Abstract This study aimed to understand the subjective meanings attributed to home care by family caregivers of dependent older adults through a multicenter qualitative investigation that gathered 84 in-depth interviews with family caregivers from eight Brazilian locations. The hermeneutic-dialectic, theoretical, methodological framework was employed. The following categories emerged from the analysis: 1. Movements inhibiting emotions and feelings; 2. Presence of processes of symbiosis and emotional dependence in the older adult-relative relationship; 3. Contentment in caring for the dependent older adult; and 4. Giving up current and future life projects. The results reveal life experiences marked by symbiotic processes, emotional dependence, and psychic stress. Dependence causes suffering and feelings of despair, powerlessness, impatience, but also solidarity and empathy. Withdrawal from the job market, social depreciation of family caregiver’s activity, social isolation, neglected self-care, and family conflicts impact caregivers’ subjectivity. The elaboration of public policies must consider the social-affective life experiences of family caregivers of dependent older adults in order to include the care of those providing care.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi compreender os sentidos subjetivos atribuídos pelos cuidadores familiares de idosos dependentes do cuidado ofertado no domicílio, por meio de uma investigação qualitativa multicêntrica que reúne entrevistas em profundidade com 84 cuidadores familiares em oito localidades no Brasil. Utilizou-se o referencial teórico metodológico hermenêutico-dialético. Na leitura das entrevistas emergiram as seguintes categorias que serviram de base para as análises: 1. Movimentos de inibição de emoções e sentimentos; 2. Presença de processos de simbiose e de dependência emocional na relação entre idoso e familiar; 3. Contentamento em cuidar do idoso dependente; e 4. Renúncia a projetos de vida atuais e futuros. Os resultados apontam vivências marcadas por processos de simbiose, dependência emocional e estresse psíquico. A dependência gera sofrimento e sentimentos de desespero, impotência, impaciência, mas também de solidariedade e empatia. A renúncia ao trabalho profissional, a desvalorização social da atividade de cuidador familiar, o isolamento social, o cuidado “descuidado” de si e os conflitos familiares influenciam a subjetividade dos cuidadores. A formulação de políticas públicas precisa considerar as vivências socioafetivas dos cuidadores familiares de idosos dependentes, para nelas incluir o cuidado de quem cuida.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi compreender os sentidos subjetivos atribuídos pelos cuidadores familiares de idosos dependentes do cuidado ofertado no domicílio, por meio de uma investigação qualitativa multicêntrica que reúne entrevistas em profundidade com 84 cuidadores familiares em oito localidades no Brasil. Utilizou-se o referencial teórico metodológico hermenêutico-dialético. Na leitura das entrevistas emergiram as seguintes categorias que serviram de base para as análises: 1. Movimentos de inibição de emoções e sentimentos; 2. Presença de processos de simbiose e de dependência emocional na relação entre idoso e familiar; 3. Contentamento em cuidar do idoso dependente; e 4. Renúncia a projetos de vida atuais e futuros. Os resultados apontam vivências marcadas por processos de simbiose, dependência emocional e estresse psíquico. A dependência gera sofrimento e sentimentos de desespero, impotência, impaciência, mas também de solidariedade e empatia. A renúncia ao trabalho profissional, a desvalorização social da atividade de cuidador familiar, o isolamento social, o cuidado “descuidado” de si e os conflitos familiares influenciam a subjetividade dos cuidadores. A formulação de políticas públicas precisa considerar as vivências socioafetivas dos cuidadores familiares de idosos dependentes, para nelas incluir o cuidado de quem cuida.

Abstract This study aimed to understand the subjective meanings attributed to home care by family caregivers of dependent older adults through a multicenter qualitative investigation that gathered 84 in-depth interviews with family caregivers from eight Brazilian locations. The hermeneutic-dialectic, theoretical, methodological framework was employed. The following categories emerged from the analysis: 1. Movements inhibiting emotions and feelings; 2. Presence of processes of symbiosis and emotional dependence in the older adult-relative relationship; 3. Contentment in caring for the dependent older adult; and 4. Giving up current and future life projects. The results reveal life experiences marked by symbiotic processes, emotional dependence, and psychic stress. Dependence causes suffering and feelings of despair, powerlessness, impatience, but also solidarity and empathy. Withdrawal from the job market, social depreciation of family caregiver’s activity, social isolation, neglected self-care, and family conflicts impact caregivers’ subjectivity. The elaboration of public policies must consider the social-affective life experiences of family caregivers of dependent older adults in order to include the care of those providing care.

Objetivou-se compreender os sentidos subjetivos atribuídos pelos cuidadores familiares de idosos dependentes ao cuidado ofertado no domicílio, por meio de uma investigação qualitativa multicêntrica que reúne entrevistas em profundidade com 84 cuidadores familiares em oito localidades no Brasil. Utilizou-se o referencial teórico metodológico hermenêutico-dialético. Na leitura das entrevistas emergiram as seguintes categorias que serviram de base para as análises: 1. Movimentos de inibição de emoções e sentimentos; 2. Presença de processos de simbiose e de dependência emocional na relação idoso e familiar; 3. Contentamento em cuidar do idoso dependente e 4. Renúncia a projetos de vida atuais e futuros. Os resultados apontam vivências marcadas por processos de simbiose, dependência emocional e estresse psíquico. A dependência gera sofrimento e sentimentos de desespero, impotência, impaciência, mas também solidariedade e empatia. A renúncia ao trabalho profissional, a desvalorização social da atividade de cuidador familiar, o isolamento social, o cuidado “descuidado” de si e conflitos familiares influenciam a subjetividade dos cuidadores. A formulação de políticas públicas precisa considerar as vivências socioafetivas dos cuidadores familiares de idosos dependentes para nelas incluir o cuidado de quem cuida.

This study aimed to understand the subjective meanings attributed to home care by family caregivers of dependent older adults through a multicenter qualitative investigation that gathered 84 in-depth interviews with family caregivers from eight Brazilian locations. The hermeneutic-dialectic, theoretical, methodological framework was employed. The following categories emerged from the analysis: 1. Movements inhibiting emotions and feelings; 2. Presence of processes of symbiosis and emotional dependence in the older adult-relative relationship; 3. Contentment in caring for the dependent older adult; and 4. Giving up current and future life projects. The results reveal life experiences marked by symbiotic processes, emotional dependence, and psychic stress. Dependence causes suffering and feelings of despair, powerlessness, impatience, but also solidarity and empathy. Withdrawal from the job market, social depreciation of family caregiver’s activity, social isolation, neglected self-care, and family conflicts impact caregivers’ subjectivity. The  elaboration of public policies must consider the social-affective life experiences of family caregivers of dependent older adults in order to include the care of those providing care.

Abstract: Introduction: The management of sickness absence due to non-work-related diseases in Spain has typically focused on the control of its duration. The goal of this study was to provide estimates for the incidence of sickness absence due to non-work-related diseases by economic activity to help shift the focus of management of sickness absence towards prevention. Methods: Retrospective study based on 646,337 workers and 133,812 episodes of sickness absence started in 2009, from the Working Continuous Life Sample. Incidence rate and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using Poisson regression models, crude and adjusted for age, company size, and occupational category, separately for men and women. Results: The overall incidence rate was 29.8 per 100 person-years;24.7 (95%CI: 24.5-24.9) in men and 36.3 (36.036.5) in women. By economic activity, the highest crude incidence rates in men were found in “Water supply, sanitation and wastes” (35.4) and “Health activities” (33.9);for women, “Health activities” (48.3), “Public administration” (41.2) and “Transportation and storage” (41.0) were the highest sectors. Conclusions: Companies can compare their sickness absence incidence rates to these benchmark values to determine if they are within the expected reference range, which may guide management decisions more towards the prevention of sickness absence.

Resumen: Objetivo: La gestión de la incapacidad temporal por contingencias comunes (ITcc) en España se centra más en el control de su duración que en prevenir su incidencia. El objetivo de este trabajo es proporcionar valores de la incidencia de ITcc por ramas de actividad económica para orientar su gestión hacia la prevención. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo basado en 646.337 afiliados al régimen general incluidos en la Muestra Continua de Vidas Laborales de 2009, que notifican 133.812 primeros episodios de ITcc iniciados en 2009. La tasa de incidencia, y su IC95%, se calculó con modelos de regresión de Poisson, cruda y ajustada por edad, tamaño de la empresa y categoría ocupacional, separadamente para hombres y mujeres. Resultados: La tasa de incidencia total por 100 personas-años fue de 29,8 (hombres: 24,7;IC95%:24,5-24,9 y mujeres: 36,3;IC95%: 36,0-36,5). Según ramas de actividad económica, las tasas de incidencia crudas más elevadas en los hombres fueron “Suministro de agua, saneamiento y residuos” (35,4) y “Actividades sanitarias” (33,9), y en las mujeres en “Actividades sanitarias” (48,3), “Administración pública” (41,2) y “Transporte y almacenamiento” (41,0). Conclusiones: Las empresas podrán comparar su incidencia de ITcc con estos valores de referencia para determinar si su incidencia está dentro del rango de valores esperados, lo que puede ayudarles a tomar decisiones orientadas a la prevención de las bajas por enfermedad común.

Abstract Ethical and scientific reasons sustain concerns when applying Big Data analytics in Healthcare. Patient's data must be anonymized and must have enough quality. But the extreme variety of data and their multiple sources combined with many different stakeholders registering data in the Electronic Patient Record without a semantic standardization makes the process harder than in other business. Majority of patient's data are in natural text or are only communicated verbally without a formal registration. To take a real benefit of the Healthcare data we must ensure their quality, high integrity, explicit meaning, context recording and complete anonymization. Three technologies must be of great help: Standardization for Semantic interoperability, Knowledge representation using Ontologies and advanced Natural Language Processing. Ethical conscience regarding confidentiality and ecological impact of ICTs must be empowered and practiced by individuals and organizations.

Resum L'aplicació de l'analítica de dades massives en salut aixeca preocupacions ètiques i científiques. Les dades dels pacients han de ser anònimes i de qualitat. Però la gran varietat de dades, les seves múltiples fonts i els diferents actors que enregistren dades en la història clínica del pacient sense un estàndard semàntic en dificulta el procés. La major part de les dades dels pacients es donen en text natural o es comuniquen només verbalment, sense cap registre formal. Per beneficiar-nos efectivament de les dades de salut hem d'assegurar la seva qualitat, integritat, contingut explícit, context de registre i anonimat. Existeixen tres tecnologies que poden ser de gran ajuda: estandardització per a la interoperabilitat semàntica, representació del coneixement usant ontologies i el processament avançat de llenguatge natural. La consciència ètica sobre la confidencialitat i l'impacte ecològic de les tecnologies d'informació i comunicació (TIC) han de ser practicats i potenciats tant pels individus com per les organitzacions.

Resumen La aplicación de la analítica de datos masivos en salud levanta preocupaciones éticas y científicas. Los datos de los pacientes deben ser anónimos y de calidad. Pero la gran variedad de datos, sus múltiples fuentes y los diferentes actores que registran datos en la historia clínica del paciente sin un estándar semántico, dificulta más el proceso que en otras áreas. La mayoría de los datos de los pacientes se dan en texto natural o se comunican sólo verbalmente, sin registro formal. Para beneficiarnos efectivamente de los datos de salud tenemos que asegurar su calidad, integridad, contenido explícito, contexto de registro y su completo anonimato. Existen tres tecnologías que pueden ser de gran ayuda: estandarización para la interoperabilidad semántica, representación del conocimiento usando ontologías y el procesamiento avanzado de lenguaje natural. La conciencia ética sobre la confidencialidad y el impacto ecológico de las tecnologías de información y comunicación (TIC) deben ser practicadas y potenciadas por los individuos y las organizaciones.

Objective: To assess differences in mortality rates between social security statuses in two independent samples of Belgian and Spanish male workers. Methods: Study of two retrospective cohorts (Belgium, n = 23,607; Spain, n = 44,385) of 50-60 year old male employees with 4 years of follow-up. Mortality rate ratios (MRR) were estimated using Poisson regression models. Results: Mortality for subjects with permanent disability was higher than for the employed, for both Belgium [MRR = 4.56 (95% CI: 2.88-7.21)] and Spain [MRR = 7.15 (95% CI: 5.37-9.51)]. For the unemployed/early retirees, mortality was higher in Spain [MRR = 1.64 (95% CI: 1.24-2.17)] than in Belgium [MRR = 0.88 (95% CI: 0.46-1.71)]. Conclusion: MRR differences between Belgium and Spain for unemployed workers could be partly explained because of differences between the two social security systems. Future studies should further explore mortality differences between countries with different social security systems.

Objetivo: Evaluar diferencias en la mortalidad según el estado de afiliación a la seguridad social en dos muestras independientes de hombres trabajadores belgas y españoles. Métodos: Dos cohortes retrospectivas de hombres asalariados de 50-60 años de edad (23.607 belgas y 44.385 españoles) seguidos durante 4 años. Se estimaron razones de tasas de mortalidad (RTM) mediante modelos de regresión de Poisson. Resultados: La mortalidad para los incapacitados permanentes fue mayor que para los empleados en ambos países [RTM = 4,56 (IC95%: 2,88-7,21) en España y RTM = 7,15 (IC95%: 5,37-9,51) en Bélgica], pero para los desempleados/jubilados anticipadamente fue mayor en España [RTM = 1,64 (IC95%: 1,24 - 2,17)] que en Bélgica [RTM = 0,88 (IC95%: 0,46-1,71)]. Conclusión: Las diferencias encontradas entre los desempleados de Bélgica y España podrían ser parcialmente explicadas por las diferencias entre ambos sistemas de seguridad social. Futuros estudios deberían explorar estas diferencias entre países con distintos sistemas de seguridad social.

Objective: To assess differences in mortality rates between social security statuses in two independent samples of Belgian and Spanish male workers. Methods: Study of two retrospective cohorts (Belgium, n = 23,607; Spain, n = 44,385) of 50-60 year old male employees with 4 years of follow-up. Mortality rate ratios (MRR) were estimated using Poisson regression models. Results: Mortality for subjects with permanent disability was higher than for the employed, for both Belgium [MRR = 4.56 (95% CI: 2.88-7.21)] and Spain [MRR = 7.15 (95% CI: 5.37-9.51)]. For the unemployed/early retirees, mortality was higher in Spain [MRR = 1.64 (95% CI: 1.24-2.17)] than in Belgium [MRR = 0.88 (95% CI: 0.46-1.71)]. Conclusion: MRR differences between Belgium and Spain for unemployed workers could be partly explained because of differences between the two social security systems. Future studies should further explore mortality differences between countries with different social security systems.

Objetivo: Evaluar diferencias en la mortalidad según el estado de afiliación a la seguridad social en dos muestras independientes de hombres trabajadores belgas y españoles. Métodos: Dos cohortes retrospectivas de hombres asalariados de 50-60 años de edad (23.607 belgas y 44.385 españoles) seguidos durante 4 años. Se estimaron razones de tasas de mortalidad (RTM) mediante modelos de regresión de Poisson. Resultados: La mortalidad para los incapacitados permanentes fue mayor que para los empleados en ambos países [RTM = 4,56 (IC95%: 2,88-7,21) en España y RTM = 7,15 (IC95%: 5,37-9,51) en Bélgica], pero para los desempleados/jubilados anticipadamente fue mayor en España [RTM = 1,64 (IC95%: 1,24 - 2,17)] que en Bélgica [RTM = 0,88 (IC95%: 0,46-1,71)]. Conclusión: Las diferencias encontradas entre los desempleados de Bélgica y España podrían ser parcialmente explicadas por las diferencias entre ambos sistemas de seguridad social. Futuros estudios deberían explorar estas diferencias entre países con distintos sistemas de seguridad social.

El uso de la fotografía desde el punto de vista social y económico, es un tema muy poco estudiado, menos aún si las imágenes hacen referencia a los indígenas. En este sentido, el trabajo realizó una descripción de tarjetas de visitas (1870) y tarjetas postales (1896) con el propósito de resaltar las intencionalidades del fotógrafo al convertir estas imágenes fotográficas en objeto de comercialización. Para ello, la propuesta metodológica estaba dirigida en dos sentidos: En primer lugar, se realizó la investigación documental en el Archivo y Bibliotecas Nacionales de Bolivia y en el Centro Bibliográfico, Documental e Histórico de la Universidad de San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca, en estas dos instituciones se pudo identificar tarjetas de visita y tarjetas postales de indígenas, las cuales fueron el objeto de estudio. En segundo lugar, se aplicó el método de análisis iconográfico que permitió denotar características de las imágenes fotográficas que revelan las intencionalidades del fotógrafo, las cuales fueron fundamentadas con la información teórica. Los resultados a los cuales se arribaron fueron los siguientes: las tarjetas de visita, han sido creadas para la reproducción y circulación inmediata en el mundo. Por consiguiente en Bolivia, son producidas por el fotógrafo con la finalidad de dar a conocer a los "indígenas bolivianos" y con ellas, se mercantiliza los retratos a coleccionistas extranjeros. De la mima manera, las tarjetas postales, llegan a reemplazar en gran medida a las tarjetas de visita, porque aparecen después, y el propósito que se le asigna es también económico, ya que para esa época existía un interés de revelar ante el mundo a los distintos grupos étnicos de Latinoamérica, influenciados por la fotografía antropológica. En Bolivia, sucede algo parecido, a finales del siglo XIX arriban a nuestro país coleccionistas y aficionados para comprar y obtener retratos de indígenas en su entorno natural

The use of photography from the social and economic point of view is a subject that has been little studied and even less if they refer to the indigenous. In this regard the work has done a description of visiting cards (1870) and postcards (1896) with the purpose of highlighting the intentions of the photographer to convert these images the object of marketing. For this purpose, the methodology was directed in two directions: In first place, documentary research was conducted in the Bolivian National Archive and Library and in the Bibliographical, Historical and Documentary Centre of the University of San Francisco Xavier of Chuquisaca. In these two institutions it was possible to identify visiting cards and postcards from indigenous which were the objects of study. In second place, iconographic analysis method was applied that allowed denote characteristics of photographic images revealing the photographer's intentions that were substantiated by theoretical information. The results were as follows: the visiting cards have been created for the immediate reproduction and circulation in the world. Consequently, in Bolivia are reproduced by the photographer with the aim of letting the world know indigenous Bolivians and with these cards the portraits are commercialized to foreign collectors. In the same way the postcards come to largely replace the visiting cards because they appear latter and the purpose given is also economic. In that time there was an interest of revealing the world the different Latin American ethnic groups, influenced by anthropological photography. In Bolivia something similar happens. In the late nineteenth century arrived to our country amateurs and collectors to buy and get portraits of indigenous in their natural environment

Background: Permanent disability (PD) is a major social and economic burden. The aim of this study was to determine the burden of disease due to PD. Methods: Using data from the Continuous Working Life Sample (CWLS) -a random sample consisting of 4% of the active members affiliated to the Social Security (SS) System in Spain (1.1 million members) which data come from administrative registries from the SS- the diagnosis of PD (2009-2012) was established from the information on the temporary sickness absence (TSA) episodes from 2009. The diagnoses were imputed if two criteria were fulfilled: long duration of TSA and short period of time between the TSA episode and PD. The burden of disease was estimated for cases with an established diagnosis of PD by using the potential years of working life lost (PYWLL), estimated as the difference between the legal retirement age (65 years) and the age at the start of a PD. Results: In the CWLS, 163,135 (13.6%9 individuals suffered a TSA episode in 2009, out of which 4,738 were granted a PD pension in the period of 2009-2012. The diagnosis was established for 3,073 (64.9%) cases. A large percentage of PD was produced by musculoskeletal (27.4%) and mental disorders (11.6%), likewise these diagnoses produced more PYWLL due to a PD: 11,086 (26.5%) and 7,052 (16.9%), respectively. Mental disorders produced PD at younger ages (median= 49 years of age). Conclusion: Mental and musculoskeletal disorders represent a major burden of disease produced by PD and measured by PYWLL. The diagnoses of PD should become available in order to estimate with more accuracy the PYWLL produced by PD and specific diagnoses.

Fundamentos: La incapacidad laboral permanente (IP) supone una importante carga social y económica. El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la carga de enfermedad debida a la IP en España. Métodos: A partir de la Muestra Continua de Vidas Laborales (MCVL) se imputó como diagnóstico de la IP (2009-2012) el de la incapacidad temporal (IT) iniciada en 2009 en los individuos que cumplieron dos criterios: larga duración de la IT y corta duración del período entre la IT y la IP. Para los casos con diagnóstico imputado se calculó la carga de enfermedad por IP a partir de los años potenciales de vida laboral perdidos (APVLP), definidos como la diferencia entre la edad de jubilación (65 años) y la edad de inicio de la IP. Resultados: Según la MCVL, 163.135 (13,6%) personas sufrieron de IT en 2009, de las cuáles a 4.738 (0,39%) se le reconoció una IP entre 2009-2012. Se pudo establecer el diagnóstico de IP en 3.073 (64,9%) casos. Las causas más frecuentes de IP fueron los trastornos musculo-esqueléticos (27,4%) y mentales (11,6%) que, asimismo, produjeron mayor cantidad de APVLP por IP: 11.086 (26,5%) y 7.052 (16,9%), respectivamente. Los trastornos mentales destacaron por producir IP a edades más jóvenes (mediana=49 años). Conclusiones: Los trastornos mentales y los musculo-esqueléticos representaron la mayor carga de enfermedad en individuos en situación de IP.

Background: Permanent disability (PD) is a major social and economic burden. The aim of this study was to determine the burden of disease due to PD. Methods: Using data from the Continuous Working Life Sample (CWLS) -a random sample consisting of 4% of the active members affiliated to the Social Security (SS) System in Spain (1.1 million members) which data come from administrative registries from the SS- the diagnosis of PD (2009-2012) was established from the information on the temporary sickness absence (TSA) episodes from 2009. The diagnoses were imputed if two criteria were fulfilled: long duration of TSA and short period of time between the TSA episode and PD. The burden of disease was estimated for cases with an established diagnosis of PD by using the potential years of working life lost (PYWLL), estimated as the difference between the legal retirement age (65 years) and the age at the start of a PD. Results: In the CWLS, 163,135 (13.6%9 individuals suffered a TSA episode in 2009, out of which 4,738 were granted a PD pension in the period of 2009-2012. The diagnosis was established for 3,073 (64.9%) cases. A large percentage of PD was produced by musculoskeletal (27.4%) and mental disorders (11.6%), likewise these diagnoses produced more PYWLL due to a PD: 11,086 (26.5%) and 7,052 (16.9%), respectively. Mental disorders produced PD at younger ages (median= 49 years of age). Conclusion: Mental and musculoskeletal disorders represent a major burden of disease produced by PD and measured by PYWLL. The diagnoses of PD should become available in order to estimate with more accuracy the PYWLL produced by PD and specific diagnoses.

Fundamentos: La incapacidad laboral permanente (IP) supone una importante carga social y económica. El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la carga de enfermedad debida a la IP en España. Métodos: A partir de la Muestra Continua de Vidas Laborales (MCVL) se imputó como diagnóstico de la IP (2009-2012) el de la incapacidad temporal (IT) iniciada en 2009 en los individuos que cumplieron dos criterios: larga duración de la IT y corta duración del período entre la IT y la IP. Para los casos con diagnóstico imputado se calculó la carga de enfermedad por IP a partir de los años potenciales de vida laboral perdidos (APVLP), definidos como la diferencia entre la edad de jubilación (65 años) y la edad de inicio de la IP. Resultados: Según la MCVL, 163.135 (13,6%) personas sufrieron de IT en 2009, de las cuáles a 4.738 (0,39%) se le reconoció una IP entre 2009-2012. Se pudo establecer el diagnóstico de IP en 3.073 (64,9%) casos. Las causas más frecuentes de IP fueron los trastornos musculo-esqueléticos (27,4%) y mentales (11,6%) que, asimismo, produjeron mayor cantidad de APVLP por IP: 11.086 (26,5%) y 7.052 (16,9%), respectivamente. Los trastornos mentales destacaron por producir IP a edades más jóvenes (mediana=49 años). Conclusiones: Los trastornos mentales y los musculo-esqueléticos representaron la mayor carga de enfermedad en individuos en situación de IP.

Background: Permanent disability (PD) is an occupational health problem that involves occupational, healthcare and legal factors that have changed in Spain over recent years. The aim of this study was to describe the trend of the incidence of PD in Spain. Methods: Based on Social Security System data on enrolment and PD in Spain, we graphically described the time trend of the annual incidence of PD in the period between 1992 and 2010. In order to assess the trends, the Annual Percent Change (APC) and its confidence interval (CI 95%) was estimated through a binomial negative regression model. Results: The incidence trend of PD was divided into three periods. The initial period (1992 to 1997) showed a constant incidence of approximately 75 cases per 10,000 workers (ACP= -0.1; IC 95%:-1.6, 1.4). This period was followed by a 3 year period reaching approximately 50 new cases per 10,000 workers in the year 2000 (ACP:-12.1%; CI 95%:-13.9; -10.4). Lastly, there was a 10 year period until the year 2010 in which the incidence was stable (ACP= 0.4; IC 95%:-0.2; 1.0). Conclusions: Despite the increase in social security affiliates in the studied period, the incidence of PD was fairly stable during this period, with a decline between 1997 and 2000, which could be attributed to measures of evaluation and monitoring of IP adopted in 1995.

Fundamentos: La incapacidad permanente (IP) es un problema de salud laboral en el que intervienen factores laborales, sanitarios o legales, los cuales han variado en España a lo largo de los últimos años. El objetivo del presente estudio es describir la tendencia temporal de la IP en España desde 1992 a 2010 por gravedad de la incapacidad y diferentes variables sociodemográficas y de afiliación a la seguridad social. Métodos: A partir de los datos de la Seguridad Soci al sobre afiliación y altas de IP en España se describió la tendencia temporal de la incidencia anual de la IP en el periodo comprendido entre 1992 y 2010. Para valorar las tendencias se estimó el porcentaje de cambio anual (PCA) y el intervalo de confianza al 95% mediante un modelo de regresión binomial negativa. Resultados: La tendencia de la incidencia de IP se subdividió en tres periodos. El primero (1992 a 1997) presentó una incidencia aproximadamente constante de 75 casos por 10.000 trabajadores (PCA1= -0,1; IC 95%:-1,6 a 1,4). Seguidamente las tasas descendieron durante un período de tres años (PCA2:-12,1%; IC 95%:-13,9 a -10,4), situándose alrededor de 50 nuevos casos por 10.000 trabajadores en el año 2000. A partir de este año la incidencia de IP se mantuvo aproximadamente constante hasta el año 2010 (PCA3=0,4; IC 95%:-0,2 a 1,0). Conclusiones: A pesar del incremento de trabajadores afiliados a la seguridad social en el periodo estudiado, la incidencia de IP se mantiene bastante estable, con un descenso entre 1997 y 2000 que se podría atribuir a las medidas de evaluación y seguimiento de las IP adoptados en 1995.

Background: Permanent disability (PD) is an occupational health problem that involves occupational, healthcare and legal factors that have changed in Spain over recent years. The aim of this study was to describe the trend of the incidence of PD in Spain. Methods: Based on Social Security System data on enrolment and PD in Spain, we graphically described the time trend of the annual incidence of PD in the period between 1992 and 2010. In order to assess the trends, the Annual Percent Change (APC) and its confidence interval (CI 95%) was estimated through a binomial negative regression model. Results: The incidence trend of PD was divided into three periods. The initial period (1992 to 1997) showed a constant incidence of approximately 75 cases per 10,000 workers (ACP= -0.1; IC 95%:-1.6, 1.4). This period was followed by a 3 year period reaching approximately 50 new cases per 10,000 workers in the year 2000 (ACP:-12.1%; CI 95%:-13.9; -10.4). Lastly, there was a 10 year period until the year 2010 in which the incidence was stable (ACP= 0.4; IC 95%:-0.2; 1.0). Conclusions: Despite the increase in social security affiliates in the studied period, the incidence of PD was fairly stable during this period, with a decline between 1997 and 2000, which could be attributed to measures of evaluation and monitoring of IP adopted in 1995.

Fundamentos: La incapacidad permanente (IP) es un problema de salud laboral en el que intervienen factores laborales, sanitarios o legales, los cuales han variado en España a lo largo de los últimos años. El objetivo del presente estudio es describir la tendencia temporal de la IP en España desde 1992 a 2010 por gravedad de la incapacidad y diferentes variables sociodemográficas y de afiliación a la seguridad social. Métodos: A partir de los datos de la Seguridad Soci al sobre afiliación y altas de IP en España se describió la tendencia temporal de la incidencia anual de la IP en el periodo comprendido entre 1992 y 2010. Para valorar las tendencias se estimó el porcentaje de cambio anual (PCA) y el intervalo de confianza al 95% mediante un modelo de regresión binomial negativa. Resultados: La tendencia de la incidencia de IP se subdividió en tres periodos. El primero (1992 a 1997) presentó una incidencia aproximadamente constante de 75 casos por 10.000 trabajadores (PCA1= -0,1; IC 95%:-1,6 a 1,4). Seguidamente las tasas descendieron durante un período de tres años (PCA2:-12,1%; IC 95%:-13,9 a -10,4), situándose alrededor de 50 nuevos casos por 10.000 trabajadores en el año 2000. A partir de este año la incidencia de IP se mantuvo aproximadamente constante hasta el año 2010 (PCA3=0,4; IC 95%:-0,2 a 1,0). Conclusiones: A pesar del incremento de trabajadores afiliados a la seguridad social en el periodo estudiado, la incidencia de IP se mantiene bastante estable, con un descenso entre 1997 y 2000 que se podría atribuir a las medidas de evaluación y seguimiento de las IP adoptados en 1995.

KSr2Nb5O15 is a ferroelectric material. The sintering process of the KSr2Nb5O15 ceramic doped with different amounts of CuO was investigated in this research. It was found that CuO is effective as promoter of the densification process of the KSN ceramic. The developed microstructures were different due to the amount of CuO and secondary phases were observed in the microstructures. However, the results of X - ray diffraction showed that only the tetragonal tungsten bronze (TTB) structure was identified in all the investigated ceramic systems. The thermal behavior of CuO and also of the CuO - KSN phase mixture was investigated by thermal analysis.