Resumen Introducción: el incremento del consumo de alimentos procesados y ultraprocesados puede predisponer a alteraciones metabólicas. Objetivo: verificar la asociación del consumo de alimentos con el fenotipo metabólico en trabajadores de un hospital cuaternario de Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Métodos: fueron elegibles trabajadores de ambos sexos de edad > 18 años. El cuestionario de frecuencia de alimentos y la clasificación NOVA se utilizaron en el análisis del consumo de alimentos. El fenotipo metabólico consideró la presencia de al menos una alteración metabólica (glucemia, lípidos séricos y presión arterial) combinada con el IMC (eutrófico o exceso de peso) de la siguiente manera: 1) eutrófico metabólicamente saludable (EHM); 2) eutróficos metabólicamente no saludables (MUE); 3) exceso de peso metabólicamente saludable (MHEW); 4) exceso de peso metabólicamente no saludable (MUEW). Resultados: de los 160 participantes incluidos (edad media: 45,2 ± 1,1 años, 59,5 % de mujeres), el 21,9 % refirieron hipertensión arterial y el 4,4 % diabetes. La mayoría presentaron exceso de peso (74,6 %), siendo aproximadamente un 40 % obesos. El fenotipo MUEW presentó mayor porcentaje de grasa corporal y adiposidad central representada por mayor CC y VFA en comparación con los otros fenotipos. La masa corporal magra fue similar entre los grupos. La mediana de alimentos ultraprocesados fue de 32,4 % para los eutróficos, 32,7 % para el sobrepeso y 34,3 % para los obesos. No se observaron asociaciones significativas entre el consumo de ultraprocesados y el fenotipo eutrófico metabólicamente no saludable (OR: 1,01; IC 95 %: 0,96-1,06), exceso de peso metabólicamente saludable (OR: 1,03; IC 95 %: 0,98-1,08) y exceso de peso metabólicamente no saludable (OR: 1,00; IC 95 %: 0,96-1,05) en comparación con los eutróficos metabólicamente sanos. Conclusión: el consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados fue elevado. En este análisis transversal, no se observó asociación de fenotipos metabólicos y consumo de grupos de alimentos según el grado de procesamiento de los alimentos.

Abstract Introduction: an increase in the consumption of processed and ultra-processed foods may predispose to metabolic abnormalities. Objective: to verify the association of food consumption with metabolic phenotype in workers from a quaternary hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Methods: workers of both sexes aged > 18 years were eligible. A food frequency questionnaire and the NOVA classification were used in the food consumption analysis. Metabolic phenotype considered the presence of at least one metabolic alteration (blood glucose, serum lipids, and blood pressure) combined with BMI (eutrophic or excess weight) as follows: 1) metabolically healthy eutrophic (MHE); 2) metabolically unhealthy eutrophic (MUE); 3) metabolically healthy excess weight (MHEW); 4) metabolically unhealthy excess weight (MUEW). Results: from the included 160 participants (mean age, 45.2 ± 1.1 years; 59.4 %, women), 21.9 % self-reported arterial hypertension and 4.4 % diabetes. Most presented excess weight (74.6 %), with approximately 40 % being obese. The MUEW phenotype had higher body fat percentage and central adiposity represented by higher WC and VFA in comparison to the other phenotypes. The lean body mass was similar between the groups. The median of ultra-processed foods was 32.4 % for eutrophic, 32.7 % for overweight, and 34.3 % for obese subjects. No significant associations were observed between ultra-processed food consumption and metabolically unhealthy eutrophic (OR: 1.01; 95 % CI: 0.96-1.06), metabolically healthy excess weight (OR: 1.03; 95 % CI: 0.98-1.08), and metabolically unhealthy excess weight (OR: 1.00; 95 % CI: 0.96-1.05) in comparison to metabolically healthy eutrophic. Conclusion: consumption of ultra-processed food was high. In this cross-sectional analysis, no association of metabolic phenotypes with consumption of food groups according to degree of food processing were observed.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Heart rate control by the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is impaired in heart transplant (HT) recipients, leading to increased resting heart rate, metabolic demand, and fatigue, which can impair their quality of life (QoL). In this study, we hypothesized the association of hemodynamics and autonomic function as predictors of QoL in HT recipients. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted with HT recipients aged ≥ 18 years at ambulatorial accompaniment. Blood pressure was used for hemodynamics assessment, and heart rate variability (HRV) was used for ANS assessment. QoL was assessed by the 36-item Short Form Health Survey. The significance level was set as P≤0.05. Results: Twenty-two volunteers were included in the study. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and double product (DP) were significantly negatively associated with the physical functioning domain of QoL. DP, the number of consecutive normal RR interval differences > 50 ms (NN50), and the percentage of normal RR intervals that differed by > 50 ms from the adjacent interval (PNN50) exhibited negative association with the physical role domain. NN50 and PNN50 were significantly associated with bodily pain, social functioning, and emotional role domains. SBP was negatively associated with the vitality domain. Considering general and mental health domains, no variable demonstrated significant association. DP, NN50, and PNN50 were negatively associated with the total score of QoL. Conclusion: This study demonstrated DP and HRV as predictors of QoL in HT recipients. These innovative results can become a relevant therapeutic target for improving QoL in HT recipients prior to its deterioration.

Abstract Economic assessments are relevant to support the decision to incorporate more cost-effective strategies to reduce Cervical Cancer (CC) mortality. This systematic review analyzes the economic evaluation studies of CC prevention strategies (HPV DNA-based tests and conventional cytology) in low- and middle-income countries. Medline, EMBASE, CRD, and LILACS were searched for economic evaluation studies that reported cost and effectiveness measures of HPV DNA-based tests for CC screening and conventional cytology in women, without age, language, or publication date restrictions. Selection and data extraction were carried out independently. For comparability of results, cost-effectiveness measures were converted to international dollars (2019). Report quality was assessed using the CHEERS checklist. The Dominance Matrix Ranking (DRM) was used to analyze and interpret the results. The review included 15 studies from 12 countries, with cost-effectiveness analyzes from the health system’s perspective and a 3% discount rate. The strategies varied in age and frequency of screening. Most studies used the Markov analytical model, and the cost-benefit threshold was based on the per capita GDP of each country. The sensitivity analysis performed in most studies was deterministic. The completeness of the report was considered sufficient in most of the items evaluated by CHEERS. The Dominance Interpretation (DRM) varied; in 6 studies, the HPV test was dominant, 5 studies showed a weak dominance evaluating greater effectiveness of the HPV test at a higher cost, yet in 2 studies conventional cytology was dominant. Although the context-dependent nature of economic evaluations, this review points out the challenge of methodological standardization in the analytical models.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o conhecimento, atitudes e práticas em relação à COVID-19 entre profissionais de saúde atuantes em países da América Latina durante o primeiro surto da pandemia. Métodos: Estudo multinacional transversal com uso de questionário on-line autoaplicável. A versão final do questionário foi composta por 40 perguntas, organizadas em cinco seções: características demográficas e profissionais; conhecimento sobre COVID-19; atitudes em relação à COVID-19; práticas relacionadas à COVID-19; e recursos institucionais. Resultados: O estudo envolveu 251 profissionais de saúde de 19 países da América Latina que aceitaram participar. Em nossa amostra, 77% dos profissionais de saúde participaram de algum tipo de treinamento institucional sobre COVID-19 e 43% tiveram baixa pontuação de conhecimento sobre COVID-19. O conhecimento sobre COVID-19 apresentou associação com o tipo de instituição de saúde (pública/privada), disponibilidade de treinamento institucional e fontes de informação. Receio de não prestar atendimento adequado foi relatado por 60% dos participantes. As estratégias ventilatórias mais utilizadas foram ventilação mecânica protetora, manobras de recrutamento alveolar e posição prona, e o uso de medicamentos para tratar a COVID-19 foi baseado principalmente em protocolos institucionais. Conclusões: Neste estudo multinacional na América Latina, quase metade da amostra teve baixa pontuação de conhecimento sobre COVID-19 e o nível de conhecimento apresentou associação com o tipo de instituição, participação em treinamento institucional e fontes de informação. Os profissionais de saúde consideravam a COVID-19 muito relevante, e mais da metade tinha receio de não prestar atendimento adequado aos pacientes.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate COVID-19 knowledge, attitudes, and practices among health care workers (HCWs) practicing in Latin American countries during the first surge of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This was a multinational cross-sectional survey study, using an online self-administered questionnaire. The final version of the questionnaire comprised 40 questions, organized in five sections: demographic and professional characteristics; COVID-19 knowledge; attitudes toward COVID-19; COVID-19 practices; and institutional resources. Results: The study involved 251 HCWs from 19 Latin American countries who agreed to participate. In our sample, 77% of HCWs participated in some sort of institutional training on COVID-19, and 43% had a low COVID-19 knowledge score. COVID-19 knowledge was associated with the type of health center (public/private), availability of institutional training, and sources of information about COVID-19. Concerns about not providing adequate care were reported by 60% of the participants. The most commonly used ventilatory strategies were protective mechanical ventilation, alveolar recruitment maneuvers, and prone positioning, and the use of drugs to treat COVID-19 was mainly based on institutional protocols. Conclusions: In this multinational study in Latin America, almost half of HCWs had a low COVID-19 knowledge score, and the level of knowledge was associated with the type of institution, participation in institutional training, and information sources. HCWs considered that COVID-19 was very relevant, and more than half were concerned about not providing adequate care to patients.

Resumen Objetivos: el objetivo de la investigación fue implementar estrategias lúdicas para mejorar la higiene oral de la población con Síndrome de Down en la Fundación CINDES de la ciudad de Pereira en el periodo 2017-2. Métodos: la investigación adoptó un enfoque cualitativo analizando el mundo social de acuerdo con su propia realidad y experiencia de las 12 personas diagnosticadas con SD y sus padres o cuidadores observándolos en su entorno natural y analizando sus habilidades previas acerca de las técnicas de higiene oral. El método de investigación fue la investigación acción y se usaron estrategias lúdicas, la observación y diarios de campo como técnicas de investigación. Resultados: se evidenció en la mayoría de la población con SD y sus padres o cuidadores que el nivel de conocimiento inicial era regular por el tiempo insuficiente durante el cepillado, falta de uso de la seda dental y mal comportamiento durante el cepillado; con la aplicación de estrategias lúdicas se logró que las personas con síndrome de Down aprendieran a identificar las estructuras de la cavidad oral, los implementos de higiene oral y los riesgos de no realizar un cuidado bucal adecuado, además, mejoraron la ejecución de la técnica de cepillado y se generó cierta autonomía. Conclusiones: se logró mostrar la efectividad de la implementación de estrategias lúdicas como herramienta crucial para lograr un aprendizaje significativo.

Abstract Objectives: The objective of this research was to implement playful strategies to improve the oral hygiene of the population with Down Syndrome (DS) in the CINDES Foundation in the city of Pereira during the 2017-2 period. Method: The research adopted a qualitative approach analyzing the social world according to the own reality and experience of 12 people diagnosed with DS and their parents or caregivers, observing them in their natural environment and analyzing their previous skills regarding oral hygiene techniques. The method applied was action research and playful strategies. Observation and field diaries were used as research techniques. Results: In the majority of the population with DS and their parents or caregivers, it was evidenced that their initial level of knowledge was mediocre due to insufficient time during brushing, lack of use of dental floss and bad behavior during brushing. With the application of playful strategies, it was possible for people with Down Syndrome to learn to identify the structures of the oral cavity, of oral hygiene implements and the risks of not performing adequate oral care. In addition, they improved the execution of the brushing technique and some autonomy was generated. Conclusions: It was possible to show the effectiveness of the implementation of playful strategies as an crucial tool to achieve meaningful learning.

Resumo Objetivos: o objetivo da pesquisa foi realizar estratégias lúdicas para melhorar a higiene oral num grupo com Síndrome de Down na Fundação CINDES da cidade de Pereira no período 2017-2. Métodos: a pesquisa adoptou um enfoque qualitativo analisando o mundo social de acordo com sua própria realidade e experiência das 12 pessoas diagnosticadas com SD e seus pais ou cuidadores observando-os em seu ambiente natural e analisando suas habilidades previas acerca das técnicas de higiene oral. O método de pesquisa foi a pesquisa ação e se usaram estratégias lúdicas, a observação e diários de campo como técnicas de pesquisa. Resultados: evidenciou-se na maioria deste grupo com SD e seus pais ou cuidadores que no nível de conhecimento inicial era regular pelo tempo insuficiente durante o escovado, falta de uso do fio dental e mal comportamento durante a escovação; com a aplicação de estratégias lúdicas se conseguiu que as pessoas com síndrome de Down aprenderam a identificar as estruturas da cavidade oral, o kit de higiene oral e os riscos de não realizar um cuidado bucal adequado, além disso melhora a execução da técnica de escovação e se gerou certa autonomia. Conclusões: conseguiu-se amostrar a efetividade da implementação de estratégias lúdicas como ferramenta crucial para lograr uma aprendizagem significativa.

Resumen La coproporfiria hereditaria (CPH) es un trastorno congênito, autosómico dominante, que se presenta en aproximadamente dos a cinco personas por cada millón de habitantes a nivel mundial. Constituye un reto diagnóstico en aquellos pacientes que cursan con dolor abdominal agudo. Se presenta el caso de una adolescente de 17 años que debutó con un cuadro atípico de dolor abdominal sin etiología clara. Se le documentó porfobilinógeno elevado en orina y fue tratada con hematina. El estudio genético realizado concluyó condición de portadora hererocigota de la variante nonsense patogénica c.717T>A; p.Cys239 en el gen CPOX, permitiendo diagnosticar una coproporfiria hereditaria. La literatura nacional disponible ha presentado casos con diagnóstico de porfiria aguda intermitente en pacientes con dolor abdominal de origen no específico, sin abordar las clasificaciones existentes de las porfirias hepáticas y sin detallar el diagnóstico genético, por lo cual el presente caso es un aporte a la casuística nacional. (Acta Med Colomb 2021; 46. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2021.1950).

Abstract Hereditary coproporphyria (HCP) is a congenital, autosomal dominant disorder which occurs in approximately two to five people per million inhabitants, worldwide. It is a diagnostic challenge in patients with acute abdominal pain. We present the case of a 17-year-old adolescent who debuted with atypical abdominal pain with no clear etiology. Elevated urinary porphobilinogen was found, which was treated with hematin. A genetic study concluded that the adolescent was a heterozygous carrier of the c.717T>A; p.Cys239 pathogenic nonsense mutation in the CPOX gene, leading to a diagnosis of hereditary copropophyria. The available national literature has presented cases diagnosed with acute intermittent porphyria in patients with abdominal pain of unknown origin, without covering the existing classifications of hepatic porphyrias and without detailing the genetic diagnosis; thus, this case is a contribution to the national case studies. (Acta Med Colomb 2021; 46. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2021.1950).

Abstract Coleoptera is one of the most diverse orders on the planet, and Colombia one of the most biodiverse countries. The combination of these two factors determines with no discussion a high concentration of species, with only partially known consequences in the country. In this work we describe the current state of knowledge about the diversity of coleopterans in Colombia, highlighting the role of entomological collections and the knowledge gaps to tackle the national beetle fauna. This contribution is a starting point for coleopterologists of Colombia to begin working together towards a broader and less fragmented knowledge of the natural history, systematics, ecology, and biogeography of the group.

Resumen Coleoptera es uno de los órdenes más diversos en el planeta y Colombia es uno de los países con mayor biodiversidad. La combinación de estos dos factores determina indiscutiblemente una elevada concentración de especies, cuyas consecuencias sólo se conocen parcialmente en el país. En este trabajo se presenta un ensayo sobre la diversidad de coleópteros en Colombia, resaltando el papel de las colecciones entomológicas y los vacíos de información a la hora de abordar la coleóptero-fauna nacional. Esta contribución constituye un punto de partida para que los coleopterólogos de Colombia comencemos a trabajar colectivamente hacia un conocimiento más amplio y menos fragmentado sobre la historia natural, sistemática, ecología y biogeografía del grupo.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Old age is undervalued; little is thought about the physical and psychosocial well-being of the elderly. Among the risk factors of cerebrovascular disease, there are comorbidities, such as high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and cardiopathies, or poor lifestyles like cigarette smoking, obesity and little physical activity, all of which are common at this stage of life. Objective: To identify, in a gerontological center in Medellín City, the risk factors that older adults present for being affected by cerebrovascular disease. Methods: This was a descriptive and cross-sectional research carried out with 37 older adults with medical antecedents and laboratory tests. The levels of glycated hemoglobin, total cholesterol, low-density and high-density cholesterol, as well as triglycerides were measured. Results: It was evidenced that the population was mostly male (51.4%), while females accounted for 48.6%. Their age range was mostly between 60 and 70 years (51.4%). The most relevant risk factors were body mass index greater than or equal to 25 (75.7%), arterial hypertension and not doing any physical activity. Conclusions: It was possible to determine the main risk factors for these older adults being affected by cerebrovascular disease; in this respect, some results were similar to and others were different from studies worldwide. With promotion and prevention activities, lifestyles of the population can be intervened.

RESUMEN Introducción: La vejez está subvalorada, poco se piensa en el bienestar físico y psicosocial del anciano. La enfermedad cerebrovascular tiene como factores de riesgo comorbilidades como la hipertensión arterial, la diabetes mellitus, la dislipidemia, cardiopatías o malos estilos de vida como el consumo de cigarrillo, la obesidad y la poca actividad física, todos estos comunes en esta etapa de la vida. Objetivo: Identificar los factores de riesgo que presentan los adultos mayores para sufrir enfermedad cerebrovascular de un centro gerontológico de la ciudad de Medellín. Métodos: Fue una investigación descriptiva, de tipo transversal; se indagaron 37 adultos mayores con historias clínicas y exámenes de laboratorio. Se midieron los niveles de hemoglobina glicosilada, colesterol total, colesterol de baja densidad, colesterol de alta densidad y triglicéridos. Resultados: Se evidenció que la población era en su mayoría de sexo masculino con 51,4 % y el sexo femenino con 48,6 %; con rango de edad entre 60 y 70 años el 51,4 %. Los factores de riesgo más relevantes fueron el índice de masa corporal mayor o igual a 25 con (75,7 %), hipertensión arterial y no realizar actividad física. Conclusiones: Se logró determinar los principales factores de riesgo que tienen estos adultos mayores para sufrir enfermedad cerebrovascular; con resultados algunos similares y otros diferentes a estudios a nivel mundial. Con actividades de promoción y prevención se pueden intervenir estilos de vida de la población.

Resumen Las señales acústicas son una de las formas de comunicación más importante en la fauna, incluso en la ubicación espacial de los individuos y sus presas. El estudio de las señales acústicas fortalece los campos de investigación en ecología, comportamiento, identificación taxonómica, uso de hábitat e incluso el efecto de las actividades humanas sobre diferentes especies animales. Además, es una herramienta para la cuantificación y monitoreo de la biodiversidad. En este trabajo presentamos un análisis de los estudios basados en bioacústica que se han desarrollado en Colombia, con el fin de establecer una línea base e identificar vacíos en el conocimiento, sus fortalezas y debilidades, para discutir los retos futuros para el desarrollo de la investigación sobre bioacústica en el país. Nuestra búsqueda de información se concentró en publicaciones de tipo científico, trabajos de grado y presentaciones en conferencias, a partir de plataformas de datos electrónicos, usando diferentes palabras claves. En total obtuvimos 321 trabajos, en los que los grupos taxonómicaos más estudiados fueron las aves (36.4%) y los anfibios (35%). La mayoría de los trabajos se concentran en la región Andina (63%). La bioacústica es un campo con un creciente interés y, por ende, resulta necesario el trabajo colaborativo y multidisciplinario, la consolidación en las metodologías y el fortalecimiento y enriquecimiento de las colecciones de sonidos del país.

Abstract Acoustic signals are one of the most important ways of communication for fauna. The study of acoustic signals constitutes a valuable tool to obtain information on ecology, behavior, taxonomic identification, and the effect of human activities in natural environments and different animal species. Furthermore, it offers the possibility of quantifying and monitoring biodiversity in different Colombian ecosystems. In this work, we present an analysis of the research on bioacoustics that have been developed in Colombia, to establish a baseline, identify gaps in knowledge, strengths, weaknesses and discuss future challenges for bioacoustics research in Colombia. We searched information on scientific publications, degree papers, and electronic database conference presentations, using different keywords. We obtained 321 results;studies using acoustic tools are much more common in birds (36.4%) and amphibians (35%) than in any other taxonomic group, and there is a bias towards studying bioacoustics in the Andean region. However, this is a field with growing interest, and, therefore, there is a need for collaborative and multidisciplinary work, a consensus on methodologies, along with the strengthening and enrichment of the country’s sound collections.

Resumen Este artículo tuvo como objetivo evaluar el desempeño financiero del sector bebidas alcohólicas en Colombia en el periodo 2014-2018, siguiendo como metodología el análisis estático y de tendencias de indicadores contables y de valor económico agregado que miden su crecimiento, eficiencia, eficacia y efectividad. Se encontró que este sector creció y generó rentabilidades contables que fluctuaron en los tres primeros años y luego subieron, siguiendo la orientación de la eficacia en el control de costos y gastos, que fue ampliada por un apalancamiento financiero positivo. Además, se halló que este sector creó valor económico agregado (EVA) en cada uno de los años debido a que la rentabilidad del activo neto operacional fue superior al costo de capital y dejó un margen de utilidad residual. Estos hallazgos podrían complementarse con estudios semejantes para grupos homogéneos en tamaño, edad y zona geográfica.

Abstract This article aimed to evaluate the financial performance of the alcoholic beverages sector in Colombia for the 2014-2018 period, following, as a methodology, the static and trend analysis of accounting and economic value-added indicators that measure its growth, efficiency, efficacy, and effectiveness. It was observed that this sector grew, and generated accounting returns that fluctuated in the first three years, and then rose, following the guidance of cost and expense control efficacy, which was augmented by positive inancial leverage. In addition, it was discovered that this sector created added economic value (EVA) every year because the return on net operating assets was higher than the cost of capital, leaving a residual profit margin. These indings could be complemented by similar studies for homogeneous groups in size, age, and geographical area.

Resumen La investigación presentada tuvo como propósito conocer el desempeño financiero del sector bebidas no alcohólicas en Colombia en el período 2014-2018, teniendo como metodología el análisis estático y de tendencias de indicadores contables y de valor económico agregado que dan cuenta de su crecimiento, eficiencia, eficacia y efectividad.Se halló que este sector creció de forma irregular, generó rentabilidades contables que aumentaron con altibajos, cuyo comportamiento dependió de la eficacia en el control de costos y gastos, que fue ampliada por un apalancamiento financiero positivo; mientras la eficiencia en el uso de los recursos permaneció casi constante. Además, se encontró que este sector creó valor económico agregado (EVA) en cada año porque la rentabilidad del activo neto operacional fue superior al costo de capital.Los resultados encontrados podrían fortalecerse si se pudieran hacer estudios similares para grupos de empresas más homogéneos en cuanto al tamaño, edad y ubicación geográfica.

Abstract The purpose of the research presented was to know the financial performance of the non-alcoholic beverages sector in Colombia in the 2014-2018 period, using as a methodology the static and trend analysis of accounting and economic value-added indicators that account for its growth, efficiency, efficacy and effectiveness.It was found that this sector grew irregularly, generated accounting returns that increased with ups and downs, whose behavior depended on the efficacy in controlling costs and expenses, which was amplified by positive financial leverage; while the efficiency in the use of resources remained almost constant. In addition, it was found that this sector created economic value added (EVA) in each year because the return on operating net assets was higher than the cost of capital.The results found could be strengthened if similar studies could be carried out for more homogeneous groups of companies in terms of size, age and geographic location.

Resumen Introducción. Los polimorfismos de un solo nucleótido (SNP, por su sigla en inglés) en los genes BDNF, COMT, CBR1 y CCK han sido asociados con el proceso de extinción del miedo en humanos. Dado que la extinción del miedo es clave para la recuperación del trauma psicológico, es posible que estos genes modulen el riesgo de desarrollar trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT). Objetivo. Evaluar las asociaciones unilocus y multilocus entre los SNP en los genes BDNF, COMT, CBR1 y CCK y el riesgo de desarrollar TEPT. Materiales y métodos. 129 habitantes del municipio de Itagüí, Colombia, que habían experimentado trauma psicológico al menos una vez, fueron genotipificados para estos polimorfismos (38 casos de TEPT y 91 controles). Se realizaron pruebas de asociación unilocus y multilocus por regresión logística para SNP únicos y las combinaciones genotípicas SNP-SNP existentes. Resultados. No se encontraron asociaciones unilocus, pero se observaron interacciones entre BDNF y CBR1, y CCK y COMT. De estas interacciones, las combinaciones genotípicas que se comportaron como factores de riesgo fueron AG-AA (OR=13.52, p<0.05) de BDNF-CBR1 y TC-AA (OR=13.70, p<0.05) de CCK-COMT. Conclusiones: Los dos pares de polimorfismos en interacción encontrados en el presente estudio podrían actuar de forma aditiva y generar un mayor riesgo de desarrollar TEPT después de sufrir trauma psicológico. Quienes portan un solo alelo tienen un menor riesgo de desarrollar el trastorno que quienes portan dos alelos en genes que interactúan entre sí.

Abstract Introduction: Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the BDNF, COMT, CBR1 and CCK genes have been associated with the process of fear extinction in humans. Since fear extinction plays a key role in recovering from psychological trauma, there is a possibility that these genes modulate the risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Objective: To assess unilocus and multilocus associations between SNPs in the BDNF, COMT, CBR1 and CCK genes and the risk of developing PTSD. Materials and methods: 129 inhabitants of the municipality of Itagüí, Colombia, who had experienced psychological trauma at least once, were genotyped for these polymorphisms (38 cases of PTSD and 91 controls). Logistic regression was used to perform unilocus and multilocus association tests for single SNPs and existing SNP-SNP genotypic combinations. Results: No unilocus associations were found, but interactions between the BDNF and CBR1 genes and between the COMT and CCK genes were observed. Of these interactions, the genotypic combinations that behaved as risk factors were AG-AA (OR=13.52, p<0.05) in the BDNF-CBR1 interaction, and TC-AA (OR=13.70, p<0.05) in the CCK-COMT interaction. Conclusions: The two pairs of interacting polymorphisms found in this study could act additively and generate a greater risk of developing PTSD after suffering psychological trauma. People who have a single allele have a lower risk of developing PTSD than those who have two alleles in the interacting genes.

Resumen Las harinas alternativas a partir de fuentes vegetales como la cidra, son opciones para disminuir el uso de la harina de trigo en la elaboración de productos alimenticios. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar el efecto del secado en algunas propiedades tecno-funcionales de la harina de cidra. La cidra en láminas se secó a 40, 50, y 60°C empleando: secado combinado recirculación de aire caliente-microondas (SAC-MO) con pulsos de 4/40 segundos y secado por recirculación de aire caliente (SAC), seguidamente se obtuvo la harina y se evaluaron las propiedades tecno-funcionales: índice de absorción de agua, capacidad de retención de aceite y agua, capacidad de hinchamiento y capacidad espumante. Se observó que la propiedad tecno-funcional más afectada por los métodos de secado fue capacidad espumante, debido posiblemente a la mayor desnaturalización de proteínas globulares. La harina de cidra exhibe propiedades tecno-funcionales de interés para la elaboración de diferentes productos alimenticios.

Abstract Alternative flours from plant sources, such as chayote, are options to reduce the use of wheat flour to produce food products. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of drying on some technological functional properties of chayote flour. The sliced chayote was dried at 40, 50, and 60 °C by using combined recirculating hot air-microwave drying with pulses of 4/40 seconds and recirculating hot air drying, then obtained the flour and evaluated the techno-functional properties: index of absorption of water, capacity of retention of oil and water, capacity of swelling and capacity foaming. It was observed that the techno-functional property most affected by the drying methods was the foaming capacity, possibly due to the greater denaturation of globular proteins. The chayote flour exhibits techno-functional properties of interest for the elaboration of different food products.

Resumen Objetivo: Caracterizar los pacientes diagnosticados con tumores del sistema nervioso central en el Instituto Neurológico de Colombia durante el periodo 2010-2015. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo. Para los tumores primarios se usó la clasificación de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y para los metastásicos se usó la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades en Oncología. Resultados: Se identificaron 288 pacientes, 194 de ellos con tumores primarios y 94 tumores metastásicos. No se lograron clasificar los tumores primarios en el 23,7 % de los casos y para los metastásicos no se obtuvo la clasificación morfológica (histológica) en el 35,1 % de los casos. Los hombres presentaron con mayor frecuencia tumores de comportamiento maligno tipo glioblastoma NEO (no especificado de otra manera) (14,9 %) y en las mujeres predominaron los tumores de comportamiento benigno tipo meningioma (23,2 %). En mayores de 65 años, tanto el glioblastoma NEO como el meningioma fueron más frecuentes en mujeres con 17,4 % y 28,3 %, respectivamente. Entre los pacientes con tumores metastásicos, de acuerdo con la clasificación topográfica, los tumores primarios más frecuentes se localizaron en pulmón (39,4 %) y mama (17 %). No se identificó el sitio primario de metástasis en el 11,7 % de los casos. La histología más comúnmente identificada fue el adenocarcinoma (14,9 %), seguido del carcinoma (8,5 %). Conclusiones: Para una vigilancia efectiva de la enfermedad es necesario realizar un monitoreo epidemiológico y clínico de tumores primarios y metastásicos, mediante el uso de registros institucionales de cáncer, incluyendo datos topográficos, histológicos y moleculares, según disponibilidad.

Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to characterize patients with a diagno- sis of a central nervous system (CNS) tumors at the Instituto Neurologico de Colombia during the period between 2010 to 2015. Methods: A retrospective descriptive study was conducted. The Classification of the World Health Organization was used for CNS primary tumors whereas the International Classification of Diseases for oncology (ICD-O) was used for CNS metastatic tumors. Results: 288 patients were identified, 194 of them with primary tumors of CNS and 94 with metastatic tu- mors from systemic cancer. It was not possible to classify primary tumors in 23.7% of the cases and regarding the metastatic tumors it was not possible to obtain the classification in 35.1 % of the cases. Men presented more frequently tumors of ma- lignant behavior such as glioblastoma NOS (not otherwise specified) (14.9 %) while in women benign behavior tumors such as meningioma predominated (23.2 %). For population older than 65 years old, both glioblastoma NOS and meningioma were more frequent in women with 17.4 % and 28.3 %, respectively. In patients with CNS metastatic tumors, according to the topographic classification, the most frequent primary tumors were lung (39.4 %), followed by breast (17 %). Its origin was not iden- tified in 11.7 % of the cases. The most identified histology was adenocarcinoma (14.9 %), followed by carcinoma (8.5 %). Conclusion: For disease surveillance, it is necessary to complete epidemiological and clinical monitoring of primary and metastatic tumors of the CNS by using institutional cancer registries including topographic, histological and molecular data according to availability.