RESUMO Objetivo: reconhecer o entendimento acerca da violência de gênero no espaço universitário. Método: pesquisa exploratória de abordagem qualitativa. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com 38 participantes que vivenciavam o contexto universitário, no período de julho a setembro de 2016. Os dados foram analisados por meio da Análise de Conteúdo com apoio do software webQDA. Resultados: foram evidenciadas três categorias empíricas: violência de gênero; reconhecimento da violência de gênero nos espaços universitários; e subjetividades da violência de gênero. Destaca-se que a comunidade universitária tem dificuldades em expor sua compreensão acerca da violência de gênero. Conclusão: violência de gênero é a reprodução de poder sobre o outro, considerado “inferior”, concepção revelada no cenário estudado. É necessário dar visibilidade ao fenômeno, por meio de escuta que não se traduza na culpabilização do indivíduo exposto à violência.

ABSTRACT Objective: to reveal the understanding about gender-based violence in the university scenario. Method: a qualitative and exploratory research study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 38 participants who experienced the university context, from July to September 2016. The data were analyzed by means of Content Analysis, with the aid of the webQDA software. Results: three empirical categories were evidenced: gender-based violence; recognition of gender-based violence in university spaces; and subjectivities of gender-based violence. It is noteworthy that the university community has difficulties in exposing its understanding of gender-based violence. Conclusion: gender-based violence is the reproduction of power over the other, considered “inferior”, a concept revealed in the scenario under study. It is necessary to evidence the phenomenon through listening that does not translate into the blaming of the individual exposed to violence.

RESUMEN: Objetivo: reconocer lo que se entiende acerca de la violencia de género en el espacio universitario. Método: investigación exploratoria de enfoque cualitativo. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas con 38 participantes que experimentaban el contexto universitario, en el período de julio a septiembre de 2016. Los datos se analizaron por medio del Análisis de Contenido con la asistencia del software webQDA. Resultados: se hicieron evidentes tres categorías empíricas: violencia de género; reconocimiento de la violencia de género en los espacios universitarios; y subjetividades de la violencia de género. Se destaca que la comunidad universitaria tiene dificultades para exponer lo que entiende acerca de la violencia de género. Conclusión: la violencia de género es la reproducción del poder sobre el otro, considerado “inferior”, concepto revelado en el ámbito estudiado. Es necesario dar visibilidad al fenómeno, por medio de habilidades para escuchar que no se traduzcan en la culpabilización de la persona expuesta a la violencia.

Abstract Background: Levonorgestrel (LNG) is a progesterone receptor agonist used in both regular and emergency hormonal contraception; however, its effects on the endometrium as a contraceptive remain widely unknown and under public debate. Objective: To analyze the effects of LNG or mifepristone (MFP), a progesterone receptor antagonist and also known as RU-486, administered at the time of follicle rupture (FR) on endometrial transcriptome during the receptive period of the menstrual cycle. Methods: Ten volunteers ovulatory women were studied during two menstrual cycles, a control cycle and a consecutively treated cycle; in this last case, women were randomly allocated to two groups of 5 women each, receiving one dose of LNG (1.5 mg) or MFP (50 mg) the day of the FR by ultrasound. Endometrial biopsies were taken 6 days after drug administration and prepared for microarray analysis. Results: Genomic functional analysis in the LNG-treated group showed as activated the bio-functions embryo implantation and decidualization, while these bio-functions in the T-MFP group were predicted as inhibited. Conclusions: The administration of LNG as a hormonal emergency contraceptive resulted in an endometrial gene expression profile associated with receptivity. These results agree on the concept that LNG does not affect endometrial receptivity and/or embryo implantation when used as an emergency contraceptive.

Abstract Background endocrine disorders may affect sexuality due to hormonal changes, associated comorbidities and psychosocial impact. This topic remains poorly researched from the perspective of people with these conditions. Objectives: a qualitative research was conducted to understand the sexual experiences of women and men living with endocrine disorders that change their physical appearance. Methods: an analytical-interpretive study was carried out with a sample of 68 participants aged between 20 and 45, and treated at the National Institute of Endocrinology, Havana, Cuba. Data collection instruments were a personal information sheet, an in-depth interview guide and two projective psychological tests. Ethical aspects were considered. Results: in-depth interviews gave rise to four topics: 1) multidimensional expression of the disease, 2) the disease and life areas, 3) sexuality with the disease, and 4) coping strategies in the sexual area. These topics were linked to the meanings of health, body, gender and sexuality. Conclusions: the participants contextualized their sexual experiences within the biopsychosocial impact of the endocrine disorder, as well as the reproduction or questioning of the meanings that influenced the quality of their sexual experiences. The study showed that sexuality is a vulnerable area for the participants’ comprehensive health.

Resumen Antecedentes las enfermedades del sistema endocrino pueden afectar la sexualidad por sus efectos hormonales, las comorbilidades asociadas y su impacto psicosocial, tema poco estudiado desde las perspectivas de personas con estas enfermedades. Objetivos: se realizó un estudio cualitativo dirigido a comprender las experiencias sexuales de mujeres y varones con enfermedades endocrinas que producen cambios en la apariencia física. Método: se estructuró un diseño de estudio analítico-interpretativo. Participaron 68 personas entre 20 y 45 años de edad, atendidos en el Instituto Nacional de Endocrinología, La Habana, Cuba. Los instrumentos de recolección de la información utilizados fueron una planilla de datos generales, una guía de entrevista en profundidad y dos pruebas psicológicas proyectivas. Los aspectos éticos fueron considerados. Resultados: de las entrevistas en profundidad, emergieron 4 temas: 1) la expresión multidimensional de la enfermedad, 2) enfermedad y áreas de vida, 3) ejercicio de la sexualidad con la enfermedad, y 4) estrategias de afrontamiento en el área sexual; vinculados con los significados expresados sobre la salud, el cuerpo, el género y la sexualidad. Conclusiones: las/los participantes contextualizaron sus experiencias sexuales en el impacto biopsicosocial de la enfermedad. La reproducción o cuestionamiento de los significados expresados influyó en la calidad de sus experiencias sexuales. El estudio mostró que esta constituye un área de vulnerabilidad para la salud integral de las/los participantes.

Abstract Vulnerability in research occurs when the participant is incapable of protecting his or her interests and therefore, has an increased probability of being intentionally or unintentionally harmed. This manuscript aims to discuss the conditions that make a group vulnerable and the tools and requirements that can be used to reduce the ethical breaches when including them in research protocols. The vulnerability can be due either to an inability to understand and give informed consent or to unequal power relationships that hinder basic rights. Excluding subjects from research for the only reason of belonging to a vulnerable group is unethical and will bias the results of the investigation. To consider a subject or group as vulnerable depends on the context, and the investigator should evaluate each case individually.

Abstract It is often unclear to the clinical investigator whether observational studies should be submitted to a research ethics committee (REC), mostly because, in general, no active or additional interventions are performed. Moreover, obtaining an informed consent under these circumstances may be challenging, either because these are very large epidemiological registries, or the subject may no longer be alive, is too ill to consent, or is impossible to contact after being discharged. Although observational studies do not involve interventions, they entail ethical concerns, including threats such as breaches in confidentiality and autonomy, and respect for basic rights of the research subjects according to the good clinical practices. In this context, in addition to their main function as evaluators from an ethical, methodological, and regulatory point of view, the RECs serve as mediators between the research subjects, looking after their basic rights, and the investigator or institution, safeguarding them from both legal and unethical perils that the investigation could engage, by ensuring that all procedures are performed following the international standards of care for research. The aim of this manuscript is to provide information on each type of study and its risks, along with actions to prevent such risks, and the function of RECs in each type of study.

There is still controversy regarding the mechanism of action of levonorgestrel (LNG) for emergency contraception (EC). For those who state that pregnancy starts prior to implantation, any compound able to interfere with post-fertilization and pre-implantation stages, should be considered as abortifacient. Previous research suggests that EC in humans acts predominantly after fertilization. Current evidence with LNG-only EC supports a pre-fertilization mechanisms to explain its action. There are many potential mechanisms of action, which could vary pending on the day during the fertilization window of the ovarian cycle at which the contraceptive is given. This paper reviews the evidence for each potential mechanism of action. According to the most recently statements, it is concluded that the primary and possible the only mechanism of action of LNG-only EC is preventing or delaying ovulation.

El mecanismo de acción del levonorgestrel (LNG) como anticonceptivo de emergencia (AE) es aún controvertido. Para quienes consideran que el embarazo inicia antes de la implantación, todo compuesto capaz de interferir con etapas posteriores a la fecundación y anteriores a la implantación se considera abortivo. Investigaciones previas sugieren que en seres humanos este método actúa también después de la fecundación. Sin embargo, en la actualidad existe sólida evidencia que demuestra que los efectos anteriores a la fecundación son en realidad los que explican la acción anticonceptiva del LNG. En este artículo se revisa la evidencia acumulada sobre los mecanismos de acción propuestos. Los consensos derivados de la información disponible establecen que los mecanismos prefecundación (inhibición o retardo de la ovulación) son los que explican la efectividad anticonceptiva de los AE de progestina sola.

There is still controversy regarding the mechanism of action of levonorgestrel (LNG) for emergency contraception (EC). For those who state that pregnancy starts prior to implantation, any compound able to interfere with post-fertilization and pre-implantation stages, should be considered as abortifacient. Previous research suggests that EC in humans acts predominantly after fertilization. Current evidence with LNG-only EC supports a pre-fertilization mechanisms to explain its action. There are many potential mechanisms of action, which could vary pending on the day during the fertilization window of the ovarian cycle at which the contraceptive is given. This paper reviews the evidence for each potential mechanism of action. According to the most recently statements, it is concluded that the primary and possible the only mechanism of action of LNG-only EC is preventing or delaying ovulation.

El mecanismo de acción del levonorgestrel (LNG) como anticonceptivo de emergencia (AE) es aún controvertido. Para quienes consideran que el embarazo inicia antes de la implantación, todo compuesto capaz de interferir con etapas posteriores a la fecundación y anteriores a la implantación se considera abortivo. Investigaciones previas sugieren que en seres humanos este método actúa también después de la fecundación. Sin embargo, en la actualidad existe sólida evidencia que demuestra que los efectos anteriores a la fecundación son en realidad los que explican la acción anticonceptiva del LNG. En este artículo se revisa la evidencia acumulada sobre los mecanismos de acción propuestos. Los consensos derivados de la información disponible establecen que los mecanismos prefecundación (inhibición o retardo de la ovulación) son los que explican la efectividad anticonceptiva de los AE de progestina sola.

OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência de violência contra mulheres (física, psicológica e sexual), por parceiro íntimo ou outro agressor, entre usuárias de serviços públicos de saúde e contrastá-la com a percepção de ter sofrido violência e com o registro das ocorrências nos serviços estudados. MÉTODOS: Estudo realizado em 19 serviços de saúde, selecionados por conveniência e agrupados em nove sítios de pesquisa na Grande São Paulo, entre 2001-2002. Questionários sobre violência sofrida alguma vez na vida, no último ano e agressor foram aplicados à amostra de 3.193 usuárias de 15 a 49 anos. Foram examinados 3.051 prontuários dessas mulheres para verificação do registro dos casos de violência. Realizaram-se análises comparativas pelos testes Anova, com comparações múltiplas e qui-quadrado, seguido de sua partição. RESULTADOS: As prevalências observadas foram: qualquer violência 76% (IC 95%: 74,2;77,8); psicológica 68,9% (IC 95%: 66,4;71,4); física 49,6% (IC 95%: 47,7;51,4); física e/ou sexual 54,8% (IC 95%: 53,1;56,6) e sexual 26% (IC 95%: 24,4;28,0). A violência física e/ou sexual por parceiro íntimo na vida foi de 45,3% (IC 95%: 43,5;47,1) e por outros que não o parceiro foi de 25,7% (IC 95%: 25,0;26,5). Apenas 39,1% das que relataram qualquer episódio consideraram ter vivido violência na vida, observando-se registro em 3,8% dos prontuários. As prevalências diferiram entre os sítios de pesquisa, bem como a percepção e registro das violências. CONCLUSÕES: A esperada alta magnitude do evento e sua invisibilidade foram confirmadas pelas baixas taxas de registro em prontuário. Constatou-se ser baixa a percepção das situações vividas como violência. Sugerem-se estudos ulteriores que avaliem a heterogeneidade das usuárias dos serviços.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of (physical, psychological, and sexual) violence against women by an intimate partner and non-partner perpetrators among users of public health services and to compare these women's perception of having ever experienced violence with reports of violence in their medical records in the different services studied. METHODS: The study was conducted in 19 health services, selected as a convenience sample and grouped into nine research sites, in metropolitan area of São Paulo from 2001 to 2002. Questionnaires on having ever experienced violence in their lifetime and in the last 12 months and perpetrators were applied to a sample of 3,193 users aged 15 to 49. A total of 3,051 medical records were reviewed to verify the notification of violence. Comparative analyses were performed by Anova with multiple comparisons and Chi-square test followed by its partition. RESULTS: The following prevalences were found: any type of violence 76% (95% CI: 74.2;77.8); psychological 68.9% (95% CI: 66.4;71.4); physical 49.6% (95% CI: 47.7;51.4); physical and/or sexual 54.8% (95% CI: 53.1;56.6), and sexual 26% (95% CI: 24.4;28.0). The prevalence of physical and/or sexual violence by an intimate partner in their lifetime was 45.3% (95% CI: 43.5;47.1), and by non-partners was 25.7% (95% CI: 25.0;26.5). Only 39.1% of women reporting any episode of violence perceived they had ever experienced violence in their lifetime and 3.8% of them had any reports of violence in their medical records. The prevalences were significantly different between sites as well as the proportion of perception and reports of violence in medical records. CONCLUSIONS: The expected high magnitude of the event and its invisibility was confirmed by low rate of reports in the medical records. Few perceived abuses as violence. Further studies are recommended taking into account the diversity of service users.

OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência de violência contra mulheres (física, psicológica e sexual), por parceiro íntimo ou outro agressor, entre usuárias de serviços públicos de saúde e contrastá-la com a percepção de ter sofrido violência e com o registro das ocorrências nos serviços estudados. MÉTODOS: Estudo realizado em 19 serviços de saúde, selecionados por conveniência e agrupados em nove sítios de pesquisa na Grande São Paulo, entre 2001-2002. Questionários sobre violência sofrida alguma vez na vida, no último ano e agressor foram aplicados à amostra de 3.193 usuárias de 15 a 49 anos. Foram examinados 3.051 prontuários dessas mulheres para verificação do registro dos casos de violência. Realizaram-se análises comparativas pelos testes Anova, com comparações múltiplas e qui-quadrado, seguido de sua partição. RESULTADOS: As prevalências observadas foram: qualquer violência 76% (IC 95%: 74,2;77,8); psicológica 68,9% (IC 95%: 66,4;71,4); física 49,6% (IC 95%: 47,7;51,4); física e/ou sexual 54,8% (IC 95%: 53,1;56,6) e sexual 26% (IC 95%: 24,4;28,0). A violência física e/ou sexual por parceiro íntimo na vida foi de 45,3% (IC 95%: 43,5;47,1) e por outros que não o parceiro foi de 25,7% (IC 95%: 25,0;26,5). Apenas 39,1% das que relataram qualquer episódio consideraram ter vivido violência na vida, observando-se registro em 3,8% dos prontuários. As prevalências diferiram entre os sítios de pesquisa, bem como a percepção e registro das violências. CONCLUSÕES: A esperada alta magnitude do evento e sua invisibilidade foram confirmadas pelas baixas taxas de registro em prontuário. Constatou-se ser baixa a percepção das situações vividas como violência. Sugerem-se estudos ulteriores que avaliem a heterogeneidade das usuárias dos serviços.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of (physical, psychological, and sexual) violence against women by an intimate partner and non-partner perpetrators among users of public health services and to compare these women's perception of having ever experienced violence with reports of violence in their medical records in the different services studied. METHODS: The study was conducted in 19 health services, selected as a convenience sample and grouped into nine research sites, in metropolitan area of São Paulo from 2001 to 2002. Questionnaires on having ever experienced violence in their lifetime and in the last 12 months and perpetrators were applied to a sample of 3,193 users aged 15 to 49. A total of 3,051 medical records were reviewed to verify the notification of violence. Comparative analyses were performed by Anova with multiple comparisons and Chi-square test followed by its partition. RESULTS: The following prevalences were found: any type of violence 76% (95% CI: 74.2;77.8); psychological 68.9% (95% CI: 66.4;71.4); physical 49.6% (95% CI: 47.7;51.4); physical and/or sexual 54.8% (95% CI: 53.1;56.6), and sexual 26% (95% CI: 24.4;28.0). The prevalence of physical and/or sexual violence by an intimate partner in their lifetime was 45.3% (95% CI: 43.5;47.1), and by non-partners was 25.7% (95% CI: 25.0;26.5). Only 39.1% of women reporting any episode of violence perceived they had ever experienced violence in their lifetime and 3.8% of them had any reports of violence in their medical records. The prevalences were significantly different between sites as well as the proportion of perception and reports of violence in medical records. CONCLUSIONS: The expected high magnitude of the event and its invisibility was confirmed by low rate of reports in the medical records. Few perceived abuses as violence. Further studies are recommended taking into account the diversity of service users.