RESUMO: O manejo nutricional do jardim clonal de cafeeiros influencia a produção e qualidade fisiológica dos propágulos vegetativos e na produção de mudas. Assim, objetivou-se analisar a produção de mudas a partir de estacas clonais retiradas de plantas matrizes de Coffea canephora cultivada com doses crescentes de nitrogênio mineral. As estacas foram retiradas de plantas matrizes de cafeeiros C. canephora var. botânica Robusta, do Programa de Melhoramento Genético da Embrapa-RO. As plantas matrizes receberam adubação nitrogenada nas doses: 0 (Controle); 50; 100; 150; 200; 250 e 300 kg de N por hectare, parceladas em quatro aplicações, durante 150 dias de crescimento das hastes ortotrópica (brotos). Os seguintes parâmetros foram avaliados: massa seca das estacas, conteúdo nutricional das estacas e a produção de mudas, com análise de crescimento, aos zero, 48, 61, 80, 101, 122, 143 e 164 dias após o estaqueamento (DAE) e a análise das características vegetativas, aos 122 DAE. A adubação nitrogenada na planta matriz resultou na variação do acúmulo de macronutrientes nas estacas, mas a ordem K > N > Ca > P > Mg > S foi mantida independente da dose de N. Além disso, foi verificado que há correlação positiva entre as doses de nitrogênio e o acúmulo de massa seca, assim como, a qualidade fisiológica das mudas.

ABSTRACT: The nutritional management of the coffee clonal garden influences the production and physiological quality and seedlings production of vegetative propagules. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the seedlings’ production from clonal cuttings taken from Coffea canephora mother plants grown with increasing nitrogen mineral doses. The cuttings were taken from C. canephora var. botany Robusta, from the Embrapa Genetic Improvement Program of Rondônia. The mother plants received nitrogen fertilizer at different doses: 0 (Control); 50; 100; 150; 200; 250 and 300 kg of N per hectare divided into 4 applications, during 150 days of orthotropic stems growth (shoots). The following parameters were evaluated: Dry mass of cuttings, nutritional content of cuttings, and seedlings production, with growth analysis at 0, 48, 61, 80, 101, 122, 143, and 164 days after staking (DAS) and analysis of vegetative characteristics at 122 DAS. The nitrogen fertilization in the mother plant resulted in the variation of macronutrient accumulation in cuttings, but the order K> N> Ca> P> Mg> S was maintained, regardless of N dose. In addition, a positive correlation between nitrogen doses and dry matter accumulation, as well as the physiological quality of seedlings was identified.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a expressão de autoincom-patibilidade gametofítica em uma população de melhoramento do cafeeiro Coffea canephora, para fornecer subsídios ao manejo e ao desenvolvimento de novas cultivares. Para tanto, foram realizadas 550 polinizações in vitro entre 62 plantas matrizes, das quais 27 foram da variedade botânica conilon e 35 da robusta. Foram identificados 32 genótipos compatíveis com todos os testadores previamente conhecidos, o que indica a existência de novos grupos de compatibilidade. A partir desses resultados, foram realizadas hibridações em delineamento em dialelo completo com cruzamentos recíprocos para caracterizar novas plantas testadoras. Com base na resposta de compatibilidade com as plantas testadoras, os genótipos foram agrupados nos seguintes seis grupos: grupo I, 11 (17,74%) genótipos; grupo II, 13 (20,97%); grupo III, 6 (9,68%); grupo IV, 9 (14,52%); grupo V, 8 (12,90%); e grupo VI, 15 (24,19%). Os genótipos da variedade botânica robusta apresentam maior frequência de plantas no grupo de compatibilidade VI e maior variabilidade genética, enquanto os da variedade conilon mostram maior frequência de plantas no grupo de compatibilidade II. A identificação de novos grupos de compatibilidade fornece subsídios para novas práticas de manejo que buscam aumentar a eficiência da polinização pelo favorecimento natural de cruzamentos totalmente compatíveis.

Abstract The objective of this work was to characterize the expression of gametophytic self-incompatibility in a Coffea canephora breeding population, to assist in the management and development of new cultivars. For that purpose, 550 in vitro pollinations were carried out among 62 parent plants, of which 27 were from the conilon botanical variety and 35 from the robusta. Thirty-two genotypes compatible with all previously known testers were identified, suggesting the existence of new compatibility groups. From these results, hybridizations were carried out in a complete diallel design with reciprocal crosses to characterize new test plants. Based on the compatibility response with the test plants, the genotypes were clustered into the six following groups: group I, 11 (17.74%) genotypes; group II, 13 (20.97%); group III, 6 (9.68%); group IV, 9 (14.52%); group V, 8 (12.90%); and group VI, 15 (24.19%). The genotypes of the botanical variety robusta show a higher frequency of plants in compatibility group VI and a greater genetic variability, whereas those of the conilon variety have a higher frequency of plants in compatibility group II. The identification of new compatibility groups assists in new management practices that seek to increase the efficiency of pollination by favoring, through natural means, fully compatible crosses.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produção de estacas de genótipos de Coffea canephora, em um novo sistema de condução de plantas matrizes denominado “jardim clonal vertical”. O novo sistema proposto consiste da condução dos cafeeiros com apenas uma haste e sem o vergamento da haste principal, de tal forma que as hastes ortotrópicas secundárias, de onde serão retiradas as estacas clonais, sejam emitidas em toda a extensão do caule, no sentido vertical. A capacidade de produção de estacas de dez genótipos híbridos de cafeeiros foi avaliada durante dez ciclos de produção. Os genótipos 'BRS 2314', 'BRS 3213' e 'BRS 3210' apresentaram produção de estacas por corte de 425,000 estacas por hectare, considerada acima da média obtida. Já os genótipos 'BRS 3193', 'BRS 2336', 'BRS 3220' e 'BRS 3137' foram os menos produtivos. Cafeeiros conduzidos em sistema de “jardim clonal vertical” podem produzir cerca de 425,000 estacas por hectare por corte ou cerca de 1,275 milhão de estacas por hectare por ano, em três cortes, com maior facilidade de manejo e tratos culturais da lavoura.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the production of cuttings of Coffea canephora genotypes, in a new system for training mother plants called “vertical clonal garden”. The proposed new system consists of training coffee plants with only one shoot and without bending the main shoot, so that the secondary orthotropic shoots, from which the clonal cuttings will be taken, are formed across the length of the stem in the vertical direction. The capacity for the production of cuttings of ten hybrid genotypes of coffee plants was evaluated over ten production cycles. The 'BRS 2314', 'BRS 3213', and 'BRS 3210' genotypes showed cutting production per cut of 425,000 cuttings per hectare, considered above the obtained average. The 'BRS 3193', 'BRS 2336', 'BRS 3220', and 'BRS 3137' genotypes were the least productive. Coffee plants trained in the “vertical clonal garden” system can produce about 425,000 cuttings per hectare per harvest period or about 1.275 million cuttings per hectare per year, over three harvest periods, with a greater ease in crop management and treatments.

RESUMO Informações sobre o manejo do cafeeiro clonais de Coffea canephora de alto rendimento agronômico na Amazônia, ainda são escassas, especialmente no que se refere ao aspecto nutricional e a quantificação da eficiência do sistema de cultivo. Assim, o objetivo neste estudo foi avaliar a influência de doses de adubação nitrogenada e potássica sobre a eficiência do uso de fertilizantes e a produtividade em cafeeiros C. canephora. O experimento foi conduzido no campo experimental da EMBRAPA Rondônia em Porto Velho - RO, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas no tempo, composto pela combinação de 6 doses de fertilizantes (0; 250; 500; 1.000; 2.000 e 3.000 kg ha-¹ do formulado 20-00-20) e 3 anos de avaliação (safras 2014, 2015 e 2016). Foi observado interação entre os fatores doses e anos de avaliação. Para efeito de dose dentro de cada safra foi evidenciado comportamento exponencial, com produções máximas de 51, 114 e 79 sacas ha-¹ na dose de 3.000 kg do formulado em todas as safras avaliadas, respectivamente. Este comportamento foi refletido nas produtividades média e acumulada das três safras. Quanto ao efeito de safras dentro de cada dose, a safra do ano de 2015 apresentou maior produtividade. Para a eficiência do uso dos fertilizantes, o comportamento foi exponencial decrescente apresentando maior eficiência na menor dose. O aumento das doses do formulado promove incremento exponencial da produtividade e decréscimo na eficiência do uso de fertilizantes por cafeeiros Coffea canephora, e sob esse manejo ocorre forte bienalidade de produção.

ABSTRACT Little is known about the management of high-yield clonal Coffea canephora in the Amazonian Region, mainly for nutritional aspects and cultivation system efficiency. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of different nitrogen and potassium fertilization rates on coffee grain yield and fertilizer use efficiency of C. canephora trees. An experiment was performed at an experimental field of the Embrapa Rondônia in Porto Velho (RO), Brazil. It was carried out in a split-plot scheme with six doses of 20-00-20 NPK formulation (0; 250; 500; 1,000; 2,000; and 3,000 kg ha-1) and three years of evaluation (2014, 2015, and 2016). An interaction between fertilizer dose and crop year was observed. Fertilizer doses showed an exponential behavior, with maximum yields of 51, 114, and 79 bags ha-1 at 3,000 kg ha-1 in the crop years of 2014, 2015, and 2016, respectively. Such a behavior impacted average and accumulated yields in the three harvest seasons. As for crop year effect within each fertilizer dose, the highest yield was reached in the second harvest after pruning for renewal of orthotropic stems. Moreover, fertilizer use efficiency by plants decreased exponentially, with the highest value at the lowest dose. Increasing doses of 20-00-20 formulation promoted an exponential increase in grain yield but decreased its use efficiency by C. canephora plants. This management also stimulated a strong biannual production.

ABSTRACT. This study presents an evaluation of the viability of using protected urea under different irrigation depths to reduce nitrogen losses caused by the volatilization of ammonia (NH3) under the conditions of the Southwestern Amazon. The study was carried out at the Experimental Station of Embrapa Rondônia, in the municipality of Porto Velho, Rondônia State, Brazil. The experiment was conducted in a Red-Yellow Latosol and arranged in a 5 x 6 factorial design consisting of a combination of five treatments (N sources) with six irrigation depths. The sources of N were as follows: 1) urea (45.5% N); 2) urea (44.3% N) + 0.15% copper and 0.4% boron; 3) urea (45% N) + NBPT; 4) urea (43% N) + sulfur (1%); and 5) control (without N). The irrigation depths were 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 mm. The results showed that, regardless of the use of urease inhibitors, an irrigation depth of 10 mm is suitable for incorporating urea into the soil and stabilizing N losses from NH3 volatilization. NBPT is the most efficient inhibitor under nonirrigated conditions. All N sources promote increases in the concentrations of nitric and ammonia nitrogen in the soil. In the first 15 days after fertilizer application, the highest concentrations of ammonium were in the 0 - 10 cm and 10 - 20 cm soil layers, and NBPT showed the highest ammonium content compared to that of the other sources in the 0 - 10 cm layer. The nitric nitrogen content in the soil was slightly influenced by the irrigation depth in the first 15 days after fertilizer application. However, the ammonia nitrogen content decreased exponentially with the increase in irrigation depth due to the movement of ammonia in the soil.

RESUMO: O ganho com a seleção é um dos critérios mais importantes para avaliar a eficiência de programas de melhoramento de plantas. O objetivo desse trabalho é quantificar a associação entre o ganho de seleção estimado em condições experimentais e o ganho de seleção realizado em campo, buscando quantificar a eficiência do melhoramento do Coffea canephora. Para isso, foram considerados experimentos iniciados com a hibridação direcionada para obtenção de progênies no ano de 2004, a avaliação de testes de progênies em condições experimentais no período de 2005 a 2012, e avaliações em diferentes ambientes da Amazônia Ocidental no período de 2012 a 2018. De uma população composta por 288 indivíduos estruturados em nove progênies de irmãos completos foram selecionados 12 genótipos com amplitude de 127,70 a -19,19% em suas estimativas de ganho com a seleção, para serem avaliados em quatro ambientes da Amazônia Ocidental. O ambiente que apresentou maior correlação entre os valores genéticos preditos e o ganho realizado foi Ouro Preto do Oeste - RO (0,67), local em que as plantas foram selecionadas, seguido pelos ambientes de Alta Floresta D´Oeste - RO (0,44), Rio Branco - AC (0,43) e Porto Velho - RO (0,37). Avaliações em condições experimentais mostraram que os efeitos devido aos desvios de dominância foram aproximadamente três vezes maiores do que os efeitos aditivos. Nove clones apresentaram maiores estimativas de ganho em condições experimentais e nos ensaios de campo, e dois clones apresentaram menores estimativas em ambas condições. O clone G17-P7 apresentou altas estimativas de ganho em condições experimentais e baixo desempenho em campo. A seleção em único ambiente esteve positivamente correlacionada com o desempenho dos cafeeiros em campo (r=0,55), permitindo reduzir a população de melhoramento original em um conjunto de clones de maior potencial agronômico.

ABSTRACT: Gain from selection is an important criterion in quantifying the efficiency of breeding programs. This study quantified the selection gain estimated under experimental conditions and realized gain achieved in the field, seeking to interpret the efficiency of the Coffea canephora selection. For that purpose, we considered experiments that began in 2004 with directed hybridizations to obtain new hybrid progenies. From a breeding population composed of 288 hybrid individuals, 12 genotypes were selected in experimental conditions from 2005 to 2012, with amplitude in the estimated gains from 127.70 to−19.19%. Those genotypes were evaluated from 2012 to 2018 in clonal tests in four environments of the Western Amazon. The environment that exhibited the greatest correlation between the predicted genetic values and the realized genetic gain observed in the field was the environment of Ouro Preto do Oeste, RO (0.67), the location in which the plants were selected, followed by the environments of Alta FlorestaD´Oeste, RO (0.44), Rio Branco, AC (0.43), and Porto Velho, RO (0.37).Experimental conditions showed that the effect due to dominance deviations was approximately three times greater than the additive effect. Nine clones exhibited higher genetic gains in the experimental conditions and at field, and two clones exhibited lower estimated gains and lower field performance.The clone G17-P7 exhibited high genetic gain under experimental conditions and low field performance. The selection in experimental conditions was positively correlated with plant performance in the field (r=0.55), which allows reduction of the original breeding population to a set of more promising clones to be grown in multiple environments, optimizing time and resources.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the beverage quality of Coffea canephora genotypes in different environments of the western Amazon to assist plant selection and new cultivar development. To analyze beverage quality, samples of cherry coffee beans were collected separately for each genotype from clonal competition trials installed in the municipalities of Ouro Preto do Oeste, Alta Floresta do Oeste, Porto Velho, and Ariquemes in Rondônia State and Rio Branco in Acre State (Brazil). The beverage quality was assessed using the Robusta Cupping Protocol, which attribute to each genotype a score in a range from 0 to 100, highlighting nuances. Analysis of variance and principal components using reference points were used to quantify genotype x environment interaction (G x E). The analysis of variance indicated that genotypic and G x E interaction effects were significant (p < 0.01). By using a centroid dispersion method, we could identify four clones of low, eight of specific (to favorable or unfavorable environments), and seven of broad adaptability to the environments. The clones BRS 2314, 11, and 17 had average quality scores above 80 in all environments, with potential for specialty coffee production. The clones BRS 1216, BRS 3220, and BRS 3193 presented unstable behavior, with beans of higher quality in some of the evaluated environments. Such inconsistency in clone behavior is caused by unpredictable changes in plant performance in different environments. Our results indicate that both genotypic (clones) and G x E interaction effects are important for the expression of coffee beverage quality. However, the clones BRS 3213, BRS 3210, and BRS 2299 had less prominent nuances, with lower potential for specialty coffee production.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a contribuição do número de hastes para a composição da produtividade individual das plantas e a produtividade individual e geral de cafeeiros robusta (Coffea canephora), em diferentes densidades de plantio, utilizando-se um número fixo de hastes por planta. O experimento foi realizado em duas fases. A primeira fase foi realizada entre 2011 e 2015, no município de Ouro Preto do Oeste, no estado de Rondônia (RO), para avaliar diferentes números de hastes por planta (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 e 6). A segunda fase foi conduzida entre 2013 e 2018, no município de Alta Floresta D’Oeste, RO, para avaliar densidades de plantio (a 1.666, 1.904, 2.222, 2.666 e 3.333 plantas por hectare), tendo-se utilizado a densidade inicial de quatro hastes por planta em todos os tratamentos. O incremento do número de hastes por planta promove resposta quadrática à produtividade média e acumulada dos cafeeiros, e a máxima produtividade é obtida com quatro hastes por planta. O número de hastes não deve exceder quatro, para evitar seu tombamento durante os anos de alta produção. A densidade de 3.333 plantas ha-1, com quatro hastes por planta e espaçamento de um metro, promove redução da produtividade individual das plantas, no entanto, resulta em maior produtividade geral da lavoura.

Abstract The objective of this work was to determine the contribution of the number of stems to the composition of individual plant yield, and to individual and overall robusta coffee (Coffea canephora) yield at different planting densities, using a fixed number of stems per plant. The experiment was carried out in two phases. The first phase was performed from 2011 to 2015, in the municipality of Ouro Preto do Oeste, in the state of Rondônia (RO), Brazil, to evaluate different numbers of stems per plant (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6). The second phase was conducted from 2013 to 2018, in the municipality of Alta Floresta D’Oeste, RO, to evaluate plant densities (at 1,666, 1,904, 2,222, 2,666, and 3,333 plants ha-1), with an initial density of four stems per plant in all treatments. The increase of number of stems per plant promotes a quadratic response to the average and cumulated yield of coffee plants, and the maximum yield is attained with four stems per plant. The number of stems should not exceed four, to avoid their tipping during years of high production. Plant density of 3,333 plants per hectare, with 4 stems per plant and 1 m spacing, promotes the reduction of individual plant yield; however, it results in higher overall crop yield.

Abstract The objectives of this study were to optimize in vitro pollination and fluorescence microscopy procedures to characterize the gametophytic self-incompatibility of Coffea canephora genotypes. For that purpose, 115 in vitro pollinations were carried out among 30 parent plants of the Conilon (17) and Robusta (13) botanical varieties. Tester plants of compatibility groups I, II, and III were used as pollen grain donors. On the day of anthesis, pollen grains of the donor genotypes were transferred in vitro to one of the sides of the bifid stigma of each receptor flower. After 30 hours, the development of the pollen tubes was evaluated in fluorescence microscopy. Eleven genotypes (37%) were classified in compatibility Group I, thirteen (43%) in Group II, and six (20%) in Group III. In vitro pollination allowed reduction in the time necessary to diagnose compatibility, without exhibiting contamination caused by the presence of pollen grains of non-donor plants.

ABSTRACT In Coffea canephora, the number of orthotropic shoots is directly related to plant yield. The objective of this study was to evaluate the vegetative and yield performance of Coffea canephora, from the botanical variety Conilon, under different management systems for early emission of orthotropic shoots. The experiment was carried out in Ouro Preto do Oeste, Rondônia, between November 2011 and May 2014. Three types of management techniques were tested for early induction of orthotropic shoots in coffee trees (T1 = bending of the orthotropic shoot; T2 = apical pruning of the orthotropic shoot, T3 = free growing). The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with 20 replicates. Each block consisted of a clonal genotype (clone) from the Embrapa Coffee Breeding Program. The techniques pruning and apical pruning were efficient to induce early growth of orthotropic shoots in Coffea canephora, resulting in higher yield in the first commercial bean production.

Abstract Amazonian Robustas are ten new clones of high yield potential with characteristics typical of the botanical varieties conilon and robusta. With individual registration, the new cultivars were developed to be grown together with other clones, with flexibility of composition of the crops according to the preference of the producer.

RESUMO As características intrínsecas do propágulo vegetativo podem influenciar na velocidade de enraizamento e crescimento da parte aérea, bem como, na qualidade fisiológica final de mudas clonais de cafeeiros (Coffea canephora). Diante disso, objetivou-se avaliar o crescimento e a qualidade fisiológica de mudas de cafeeiros ‘Robusta’ produzidas a partir de propágulos (estacas caulinares) com diferentes idades. O estudo foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, no município de Ouro Preto do Oeste, Rondônia, Brasil (10˚45’43” S e 62˚15’10” W). As idades de formação das estacas foram: 30, 60, 90, 120 e 150 dias, o que correspondeu a cinco posições na haste ortotrópica secundária (broto), do ápice para a base. Foram avaliadas as taxas de acúmulo de massa seca e de crescimento relativo e absoluto durante 188 dias após o estaqueamento, bem como, características vegetativas das mudas aos 125 dias após o estaqueamento. Sobre o crescimento conclui-se que este pode ser dividido em três fases: 1) Inicial: crescimento lento, com duração de aproximadamente 83 dias; 2) Intermediária: de rápido crescimento, com duração de aproximadamente 40 dias; 3) Final: de crescimento lento, que tem início aproximadamente 125 dias após o estaqueamento. Sobre a qualidade fisiológica conclui-se que, apesar de todas as idades das estacas [cuttings] apresentarem curvas de crescimento semelhantes, as estacas [cuttings] de 60, 90 e 120 dias são as que proporcionam o melhor desempenho vegetativo das mudas aos 125 dias após o estaqueamento.

ABSTRACT The intrinsic characteristics of the vegetative propagule may influence the rooting speed and shoot growth, as well as the final physiological quality of clonal seedlings of Coffea canephora. The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth and physiological quality of ‘Robusta’ coffee seedlings produced from propagules (stem cuttings) with different cutting ages. The study was conducted in a greenhouse, in the district of Ouro Preto do Oeste, in Rondônia, Brazil (10˚45’43” S and 62˚15’10” W). The ages of the cuttings were 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 days, corresponding to five positions on the secondary orthotropic stem (sprout), from the apex to the base. Dry matter accumulation, and relative and absolute growth rates were evaluated for 188 days after cutting, as well as the vegetative characteristics of the seedlings at 125 days after cutting. It appears that growth can be divided into three phases: 1) Initial: slow growth, lasting approximately 83 days; 2) Intermediate: fast growth, lasting approximately 40 days; and 3) Final: slow growth, starting approximately 125 days after cutting. With physiological quality, although all the cuttings showed similar growth curves, those of 60, 90 and 120 days produced, 125 days after cutting, the best vegetative performance in the seedlings.

RESUMO: O desenvolvimento de novas cultivares de Coffea canephora fundamenta-se na caracterização do comportamento diferenciado dos clones em diferentes locais de cultivo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a interação genótipo x ambientes visando selecionar clones de adaptação ampla e específica à diferentes ambientes da Amazônia Ocidental. Doze clones com características híbridas das variedades botânicas Conilon e Robusta e quatro clones provenientes de polinização aberta tiveram seu desempenho avaliado em comparação com quatro testemunhas. Os métodos utilizados para quantificar a interação genótipo x ambientes foram o estimador não paramétrico de Lin & Binns e a dispersão do método centroide. A análise de variância indicou que os efeitos de genótipos, de ambiente e da interação G x A foram significativos (p<0,01). O índice de qualidade ambiental (Ij) permitiu classificar três ambientes favoráveis em relação a sua contribuição para o desempenho das plantas. Os genótipos híbridos 16, 10, 13, 9 e 14 apresentaram menores índices de Pi, tendo sido ranqueados como mais estáveis, apresentando produtividade média superior ao desempenho das testemunhas. Cinco clones de baixa adaptabilidade, sete clones de adaptabilidade específica a ambientes favoráveis ou desfavoráveis e dois clones de ampla adaptabilidade foram identificados interpretando a dispersão no plano do método centroide.

ABSTRACT: The development of Coffea canephora cultivars is based on the characterization of genotype × environment interaction, which is interpreted to quantify the differential behavior of clones at different cultivation sites. The objective of this research was to study the genotype x environment interaction aiming to select clones of broad and specific adaptation to different environments of the Western Amazon. Twelve clones with hybrid characteristics of the botanical varieties Conilon and Robusta and four open pollinated clones, had their performance evaluated in comparison with four controls. The genotype × environment interaction was interpreted based on the environmental quality index, the non-parametric estimator of Lin and Binns, 1988 and on the dispersion of the centroid method. Effects of the genotypes, environment, and genotype × environment interaction were all significant (p<0.01). The environmental quality index (Ij) classified three environments as favorable for coffee production. In terms of the Lin and Binn’s estimator (Pi), hybrid genotypes 16, 10, 13, 09 and 14 presented lower Pi indices than others, and were classified as being more stable. Five clones of low adaptability, seven clones of specific adaptability to favorable or unfavorable environments and two clones of broad adaptability to all environments were identified interpreting the dispersion of the centroid method.

ABSTRACT. Knowledge on the dynamics of micronutrients in coffee tree assists nutritional diagnosis and fertilization management. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the concentration and accumulation of micronutrients in the leaves and fruits of Coffea canephora. The experiment was managed in crops propagated for 2.5 years in a split-plot-in-time scheme in which the main plots consisted of fertilized and not-fertilized plants, and the subplots stipulated the evaluation periods. The berries and leaves were collected every 28 days, starting from the first flowering to full maturity. The micronutrient content was determined by laboratory chemical analysis, and the accumulation of nutrients in the fruit (mg) was calculated by multiplying the dry matter of the berry (g) × nutrient concentration (mg kg−1). The results showed that fertilization infers the zinc concentration in the fruits and the concentration for manganese, iron and zinc in the leaves in the determined periods. Micronutrient accumulation curves followed the simple sigmoidal model, with accumulation increasing considerably as a function of fruit growth. Thus, fertilization based on micronutrients must be divided over stages with higher accumulation rates, considering the specific requirement of each nutrient.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar inibidores de urease quanto à redução de perdas por volatilização de amônia proveniente da ureia, em solos da Amazônia. O experimento foi realizado em um Latossolo Amarelo de textura muito argilosa, em um Latossolo Vermelho de textura argilosa, e em um Plintossolo Argilúvico de textura franco-siltosa. Cada experimento foi realizado em arranjo de parcelas subdivididas no tempo, com uso de ureia convencional, ureia+benzimidazol, ureia+benzoiltioureia, ureia+N-(n-butil) triamida trifosfato, e um controle sem fertilizante. A amônia volatilizada foi coletada 48, 96, 144, 192, 240, 288, 336 e 384 horas após aplicação dos fertilizantes. Os picos de volatilização de amônia atingiram o máximo às 144 horas nos tratamentos com ureia convencional, ureia + benzimidazol e ureia + benzoiltioureia. Picos de volatilização entre 192 e 288 horas ocorreram no tratamento ureia + N-(n-butil) triamida trifosfato. Em Latossolo Amarelo, os compostos benzimidazol e o benzoiltioureia promoveram redução de 22 e 10%, respectivamente, das perdas de amônia, em solos sem inibidores de urease. No entanto, nenhum desses agentes reduziu significativamente a volatilização da amônia à taxa determinada para ureia convencional, em Latossolo Vermelho e em Plintossolo Argilúvico. N-(n-butil) triamida trifosfato é o inibidor de urease mais eficiente para os solos do sudoeste da Amazônia.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate urease inhibitors for the reduction of ammonia volatilization in Amazonian soils. The work was carried out on a clayey yellow Oxisol, a clayey red Oxisol, and on a light silty Ultisol. Each experiment was conducted in split plots, using standard urea, urea + a benzimidazole-type urease inhibitor (BZI1), urea + a benzoylthiourea-type urease inhibitor (RTB68), urea + N-(n-butyl) triamide thiophosphate (NBPT), or a fertilizer-free control. Volatilized ammonia was collected at 48, 96, 144, 192, 240, 288, 336, and 384 hours after fertilization. Ammonia volatilization reached a maximum at 144 hours in the urea, urea + benzimidazole, and urea + benzoylthiourea treatments. A peak level was reached at 192 and 288 hours in the urea + N-(n-butyl) triamide thiophosphate treatment. In yellow Oxisols, benzimidazole and benzoylthiourea reduced the ammonia losses by 22 and 10%, respectively, in soils without urease inhibitors. However, neither of these agents significantly reduced ammonia volatilization at the rate determined for standard urea in red Oxisols or Ultisols. N-(n-butyl) triamide thiophosphate is the most efficient urease inhibitor for the soils of southwestern Amazonia.