación con heno, situación que motivó realizar este estudio, con el propósito de evaluar la respuesta animal a la sustitución total o parcial de alfalfa fresca (Medicago sativa) por heno, complementado con concentrado comercial enriquecido con vitamina C. El ensayo se realizó con 27 cuyes machos destetados a las 3 semanas de nacidos, y tuvo una duración de 8 semanas. Los animales fueron divididos en 3 tratamientos con igual número de repeticiones distribuidos con base a diseño completamente al azar. Los tratamientos fueron: T1 Forraje fresco 15 % del peso corporal (PC), T2 Forraje fresco 7.5 % PC+heno 1.5 % PC, T3 Heno 3.0 % PC, complementado en todos los casos con concentrado comercial enriquecido con vitamina C administrado en este caso a libre discreción. Se determinó que mediante la sustitución total o parcial de forraje fresco por heno de alfalfa se obtienen resultados estadísticamente similares para el nivel de consumo de materia seca 3447, 3512 y 3738 g, incremento de peso corporal 790, 775 y 782 g, conversión alimenticia 4.36, 4.53 y 4.64 y, rendimiento de canal 70.0, 68.2 y 69.9%. Se concluye que el heno de alfalfa puede reemplazar total o parcialmente a la alfalfa fresca, teniendo el cuidado que otra parte de la ración (concentrado) aporte suficiente cantidad de vitamina C, modalidad de administración de forraje que podría adoptarse como nueva alternativa para la alimentación de cuyes principalmente durante la estación se estiaje.

Abstract During haymaking, fodder loses, among other things, vitamin C, to the extent that it is lacking in the daily diet of the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus). It is known that this vitamin is essential for guinea pigs because the guinea pig body does not synthesize vitamin C due to a lack of the enzyme L-gulono-1,4-lactone oxidase, resulting in a dependence on fresh or green fodder. In comparison to the information available on the use of fresh forage in guinea pig feeding, there is much less information based on experiences with hay feeding, a situation that motivated this study, with the purpose of evaluating the animal response to the total or partial substitution of fresh alfalfa (Medicago sativa) for hay, supplemented with commercial concentrate enriched with vitamin C. The trial was conducted with 27 male guinea pigs weaned at 3 weeks of age, and lasted 8 weeks. The animals were divided into 3 treatments with an equal number of replicates distributed according to a completely randomized design. The treatments were: T1 Fresh forage 15 % of body weight (BW), T2 Fresh forage 7.5 % BW + hay 1.5 % BW, T3 Hay 3.0 % BW, supplemented in all cases with commercial concentrate enriched with vitamin C administered at free choice. It was determined that by total or partial substitution of fresh forage by alfalfa hay, statistically similar results were obtained for dry matter intake level 3447, 3512 and 3738 g, body weight gain 790, 775 and 782 g, feed conversion 4.36, 4.53 and 4.64 and carcass yield 70.0, 68.2 and 69.9 %. It is concluded that alfalfa hay can totally or partially replace fresh alfalfa, taking care that another part of the ration (concentrate) provides a sufficient amount of vitamin C, a forage administration method that could be adopted as a new alternative for guinea pig feeding, mainly during the dry season.

https://doi.org/10.36610/j.jsaas.2023.100100016

11.

Extracción, caracterización y actividad antioxidante de lignina de lirio acuático (Eichhornia crassipes) y cáscara de nuez pecanera (Carya illinoinensis)
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Espinoza-Acosta, JL

; Montaño-Leyva, B

; Valencia-Rivera, DE

; Ledesma-Osuna, AI

; Vega-Ríos, A

Biotecnia

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aug 2022, Volume 24 N. 2 Pages 94 - 103

Abstract: En Es | Text: En Es | PDF: En | PDF: Es

Abstract In this work, the potential of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and pecan nutshell (Carya illinoinensis) as a source of lignin was investigated. The lignin extraction was carried out using an organosolv procedure and was characterized by infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The antioxidant activity was determined through the stabilization of the DPPH and ABTS free radicals. The results showed higher lignin content and extraction performance in pecan nutshells. The infrared spectrum revealed typical bands of the main functional groups; phenolic -OH groups, C - H3 methyl groups, and O-CH3 methoxyl which are part of the lignin aromatic ring. The water hyacinth lignin (LLA) showed high resistance to thermal degradation which places it as an interesting component for the development of phenolic resins or flame retardants. The lignin extracted from pecan nutshell (LCN) showed a high percentage of inhibition against DPPH and ABTS radicals when solubilized in ethanol, methanol, and ethanol-methanol mixtures (50:50 v/v). The high antioxidant activity of LCN indicates that this type of lignin may have applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Resumen En este trabajo se investigó el potencial de lirio acuático (Eichhornia crassipes) y cáscara de nuez pecanera (Carya illinoinensis) como fuente de lignina. La extracción de la lignina se realizó aplicando un procedimiento organosolv y fue caracterizada por espectroscopía de infrarrojo, microscopía electrónica de barrido, y análisis termogravimétrico. La actividad antioxidante fue determinada a través de la estabilización de los radicales libres DPPH y ABTS. Los resultados mostraron mayor porcentaje de lignina y rendimiento de extracción en las cáscaras de nuez. El espectro infrarrojo reveló bandas típicas de los principales grupos funcionales; grupos -OH fenólicos, grupos metilo C-H3 y metoxilo O-CH3 los cuales forman parte del anillo aromático de la lignina. La lignina de lirio acuático (LLA) mostró alta resistencia a la degradación térmica esto la sitúa como componente interesante para el desarrollo de resinas fenólicas o retardantes de flama. La lignina extraída de las cáscaras de nuez pecanera (LCN) mostró un alto porcentaje de inhibición contra los radicales DPPH y ABTS cuando fue solubilizada en etanol, metanol y mezclas de etanol-metanol 50:50 v/v. La alta actividad antioxidante de la LCN indica que este tipo de lignina pueden tener aplicaciones en la industria de alimentos y farmacéutica.

https://doi.org/10.18633/biotecnia.v24i2.1642

12.

Validación de una escala de creencias sobre la adherencia al tratamiento con suplementos de hierro en madres de niños con anemia
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Caballero-Apaza, Luz M

; Vidal-Espinoza, Rubén

; Padilla-Cáceres, Tania C

; Gómez-Campos, Rossana

; Cossio-Bolaños, Marco

Nutrición Hospitalaria

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aug 2022, Volume 39 N. 4 Pages 888 - 895

Abstract: Es En | Text: Es En | PDF: Es | PDF: En

Resumen Introducción: la anemia en los niños puede provocar deficiencias cognitivas y motoras que pueden conducir a dificultades en el rendimiento académico y la resistencia física, afectando a la salud y el bienestar. Objetivo: desarrollar y validar una escala de creencias sobre la adherencia al tratamiento con suplemento de hierro en madres de niños con anemia (ECATSH) que viven en una región de altitud del Perú. Métodos: se efectuó un estudio transversal en 192 madres de niños con anemia que viven en una región de elevada altitud del Perú. Se utilizó el modelo de creencias de salud (MCS) para desarrollar y validar la ECATSH. Para la validez del contenido se utilizó el análisis de juicio de expertos (V de Aiken) y para la validez del constructo, el análisis factorial exploratorio. La confiabilidad se determinó por consistencia interna. Resultados: en la validez del contenido, la prueba V de Aiken reflejó valores concordantes para la pertinencia (0,60 a 0,90), relevancia (0,75 a 0,95), claridad (0,80 a 0,90) y la escala total (0,75 a 0,92). Los valores de la alfa de Cronbach por pregunta oscilaron desde α = 0,70 hasta 0,81, y para la escala total fue de α = 0,75. El análisis factorial exploratorio (AFE) reflejó valores de Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) de 0,733, la prueba de esfericidad de Bartlett indicó un valor de 968,680 (p < 0,001). Los valores propios en las cinco dimensiones reflejaron valores desde 1,05 hasta 4,03. El porcentaje de la varianza para el factor 1 (beneficios = 33,58 %), factor 2 (gravedad = 12,61 %), factor 3 (señales de acción = 10,78 %), factor 4 (barreras = 8,07 %), factor 5 (susceptibilidad = 7,63 %) y total de la escala fue de 74,12 %. Conclusión: el MCS es una herramienta útil que permitió validar la escala de creencias sobre la adherencia al tratamiento con suplemento de hierro en madres de niños con anemia que viven a elevada altitud del Perú.

Abstract Introduction: anemia in children can cause cognitive and motor deficits that can lead to difficulties in academic performance, physical endurance, affecting health and well-being Objective: to develop and validate a scale of beliefs about adherence to iron supplementation treatment in mothers of children with anemia (SBAIST) living in a high altitude region of Peru. Methods: a cross-sectional study was conducted in 192 mothers of children with anemia living in a high altitude region of Peru. The Health Belief Model (HBM) was used to develop and validate the SBAIST. Expert judgment analysis (Aiken's V) was used for content validity and exploratory factor analysis for construct validity. Reliability was determined by internal consistency. Results: for content validity, Aiken's V test showed concordant values for relevance (0.60 to 0.90), relevance (0.75 to 0.95), clarity (0.80 to 0.90) and total scale (0.75 to 0.92). Cronbach's alpha values per question ranged from 〈 = 0.70 to 0.81, and for total scale was 〈 = 0.75. The exploratory factor analysis (EFA) reflected Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) values of 0.733, Bartlett's test of sphericity indicated a value of 968.680 (p < 0.001). The eigenvalues in the five dimensions reflected values from 1.05 to 4.03. The percentage of variance for factor 1 (barriers = 33.58 %), factor 2 (severity = 12.61 %), factor 3 (action cues = 10.78 %), factor 4 (barriers = 8.07 %), factor 5 (susceptibility = 7.63 %), and for the total scale was 74.12 %. Conclusion: HBM is a useful tool that allowed validation of the scale of beliefs about adherence to iron supplementation treatment in mothers of children with anemia living at high altitude in Peru.

https://doi.org/10.20960/nh.03938

13.

Evaluation of Taste Aversion Learning Procedure for the Generalization of Aversion Using Palatable Foods
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López-Espinoza, Antonio

; Martínez Moreno, Alma Gabriela

; Aguilera-Cervantes, Virginia Gabriela

; Zepeda-Salvador, Ana Patricia

; Espinoza-Gallardo, Ana Cristina

; Ezahra Housni, Fatima

; Bernal-Gómez, Samantha Josefina

; Santillano-Herrera, Dalila

Revista mexicana de trastornos alimentarios

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jun 2022, Volume 12 N. 1 Pages 53 - 60

Abstract: En Es | Text: En Es | PDF: En | PDF: Es

Abstract An experiment to evaluate the effectiveness of the taste aversion conditioning paradigm in the generalization of aversion with palatable foods was performed. Ten experimentally naive females Wistar rats and three types of foods were used: a) standard purina rodent chow, b) vanilla flavor cookies and c) chocolate-flavored cookies. Subjects were divided into two groups, five subjects per group. Using the taste aversion conditioning paradigm protocol, subjects were exposed to the types of food keeping an intake record. The experiment demonstrated that rats can acquire an aversion to palatable foods accompanied by a tendency to generalize, when using elements that share characteristics such as nutritional content and texture. In addition, the intake of a food that does not share the characteristics of texture, taste, smell and energy content with the one used for conditioning was not been affected. These findings indicate that the aversion generalization seems to depend on the properties of the food used.

Resumen Se evaluó experimentalmente la efectividad del paradigma de aprendizaje aversivo gustativo en la generalización de la aversión utilizando alimentos palatables. Se utilizaron diez ratas Wistar hembras experimentalmente ingenuas y tres tipos de alimentos: a) purina comida estándar para roedores, b) galletas con sabor a vainilla y c) galletas con sabor a chocolate. Los sujetos fueron divididos en dos grupos, cinco sujetos en cada uno. Usando el paradigma de condicionamiento de aversión al sabor, los sujetos fueron expuestos a los tipos de alimentos manteniendo un registro de ingesta. El experimento demostró que las ratas pueden adquirir una aversión a los alimentos palatables acompañados por una tendencia a generalizarse, cuando se utilizan elementos que comparten características como el contenido nutricional y la textura. Además, la ingesta de un alimento que no comparte características como la textura, sabor, olor y contenido energético como el utilizado para el condicionamiento no se vio afectada. Estos hallazgos demuestran que la generalización de la aversión parece depender de las propiedades de los alimentos utilizados.

https://doi.org/10.22201/fesi.20071523e.2022.1.699

14.

Análisis de Costos de cuidados en salud para pacientes con cáncer al final de la vida: Hospital versus domicilio con cuidados paliativos, en el tercer nivel de atención
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Amado-Tineo, José

; Che-Hidalgo, Elizabeth

; Apolaya-Segura, Moisés

; Castillo-Caceres, Diana

; Vásquez-Alva, Rolando

; Huari-Pastrana, Roberto

; Taype-Huamaní, Waldo

; Oscanoa-Espinoza, Teodoro

Revista del Cuerpo Médico Hospital Nacional Almanzor Aguinaga Asenjo

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apr 2022, Volume 15 N. 2 Pages 174 - 179

Abstract: En Es | Text: En Es | PDF: En | PDF: Es

ABSTRACT Background: The final stage of cancer patients generates high costs, especially in hospitals. Objectives: To determine the diﬀerence in care costs at the end of life for cancer patients in the hospital versus at home. Material and methods: Retrospective cost analysis study in patients who died of clinical stage IV cancer in a tertiary social security hospital, March 2018. A home group (Home) of a palliative program was compared with a hospital group (Hospital) admitted from the emergency department. Direct costs of professional services, hospitalization, procedures, auxiliary exams, and medications were estimated. Chi square and Student's T were used for statistical analysis, considering a value of p<0.05 and using SPSS 24.0. Results: 81 patients in Home and 22 in Hospital were included, aged between 36 and 96 years, with a median of 72 years in Home and 77 in Hospital (p=0.97), female sex 59 and 73% respectively (p= 0.25), predominantly cancer of digestive and genitourinary origin. The average cost per patient in Home was 497 US dollars and in Hospital 1908 (p<0.01), with a daily average per patient of 17 vs 447 respectively. In the Hospital, the costs of hospitalization, auxiliary tests (tomography, resonance, arterial gas analysis, C-reactive protein) and antibiotics (ertapenem and colistin) predominated, while in the Home the highest cost was in medical services and medications. Conclusion: The medical costs in the final stage of life of patients with advanced cancer are 3.8 times higher when they die in the hospital than at home

RESUMEN Introducción: La etapa final de pacientes oncológicos genera elevados costos, sobretodo en hospitales. Objetivos: Determinar la diferencia de costos de atención al final de la vida de pacientes oncológicos en el hospital versus el domicilio. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de análisis de costos en pacientes fallecidos por cáncer en estadio clínico IV de un hospital terciario de la seguridad social, marzo 2018. Se comparó un grupo domiciliario (GD) de un programa paliativo con un grupo hospitalario (GH) admitido por emergencia. Se estimaron costos directos de servicios profesionales, hospitalización, procedimientos, exámenes auxiliares y medicamentos. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó Chi cuadrado y T de Student, considerando un valor p<0,05 y utilizando SPSS 24.0. Resultados: Se incluyeron 81 pacientes en GD y 22 en GH, edad entre 36 y 96 años, con una mediana de 72 años en GD y 77 en GH (p=0,97), sexo femenino 59 y 73% respectivamente (p=0,25), predominando cáncer de origen digestivo y genitourinario. El costo promedio por paciente en GD fue 497 dólares americanos y en el GH 1908 (p<0,01), con un promedio diario por pacientes de 17 vs 447 respectivamente. En el GH predominaron los costos de hospitalización, exámenes auxiliares (tomografía, resonancia, análisis de gases arteriales, proteína C reactiva) y antibióticos (ertapenem y colistina), mientras que en GD el mayor costo fue en servicio médicos y medicamentos. Conclusión: Los costos médicos en la etapa final de vida de pacientes con cáncer avanzado son 3,8 veces mayor cuando fallece en el hospital que en el domicilio.

https://doi.org/10.35434/rcmhnaaa.2022.152.1071

15.

Analysis of the stability of phycocyanin when trehalose and citric acid are used as protectants in nutraceutical gelatin candies under in vitro digestion assays’
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VÁZQUEZ-RODRÍGUEZ, Josmar Araud

; ESCALANTE, Froylán Mario Espinoza

Food Science and Technology

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2022, Volume 42 elocation e40621

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

Abstract Natural pigments are high value molecules for food industry as well as pharmacy, perceived as the best choice for today’s consumers given their origin and safety. However, its use is limited by its lability which hinders its application in products. In this work there was evaluated the stability of phycocyanin C in gelatin candies when added with trehalose and citric acid; the formulated candies were digested in synthetic gastric juice with pepsin. There were calculated predictive equations correlating the concentration of pigment as function of time, additives, and enzymatic presence. It was observed that phycocyanin can supports the gastric juice and pepsin when combined with trehalose for enough time to pass thru the digestive tract. It was concluded that the inclusion of trehalose in the formulation led to a longer stability of the pigment. Besides, it was determined that gelatin candies are a good vector to deliver phycocyanin C to the intestine.

https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.40621

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elocation	elocation
doi	DOI number
issn	journal ISSN
in	SciELO colection code (e.g. scl - Brasil, col - Colômbia)
use_license	article usage license code

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