RESUMEN El nitrógeno es el elemento que presenta mayor demanda por parte del cultivo de soja, y la fijación biológica del nitrógeno atmosférico el principal medio para abastecerlo. En cambio, micronutrientes y tratamientos químicos aplicados a la semilla conjuntamente con el inoculante pueden alterar dicha fijación biológica de nitrógeno. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de productos químicos, micronutrientes y de la fertilizacion nitrogenada, en la nodulacion, desarrollo y rendimiento de la soya. El experimento fue desarrollado en campo y en invernadero en el municipio de Toledo, Brasil. El diseño experimental utilizado fue el de bloques al azar, con cuatro repeticiones. Los tratamientos fueron: T1 - Control (semillas tratadas con insecticida); T2 - Semillas tratadas con insecticidas e inoculadas con Bradyrhizobium; T3 - Semillas no tratadas inoculadas con Bradyrhizobium; T4 - Semillas tratadas con insecticidas y cobalto-molibdeno (CoMo), inoculadas con Bradyrhizobium; T5 - Semillas con CoMo inoculadas con Bradyrhizobium; T6 - Semillas tratadas con insecticidas, inoculadas con Bradyrhizobium y con aplicación de CoMo vía foliar; T7 - Semillas tratadas con insecticidas, inoculadas con Bradyrhizobium y con aplicación de nitrógeno en cubierta; T8 - Semillas tratadas con nitrógeno al voleo. No se observaron diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos sobre el número de nódulos, diametro de la tallo principal, altura de planta, longitud de raiz, masa de 1000 granos y rendimiento. La aplicacion de nitrógeno en la etapa R2 y la asociación del inoculante + CoMo sin tratamiento de semilla proporcionó mayor número de nudos, vainas y granos por planta.

ABSTRACT Nitrogen is the element most demanded by the soybean crop, and the biological fixation of atmospheric nitrogen is the main means to supply it. In contrast, micronutrients and chemical treatments applied on seeds together with the inoculant can alter the phenomenon of biological fixation of atmospheric nitrogen. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of chemical products, micronutrients, and nitrogen fertilization on the nodulation, development, and yield of soybean. The experiment was developed in a field and a greenhouse in the municipality of Toledo, Brazil. A randomized block with four repetitions was used as an experimental design. This design had eight treatments, namely: T1 - Control (seeds treated with insecticide); T2 - Seeds treated with insecticides and inoculated with Bradyrhizobium; T3 - Untreated seeds inoculated with Bradyrhizobium; T4 - Seeds treated with insecticides and cobalt-molybdenum (CoMo), inoculated with Bradyrhizobium; T5 - Seeds with CoMo inoculated with Bradyrhizobium; T6 - Seeds treated with insecticides, inoculated with Bradyrhizobium and with foliar application of CoMo; T7 - Seeds treated with insecticides, inoculated with Bradyrhizobium and with the application of nitrogen in cover; T8 - Seeds treated with nitrogen by broadcast. No significant differences were observed between treatments on the nodules numbers, stem diameter, plant height, root length, the mass of 1000 grains, and yield. The application of nitrogen at the R2 stage (a plant with an open flower in one of the two uppermost nodes of the main stem with a fully developed leaf) and in association with the inoculant + CoMo without seed treatment provided a greater number of nodes, pods, and grains per plant.

Abstract This study aimed to quantify the effects of water management during hardening on seedlings of Gallesia integrifolia (Spreng.) Harms, evaluating leaf temperature, morphometric variables, and their performance after hardening in sandy and clayey soil. Water regimes included irrigation for four weeks (daily, every two, three, and four days). Leaf temperature was recorded at the end of each irrigation cycle. Increases in height, root collar diameter, root dry mass, and aerial part dry mass were measured at the end of the hardening period. The seedlings irrigated every two and three days did not significantly differ (p > 0.05) from those irrigated daily. Irrigation every four days reduced the speed of aboveground growth and increased leaf temperature. The seedlings irrigated every three and four days were more resistant to water deficit than those from other treatments, showing severe symptoms of water deficit later.

RESUMO Para o sucesso do plantio a campo e o êxito de um povoamento florestal, faz-se necessário o uso de mudas florestais que apresentem bom desempenho após o plantio. Este estudo objetivou avaliar a qualidade de mudas de eucalipto, após rustificação com aplicação de ácido jasmônico (JA) e flexões caulinares. O experimento foi realizado em duas etapas, sendo a primeira desenvolvida em ambiente protegido e a segunda realizada a campo. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, com sete tratamentos (testemunha; 2,0; 4,0; 6,0 e 8,0 μmol L-1 de JA, aplicados semanalmente, por quatro semanas; 20 e 40 flexões caulinares diárias, por quatro semanas), com cinco repetições. Após as quatro semanas de aplicação dos tratamentos, foram determinados os incrementos de altura, de diâmetro do coleto e de número de folhas, de massas de matérias secas das raízes e da parte aérea, de potencial de regeneração de raízes e de índice SPAD. Aos 90 dias após o plantio, foram avaliados os incrementos de altura e de diâmetro do coleto e a relação altura/diâmetro das mudas. A análise de agrupamento por UPGMA evidenciou a formação de três grupos: grupo 1 (testemunha, 2,0; 4,0 e 6,0 μmol L-1 de JA); grupo 2 (8,0 μmol L-1 de JA) e grupo 3 (flexões caulinares). Mudas que apresentaram maior incremento de altura e de número de folhas (grupos I e II), durante a fase de rustificação, apresentaram maiores incrementos de altura e de diâmetro do coleto a campo, aos 90 dias após o plantio. Parâmetros como incrementos de diâmetro do coleto, de potencial de regeneração de raízes e de SPAD, quantificados durante a rustificação de mudas no viveiro, não são preditivos de maior desempenho a campo.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the quality of seedlings of clone 1528 of eucalyptus after hardening with application of jasmonic acid (JA) and stem bending. The experiment conducted in two stages, the first in protected environment and the second in the field. A completely randomized experimental design with seven treatments (control, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0 and 8.0 μmol L-1 of JA applied weekly for 4 weeks, 20 and 40 daily push-ups for 4 weeks), with five replicates of twenty seedlings. At the end of the treatments, the increase in height (IA), collection diameter (IDC), number of leaves (NF), dry masses of roots and shoot and relative chlorophyll index (SPAD) were determined. At 90 days after planting (field), the increases in height, the collection diameter, and the height / diameter ratio of the seedlings were evaluated. A clustering analysis by UPGMA showed a formation of three groups: group 1 (control, 2.0, 4.0 and 6.0 μmol L-1 of JA); Group 2 (8.0 μmol L-1 of JA) and group 3 (stem bending). Seedlings that showed the greatest increase in height and number of leaves (groups I and II) during the rustification phase obtained to greater increase in height and in the diameter of the field collection at ninety days after planting. Parameters such as increment in collection diameter, root regeneration potential and SPAD quantified during the rustification of seedlings in the nursery are not predictive of higher field performance.

Este trabalho objetivou quantificar os efeitos do manejo hídrico durante a rustificação de mudas de Handroanthus impetiginosus, por meio da termometria foliar e por parâmetros morfométricos de qualidade. Os tratamentos foram: irrigação diária (controle), a cada dois, três e quatro dias, em 60 mudas por tratamento, durante quatro semanas. As mensurações envolveram a medição da temperatura foliar (TF), os incrementos na altura, no diâmetro de colo e na massa seca radicular. As quantificações da TF ocorreram ao final do ciclo de cada manejo de irrigação e, para as demais variáveis, realizaram-se as análises no início e no final da rustificação. Mudas de H. impetiginosus irrigadas diariamente apresentaram maior incremento em diâmetro em relação às irrigadas a cada três dias e as mudas irrigadas a cada quatro dias apresentaram maior crescimento do sistema radicular e redução no crescimento aéreo. Contudo, o uso da termometria infravermelho permitiu aferir a TF em mudas de H. impetiginosus durante a rustificação, verificando que, com o prolongamento do período de estresse hídrico, houve o aumento gradativo da temperatura foliar, sendo a maior delas observada em mudas irrigadas a cada quatro dias.

The present study aimed to quantify the effects of hydric management during the hardening process of Handroanthus impetiginosus seedlings by means of foliar thermography and morphometric parameters of quality. Irrigation treatments of 60 seedlings each were carried out at the following frequencies: daily (control), and every two, three, and four days for four weeks. Measures of leaf temperature (LT), height increment, collar diameter, and root dry mass were performed. Quantification of LT occurred at the end of each irrigation management cycle and analysis of the other variables studied was performed at the beginning and end of the hardening process. Seedlings of H. impetiginosus irrigated daily presented higher diameter increment in relation to those irrigated every three days, and the seedlings irrigated every four days showed higher root system growth and reduction of aerial part growth. The use of infrared thermometry allowed LT assessment in seedlings of H. impetiginosus during hardening. It was possible to verify that the longer the water stress period, the higher the leaf temperature, with the highest temperature observed in seedlings irrigated every four days.

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar diferentes métodos de secagem de folhas para três diferentes frutíferas (maracujá, pêssego e abacate), com relação à determinação da matéria seca e os teores foliares de macronutrientes. Foram coletadas amostras de folhas recém expandida de três culturas, do pomar da fazenda de ensino e pesquisa da FCAV-UNESP, câmpus de Jaboticabal, no mês de janeiro de 2010, coletando-se para cada cultura 12 amostras com 25 folhas cada. Os tratamentos constituíram-se por dois métodos de secagem, estufa de circulação de ar forçada regulada a uma temperatura de 70°C e o forno microondas (FMO). Avaliou-se a massa da matéria seca e os teores foliares de macronutrientes. Os resultados sugerem que os dois métodos de secagem testados se assemelham na determinação de matéria seca e nos teores foliares de macronutrientes para as culturas análisadas, exceto os teores de cálcio na cultura do pêssego.

The objective of this study was to evaluate different methods of drying of leaves for three different fruit (passion fruit, peach and avocado), with respect to the determination of dry matter and foliar nutrients. Samples were collected from recently expanded leaves of three crops orchard Farm education and research FCAV-UNESP, Jaboticabal campus, in January 2010, by collecting 12 samples for each culture with 25 leaves. The treatments consisted of two drying methods, greenhouse circulation of air regulated to a temperature of 70°C and FMO. We evaluated the mass of dry matter and foliar nutrients. The results suggest that the two drying methods tested did not interfere in the determination of dry matter and foliar nutrients to crops analyzed, except the calcium levels in peach.