RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a composição e as atividades quimiopreventiva de câncer e antioxidante da semente, polpa e casca de uvas híbridas Maximo (IAC 138-22) colhidas em diferentes estágios de maturação. Os teores de compostos fenólicos totais, antocianinas e taninos foram determinados a partir dos extratos etanólicos. O conteúdo de fenólicos e taninos totais foi determinado pelo método de Folin-Ciocaulteau, e o teor de antocianinas totais foi determinado pelo método do pH diferencial. A atividade antioxidante foi avaliada por diferentes métodos químicos, e a viabilidade celular (macrófagos e melanomas), e atividade quimiopreventiva de câncer foi testada em culturas de células por ensaio de indução de quinona redutase, ensaio de atividade inibidora de NF-κB induzido por TNF-α e ensaio de atividade inibidora de aromatase. A uva híbrida apresentou alto teor de fenólicos nas sementes e na casca, teor que reduziu significativamente com o amadurecimento. Os resultados mostraram que o amadurecimento dos frutos afetou significativamente a composição e as atividades antioxidantes e quimiopreventivas de câncer. Com exceção do teor de antocianinas, os resultados mais significativos foram observados para as sementes verdes, com o estádio mais verde apresentando os melhores resultados. As sementes verdes apresentaram a maior atividade antioxidante, mesmo quando comparadas ao resveratrol livre. Na avaliação da atividade quimiopreventiva do câncer, as sementes verdes mostraram capacidade de inibir a atividade do NF-κB e da aromatase, fatores importantes para o estágio inicial do desenvolvimento do câncer. Além disso, nenhum extrato apresentou atividade citotóxica. Portanto, as sementes verdes desta uva apresentam resultados promissores dadas as fortes atividades antioxidantes e quimiopreventivas do câncer aqui confirmadas, sugerindo efeitos benéficos à saúde.

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the composition and the cancer chemopreventive and antioxidant activities of the seed, skin, and pulp of Maximo hybrid grapes (IAC 138-22) harvested at different ripening stages. The content of total phenolic compounds and tannins were determined by the Folin-Ciocaulteau method, and total anthocyanins were determined using the differential pH method. Different chemical methods assessed the antioxidant activity. Cell viability (macrophage and melanoma skin cancer) and cancer chemopreventive activity were tested in cell lines by quinone reductase induction assay, TNF-α-induced NF-κB inhibitory activity assay, and aromatase inhibitory activity assay. The hybrid grape had high phenolic contents in both seeds and skin, significantly reduced upon ripening. The results showed that fruit ripening significantly affected both the composition and the antioxidant and cancer chemopreventive activities. Except for the anthocyanin content, the most significant results were observed for green seeds, with the greenest stage showing the best results. The green seeds showed the highest antioxidant activity, even when compared to free resveratrol. In the assessment of cancer chemopreventive activity, the green seeds showed the ability to inhibit N-FκB and aromatase activity, important factors for the early stage of cancer development. Besides, no extracts showed cytotoxicity. Therefore, this grape’s green seeds showed strong antioxidant and cancer chemopreventive activities confirmed herein, suggesting beneficial health effects.

Abstract To assess the performance indicators for pharmaceutical services (PS) in primary health care (PHC), the level of satisfaction with pharmacy services among users and managers / pharmacists’ impressions in relation to the findings were evaluated. The study used mixed methods, including a retrospective and descriptive study of the performance indicators for PS in PHC, an observational study on the level of satisfaction and a qualitative study of users’ perception of pharmacy services at Health Units. Managers and pharmacists’ impressions of the study results were also collected. Only 44.4% of pharmacies had a full-time pharmacist. From the establishments visited, 5.3% did not have an air-conditioned environment, and only 33.3% of the items essential to the Good Practices of Storage of Medicines and Supplies criteria were fulfilled. Although 77.9% of the prescribed medicines were dispensed, it did not reach the 80% standard. The satisfaction level of users was 3.2±0.6, indicating dissatisfaction with pharmacies’ services. By means of an evaluation of each item within the questionnaire, it was possible to observe that variables related to pharmaceutical care presented low scores in relation to other domains, thus evidencing the fragility of the pharmaceutical- patient relationship in users’ perception. Managers and pharmacists suggested that these results were related to the inadequate physical infrastructure of pharmacies, work overload, lack of recognition and undervaluation of pharmacists, lack of interaction within the PHC team, high turnover of pharmacists, and lack of PS prioritization by the administration. PS in PHC has structural and organizational weaknesses that require changes. In general, users are dissatisfied with pharmacies’ services, especially with pharmaceutical care.

Resumo Diabetes mellitus (DM) é uma doença crônica marcada por níveis sanguíneos elevados de glicose. O controle do DM envolve dieta adequada, exercícios físicos, medicamentos e monitoramento dos níveis sanguíneos de glicose e de hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c). Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo do processo de dispensação de análogos de insulina de ação prolongada a usuários com diabetes (tipos 1 e 2) cadastrados em farmácias públicas de alto custo do sistema público de saúde de um estado do Sudeste do Brasil, que buscou avaliar o cumprimento dos critérios do protocolo clínico para fornecimento desses análogos. Dos 987 usuários cadastrados no serviço de saúde, 315 preencheram os critérios de inclusão. A avaliação dos processos de dispensação dos análogos de insulina de ação prolongada revelou que os critérios de inclusão, exclusão e suspensão do protocolo dos análogos de insulina eram parcialmente cumpridos. Além disso, não houve diferença entre os níveis inicial e final de glicemia em jejum e HbA1c. Conclui-se que os critérios estabelecidos para dispensação de análogos de insulina de ação prolongada foram parcialmente cumpridos pelas farmácias, comprometendo o uso racional dos análogos. Os achados podem impactar diretamente no custo de manutenção do serviço público de saúde e na saúde do usuário.

Abstract Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease marked by elevated blood glucose levels. Controlling DM involves adequate diet, physical exercises, medicines and monitoring the blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels. This was a retrospective study of the process of dispensing long-acting insulin analogues to users with diabetes (types 1 and 2) who were registered at high-cost public pharmacies in public health system in a southeast state of Brazil, that sought to evaluate the fulfillment of the criteria of all the clinical protocol to provide these analogs. Of the 987 users registered in the health service, 315 met the inclusion criteria for the study. The evaluation of the dispensing processes of the long-acting insulin analogues revealed that the inclusion, exclusion, and suspension criteria of the protocol related with these insulin analogues were in some extend only partially fulfilled. Additionally, there was no difference between the initial and final fasting glycemic and HbA1c levels. It is concluded that the established criteria for dispensing long-acting insulin analogues were partly fulfilled by pharmacies, compromising the rational use of these analogues. It can directly impact the cost of maintaining the public health service and users’ health.

Resumo Diabetes mellitus (DM) é uma doença crônica marcada por níveis sanguíneos elevados de glicose. O controle do DM envolve dieta adequada, exercícios físicos, medicamentos e monitoramento dos níveis sanguíneos de glicose e de hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c). Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo do processo de dispensação de análogos de insulina de ação prolongada a usuários com diabetes (tipos 1 e 2) cadastrados em farmácias públicas de alto custo do sistema público de saúde de um estado do Sudeste do Brasil, que buscou avaliar o cumprimento dos critérios do protocolo clínico para fornecimento desses análogos. Dos 987 usuários cadastrados no serviço de saúde, 315 preencheram os critérios de inclusão. A avaliação dos processos de dispensação dos análogos de insulina de ação prolongada revelou que os critérios de inclusão, exclusão e suspensão do protocolo dos análogos de insulina eram parcialmente cumpridos. Além disso, não houve diferença entre os níveis inicial e final de glicemia em jejum e HbA1c. Conclui-se que os critérios estabelecidos para dispensação de análogos de insulina de ação prolongada foram parcialmente cumpridos pelas farmácias, comprometendo o uso racional dos análogos. Os achados podem impactar diretamente no custo de manutenção do serviço público de saúde e na saúde do usuário.

Abstract Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease marked by elevated blood glucose levels. Controlling DM involves adequate diet, physical exercises, medicines and monitoring the blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels. This was a retrospective study of the process of dispensing long-acting insulin analogues to users with diabetes (types 1 and 2) who were registered at high-cost public pharmacies in public health system in a southeast state of Brazil, that sought to evaluate the fulfillment of the criteria of all the clinical protocol to provide these analogs. Of the 987 users registered in the health service, 315 met the inclusion criteria for the study. The evaluation of the dispensing processes of the long-acting insulin analogues revealed that the inclusion, exclusion, and suspension criteria of the protocol related with these insulin analogues were in some extend only partially fulfilled. Additionally, there was no difference between the initial and final fasting glycemic and HbA1c levels. It is concluded that the established criteria for dispensing long-acting insulin analogues were partly fulfilled by pharmacies, compromising the rational use of these analogues. It can directly impact the cost of maintaining the public health service and users’ health.

Abstract Background: Brazil includes food as a social right, making the State responsible to the courts for the sufficient and adequate supply of enteral food. Objectives: to evaluate the supply of enteral diets in pharmacies in the state of Espirito Santo. Methods: to do this, we used the forms filled out by patients or legal representatives, containing medical records, to analyze the nutritional and social profiles of the users over two years, and the compliance of the administrative processes with the ordinance that instituted enteral food supplies was verified. Results: the sample was comprised of 204 patients receiving enteral nutrition, and the administrative procedures required to supply these patients were surveyed in seven (7/9) pharmacies. The data showed that the most common group was that of women (51 %), who were white (51 %), legally represented (91 %), and 73.5 years old (11 to 109 years). Information regarding missing anthropometric data, use of terms and calculations for obtaining enteral food other than those recommended, incomplete documents, alterations to the physical examinations suggestive of error, and nonobservance of inclusion and exclusion criteria were collected for this study. Conclusions: this study revealed that there were gaps in the process of enteral diet supply by the Espírito Santo pharmacies, both concerning compliance with the protocol and patient follow-up by the professional who assists both the patient and the pharmacist who provides the input.

Resumen Antecedentes: Brasil incluyó la alimentación como un derecho social, haciendo que el Estado sea responsable ante los tribunales del suministro suficiente y adecuado de alimentos. Objetivos: evaluar el suministro de dietas enterales en las farmacias estatales de Espírito Santo. Métodos: para hacer esto utilizamos los formularios cumplimentados por los pacientes y representantes legales que contienen registros médicos con el fin de analizar los perfiles nutricionales y sociales de los usuarios durante dos años; además, se verificó el cumplimiento de los procesos administrativos con la ordenanza que instituyó el suministro de alimentos. Resultados: la muestra comprendió 204 pacientes que recibieron nutrición enteral, investigándose los procedimientos administrativos requeridos para suministrar a estos pacientes en siete (7/9) farmacias. Los datos mostraron que el grupo más común era el de mujeres (51 %), de raza blanca (51 %) y representadas legalmente (91 %), de 73,5 años de edad (11 a 109 años). Para este estudio se recopiló información sobre los datos antropométricos faltantes, el uso de términos y cálculos para obtener alimentos distintos a los recomendados, documentos incompletos, alteraciones en los exámenes físicos sugestivos de error y la no observancia de los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Conclusiones: este estudio reveló que había vacíos en el proceso de suministro de dietas enterales por parte de las farmacias de Espírito Santo en lo que respecta tanto al cumplimiento del protocolo como al seguimiento del paciente por el profesional que lo atiende y el farmacéutico que proporciona la información.

Contrast-induced nephropathy (NIC) is directly related to increased morbidity and mortality, and its treatment and prevention might be achieved by the administration of antioxidant products. The juçara palmetto (Euterpe edulis Martius) has fruits rich in phenolic compounds, which are known for their antioxidant activity. This work aimed to evaluate the nephroprotective activity of E. edulis pulp in the NIC animal model. The collected fruits were pulped, their contents of polyphenols and anthocyanins were quantified, and their antioxidant activity were evaluated. The nephroprotective effects were determined based on iodine contrast induction and evaluated by biochemical and histological analyses. The results showed that E. edulis pulp was rich in polyphenols (811 ± 16.7 mg EAG/g) and anthocyanins (181.25 mg/100 g) and had very strong antioxidant activity, as demonstrated by the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl) method, which revealed an antioxidant activity index (AAI) of 3.4, and the 2,29-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) method, which revealed an IC50 of 0.59 ± 0.03 mg/mL. In the in vivo experiments, E. edulis pulp tended to provide renal protection and reduce renal dysfunction and tubular morphological lesions in mice after the induction of NIC, and these effects were obtained through the antioxidant activities of the polyphenols in the pulp.

Metabolism of anabolic androgenic steroids is important for its physiological effects. The aim was to investigate the effects of finasteride (a 5α-reductase inhibitor - 5αR) on cardiac and mutagenic effects promoted by ND. Male Wistar rats were separated into three groups: CONT, received the vehicles of ND and finasteride (Peanut oil+Saline); DECA group, received ND (20 mg.kg.week-1, i.m.), and DECAF received ND and finasteride (100 µg.kg-1, i.p.), for four weeks. After, hypertrophy, cytokines and Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) activity was determined in heart. Bone marrow was used for micronucleus evaluation. Treatment with ND promotes increase in cardiac hypertrophy, ACE activity and disbalance among pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and combination with finasteride worsened those effects. Association with finasteride ameliorates the toxic effects of ND on bone marrow cells, as was observed by a normalization of the number of micronucleate polychromatic erythrocytes and the mitotic index. Our data demonstrates that deleterious effects promoted by ND are depend, at least in part, of its metabolization. Also, inhibition of 5αR by finasteride present variated effects dependent on organ studied. It can promote increase on cardiac damage and a reduction on mutagenic effects of ND, which demonstrated that dehydronandrolone has diverse role on ND effects..

Abstract Introduction: this study aimed to verify the ability of speech therapists to identify, sort and name the different consistencies used in neurogenic oropharyngeal dysphagia (NOD) management, and to compare the results with the terms proposed by the International Dysphagia Diet Standardization Initiative (IDDSI). Methods: this research was approved by the ethics committee. Sixty speech therapists who work with NOD patients sorted 5 commercial foods from thinnest to thickest to match IDDSI levels 0 to 4, and then used a term to designate each consistency. Results: most subjects (76.66%) sorted the foods properly. Terminologies were divergent at all levels. For level 0, practitioners assigned 3 different terms. For level 1, 24 different terms were reported; for level 2 there were 25 terms, 23 terms for level 3, and 18 terms for level 4. Level 0 (IDDSI - thin) was designated by most participants as liquid; level 1 (IDDSI - slightly thick) was referred to as semi-thickened liquid; level 2 (IDDSI - mildly thick) as thickened liquid; level 3 (IDDSI - moderately thick) as honey; and level 4 (IDDSI - extremely thick) as pasty by most subjects. A reduced number of participants used terms in accordance with IDDSI. Level 0 was appropriately named by 5 subjects (8.33%); levels 1, 2 and 4 by 2 practitioners each (3.33%); and level 3 by 1 professional (1.66%). None of the subjects named all 5 IDDSI levels correctly. Conclusion: most practitioners progressed consistencies properly. There was a diversity of terminologies used for the same consistency at all levels, with no standardization.

Resumen Introducción: este estudio tuvo como objetivo verificar la capacidad de los logopedas para identificar, clasificar y nombrar las diferentes consistencias utilizadas en el manejo de la disfagia orofaríngea neurogénica (NOD) y comparar los resultados con los términos propuestos por la Iniciativa Internacional de Estandarización de la Dieta para la Disfagia (IDDSI). Métodos: esta investigación fue aprobada por el comité de ética. Sesenta terapeutas del habla que trabajan con pacientes de NOD clasificaron 5 alimentos comerciales, desde los más finos hasta los más gruesos, coincidiendo con los niveles 0 a 4 de la IDDSI; luego, debían nombrar cada consistencia. Resultados: la mayoría de los sujetos (76,66%) clasificaron correctamente las consistencias. Las terminologías fueron divergentes en todos los niveles. Para el nivel 0, los participantes asignaron 3 términos diferentes. Para el nivel 1 usaron 24 términos diferentes, 25 términos para el nivel 2, 23 para el nivel 3 y 18 para el nivel 4. La consistencia del nivel 0 (IDDSI fina) fue nombrada por la mayoría de los participantes como líquida; la del nivel 1 (IDDSI ligeramente espesa) la denominaron líquida semi-espesada; la del nivel 2 (IDDSI poco espesa) como líquida espesada; la del nivel 3 (IDDSI moderadamente espesa) como miel, y la del nivel 4 (IDDSI extremadamente espesa) como pastosa. Un número reducido de participantes emplearon términos coincidentes con los de la IDDSI. El nivel 0 fue nombrado correctamente por 5 sujetos (8,33%), los niveles 1, 2 y 4 por 2 participantes cada uno (3,33%), y el nivel 3 por 1 profesional (1,66%). Ninguno de los sujetos nombró correctamente los 5 niveles de la IDDSI. Conclusión: la mayoría de los participantes ordenaron correctamente la progresión de las consistencias. Hubo diversidad en las terminologías utilizadas para una misma consistencia en todos los niveles, sin estandarización alguna.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar o nível de satisfação dos usuários de farmácias públicas e verificar o conhecimento dos farmacêuticos com relação à dispensação de medicamentos. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, realizado em municípios de uma mesma região, no interior do Estado do Espírito Santo, no período de maio a agosto de 2013. Os dados foram coletados por meio de questionário estruturado. Para a análise estatística, foi utilizado o Software SPSS20. Para os dados que apresentaram distribuição normal foram aplicados o teste t student ou ANOVA, enquanto que para os demais foram aplicados os testes Mann-Whitney ou Kruskal -Wallis. A correlação de Spearman foi utilizada para avaliar a satisfação do paciente em relação ao tempo de atendimento e ao tempo de espera. O nível de significância adotado para os testes foi de 5%. Os principais resultados obtidos foram o alto nível de insatisfação por parte dos usuários e a correlação com o tempo de espera até o atendimento. Além disso, o conhecimento dos farmacêuticos em relação à dispensação foi classificado como satisfatório/regular. Conclui-se que são necessárias medidas na gestão de serviços farmacêuticos para atender as expectativas dos usuários na dispensação de medicamentos.

Abstract The scope of this study was to determine the satisfaction levels of users of public pharmacies and verify the knowledge of pharmacists in relation to dispensing of medicines. This is a descriptive study, conducted in municipalities in the State of Espírito Santo, in the period from May to August 2013. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and SPSS20 software was used for statistical analysis. The Student t or ANOVA test was used for data with normal distribution, while the Mann-Whitney or Kruskal-Wallis test was applied for data without normal distribution. The Spearman correlation was used to evaluate patient satisfaction with the service time and the waiting time. The significance level for the tests was 5%. The main results obtained were the high level of dissatisfaction among users and the correlation with the waiting time to be attended. Apart from this, the knowledge of pharmacists in relation to the medication dispensed was classified as satisfactory/regular. The conclusion drawn is that actions are necessary in the management of pharmaceutical service to address the expectations of users in the dispensation of drugs.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar o nível de satisfação dos usuários de farmácias públicas e verificar o conhecimento dos farmacêuticos com relação à dispensação de medicamentos. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, realizado em municípios de uma mesma região, no interior do Estado do Espírito Santo, no período de maio a agosto de 2013. Os dados foram coletados por meio de questionário estruturado. Para a análise estatística, foi utilizado o Software SPSS20. Para os dados que apresentaram distribuição normal foram aplicados o teste t student ou ANOVA, enquanto que para os demais foram aplicados os testes Mann-Whitney ou Kruskal -Wallis. A correlação de Spearman foi utilizada para avaliar a satisfação do paciente em relação ao tempo de atendimento e ao tempo de espera. O nível de significância adotado para os testes foi de 5%. Os principais resultados obtidos foram o alto nível de insatisfação por parte dos usuários e a correlação com o tempo de espera até o atendimento. Além disso, o conhecimento dos farmacêuticos em relação à dispensação foi classificado como satisfatório/regular. Conclui-se que são necessárias medidas na gestão de serviços farmacêuticos para atender as expectativas dos usuários na dispensação de medicamentos.

Abstract The scope of this study was to determine the satisfaction levels of users of public pharmacies and verify the knowledge of pharmacists in relation to dispensing of medicines. This is a descriptive study, conducted in municipalities in the State of Espírito Santo, in the period from May to August 2013. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and SPSS20 software was used for statistical analysis. The Student t or ANOVA test was used for data with normal distribution, while the Mann-Whitney or Kruskal-Wallis test was applied for data without normal distribution. The Spearman correlation was used to evaluate patient satisfaction with the service time and the waiting time. The significance level for the tests was 5%. The main results obtained were the high level of dissatisfaction among users and the correlation with the waiting time to be attended. Apart from this, the knowledge of pharmacists in relation to the medication dispensed was classified as satisfactory/regular. The conclusion drawn is that actions are necessary in the management of pharmaceutical service to address the expectations of users in the dispensation of drugs.

RESUMO O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o nível de satisfação dos serviços farmacêuticos e a determinação do perfil socioeconômico de clientes de farmácias públicas. Trata-se de um estudo observacional transversal com abordagem quantitativa. A amostra foi calculada através de dados da quantidade mensal de pacientes atendidos nas farmácias e estratificada para cada unidade do Estado. Os dados foram analisados por meio programa SPSS 11.5, observando-se as frequências relativas simples para as variáveis qualitativas. Para as variáveis quantitativas efetuaram-se análise de variância de uma via (ANOVA) e teste post-hoc de Fisher. Os dados foram expressos como a média ± desvio padrão (DP). Os resultados revelam que, em geral, os usuários atendidos nas farmácias cidadãs estão satisfeitos com os serviços, porém, quando estratificado por pergunta, avaliou-se que a maior satisfação está relacionada apenas aos aspectos estruturais e organizacionais e que o serviço farmacêutico é insatisfatório. Quando relacionada à satisfação com as características socioeconômicas, observou-se diferença entre tempo de espera (39.07 ± 19.53), de atendimento pelo farmacêutico (8.91 ± 5.14) e escolaridade. Conclui-se que os usuários estão satisfeitos com os serviços das farmácias cidadãs estaduais do Espírito Santo, porém deve haver melhora em relação ao atendimento farmacêutico e à relação interpessoal entre profissionais de saúde e usuários do sistema público de saúde brasileiro.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of satisfaction of pharmaceutical services and to determine the socioeconomic profile of public pharmacy clients. This is a cross-sectional observational study using a quantitative approach. The sample was calculated from the monthly number of patients seen in pharmacies and was stratified for each pharmacy. Data were analysed using SPSS 11.5 software and by observing the simple relative frequencies for qualitative variables. For the quantitative variables, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc Fisher tests were performed. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). The results show that, in general, patients at "Farmácias cidadãs" are satisfied with the services. However, when stratified, we found that the greatest satisfaction was related only to structural and organizational aspects, while the pharmaceutical services are unsatisfactory. When relating satisfaction to the socioeconomic characteristics, a difference between waiting time (39.07 ± 19.53), attendance by pharmacist (8.91 ± 5.14) and education was observed. It is concluded that users are satisfied with the services of state "Farmácias cidadãs" of Espírito Santo, but there should be improvements in relation to pharmaceutical services and the interpersonal relationships between health professionals and users of the public health system in Brazil.

Introduction: species of the family Cyperaceae are commonly used by the population to treat gastric disorders.However, there are a few ethnopharmacological studies about this family Lagenocarpus rigidus (Kunth) Ness, Cyperaceae, is one of the most widespread swamp species. Objective: evaluate the gastric activity of L. rigidus and its chemical characterization. Methods: ethanolic extract of L. rigidus (ELR) leaves prepared by percolation was subjected to total polyphenol and flavonoid quantification, as well as HPLC quantification of some flavonoids. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition was determined by colorimetric assays.The gastric effects of ELR were tested in male Wistar rats (n = 6 each group) treated with different doses (600, 60 and 6 mg/kg i.p.) ELR.Gastric lesions were induced by administration of indomethacin (30 mg/kg s.c.).The number of ulcers and the index of mucosal damage (IMD) were determined taking into account the color, edema and bleeding of gastric lesions, the number of petechiae, and the number and size of the ulcers. Statistical analysis of data was performed with one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test; significance was p < 0.05. Results: ELR inhibited the ACE (68.5±18.1%) at a concentration of 100 mg/mL.Oral administration of ELR (6, 60 and 600 mg/kg) showed protective activity against indomethacin-induced gastric injury. Total polyphenols in ELR were 157.7 ± 5.8 mg pirogalol/mg equivalent flavonoids and 66.9 ± 3.1 µg equivalent quercetin/mg. Conclusion: L. rigidus protects against acute gastric damage induced by indomethacin in an independent dose manner.

Introducción: las especies de la familia Cyperaceae popularmente se utilizan para tratar trastornos gástricos. Sin embargo, hay pocos estudios etnofarmacológicos sobre esta familia. Lagenocarpus rigidus (Kunth) Ness, Cyperaceae, es una de las especies más grandes de población en pantano. Objetivo: evaluar la actividad gástrica de L. rigidus, junto a su caracterización química. Métodos: el extracto etanólico de hojas de L. rigidus (ELR), preparado por percolación fue objeto de cuantificación de polifenoles y flavonoides totales, cuantificación por HPLC de algunos flavonoides. La inhibición de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina (ECA) se realizó por ensayos colorimétricos. Los efectos gástricos de ELR se llevó a cabo en ratas Wistar macho (n = 6, cada grupo), el tratamiento con diferentes dosis (600, 60 y 6 mg/kg ip) de ELR. Las lesiones gástricas se indujeron mediante la administración de indometacina (30 mg/kg sc). El número de úlceras y signos de puntuación del índice de lesión de las mucosas (IMD) se evaluó teniendo en cuenta el color, edema y hemorragia de las lesiones gástricas, el número de petequias, y el número y tamaño de las úlceras. El análisis estadístico de los datos se realizó mediante ANOVA 1 vía, seguido por el test de Tukey y significación fue de p < 0,05. Resultados: ELR inhiben la ACE (68,5 ± 18,1 %) a una concentración de 100 mg/mL. La administración oral de ELR (6, 60 y 600 mg/kg) mostró un efecto protector gástrico contra inducido por indometacina. Los polifenoles totales de ELR fue 157,7 ± 5,8 mg equivalente de pirogalol/mg de flavonoides y 66,9 ± 3,1 μg equivalentes de quercetina/mg. Conclusiones: L. rigidus protege contra el daño gástrico agudo inducido por la indometacina en una organización independiente de la dosis.

Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar o perfil químico de folhas de Alpinia purpurata K. Schum (AP), assim como a reatividade vascular e o efeito hipotensor agudo (EHA) do extrato etanólico de folhas de AP (EEAP). Avliou-se o perfil químico utilizando-se HPLC-UV, ICP-OES e quantificação colorimétrica de flavonoides e polifenóis totais. A reatividade vascular foi determinada utilizando leito mesentérico isolado de ratos WKY. Curvas dose-resposta do EEAP e do material inorgânico da AP (IAP) foram realizadas em animais SHR e WKY. Determinaram-se a segurança citotóxica e mutagênica pelo teste de micronúcleos. Flavonoides tipo rutina foram quantificados no EEAP (1,8±0,03%) e flavonoide total e polifenóis foram de 4,1±1,8% e 5,1±0,3%, respectivamente. Observou-se ação vasodilatadora do EEAP, mediada parcialmente pelo óxido nítrico (·NO). O IAP revelou a presença de cálcio (137,76±4.08 μg.mg-1 de Ca). O EEAP e IAP apresentaram EHA em animais WKY e SHR. Não se observaram efeitos citotóxicos e alterações cromossômicas provocadas pelo EEAP. O EEAP mostrou um EHA que poderia resultar de ação vascular dependente do endotélio. Rutina, entre outros polifenóis e flavonoides, poderia estar contribuindo para essas atividades biológicas e o cálcio presente no EEAP, poderia agir de maneira sinérgica.

The aims of this study were to evaluate the chemical profile, vascular reactivity, and acute hypotensive effect (AHE) of the ethanolic extract of leaves of Alpinia purpurata (Vieill) K. Schum (EEAP). Its chemical profile was evaluated using HPLC-UV, ICP-OES, and colorimetric quantification of total flavonoids and polyphenols. The vascular reactivity of the extract was determined using the mesenteric bed isolated from WKY. AHE dose-response curves were obtained for both EEAP and inorganic material isolated from AP (IAP) in WKY and SHR animals. Cytotoxic and mutagenic safety levels were determined by the micronucleus test. Rutin-like flavonoids were quantified in the EEAP (1.8 ± 0.03%), and the total flavonoid and polyphenol ratios were 4.1 ± 1.8% and 5.1 ± 0.3%, respectively. We observed that the vasodilation action of EEAP was partially mediated by nitric oxide (·NO). The IAP showed the presence of calcium (137.76 ± 4.08 μg mg-1). The EEAP and IAP showed an AHE in WKY and SHR animals. EEAP did not have cytotoxic effects or cause chromosomic alterations. The AHE shown by EEAP could result from its endothelium-dependent vascular action. Rutin-like flavonoids, among other polyphenols, could contribute to these biological activities, and the calcium present in EEAP could act in a synergistic way.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi comparar a prevalência, os genótipos e fatores de risco da hepatite C entre a população em geral e os presos na cidade de Colatina, Espírito Santo, Brasil. O presente estudo é transversal e comparou cerca de 1.600 moradores e 730 prisioneiros, todos eles vivendo em Colatina. A prevalência de anticorpos anti-HCV positivo foi de 0,1% (2/1.600), na população em geral, e de 1,0% (7/730) entre os presos, o que confirma o elevado risco nesse grupo. A percentagem de indivíduos que apresentam RNA-HCV negativo foi de 11,1% (1/9), confirmando a alta taxa de evolução para a cronicidade. O genótipo predominante foi o I. Fatores associados ao aumento do risco de hepatite C foram do sexo masculino, sendo institucionalizado, com renda de até três salários mínimos, baixa escolaridade e uso de drogas injetáveis. O uso de álcool, dor no fígado, enxaqueca e relato de histórias de hepatite apresentaram associação significativa com a hepatite C. A população carcerária teve maiores taxas de positividade para o anti-HCV do que a população não-prisional pesquisada.

The aim of the present work was to compare hepatitis C prevalence, genotypes, and risk factors between prisoners and non-prisoners in the city of Colatina, Espírito Santo, Brazil. This cross-sectional study involved approximately 1,600 residents and 730 prisoners, all of whom were living in Colatina. The percentage of individuals who tested positive for anti-HCV was 0.1% (2/1,600) in the non-prisoner group and 1.0% (7/730) in the prisoner group, confirming a higher risk of hepatitis C in the latter group. The percentage of subjects who progressed to HCV-RNA negative was 11.1% (1/9), confirming the high probability of evolution to chronicity. Genotype 1 was the most predominant genotype found. Factors associated with increased risk of hepatitis C were being male, being institutionalized, having an income of less than three minimum wages, having low educational attainment, and using injected drugs. Alcohol use, pain in the liver, migraine, and reported history of hepatitis were markedly associated with hepatitis C. The prison population tested positive for anti-HCV at a higher rate than the non-prison population.