Abstract Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a condition characterized by painful symptoms of the oral mucosa, despite the absence of any clinical signs. Its etiology is unknown, and there is still no effective treatment to date. Current evidence has shown neuropathic impairment in BMS patients. Neuropathic pain can be related to the dysfunction of voltage-gated sodium channels, considering that these receptors regulate the induction of action potentials in nociceptive neurons. This study evaluated the gene expression of voltage-gated sodium channels Na v 1.7, Na v 1.8 and Na v 1.9 in these patients. The gene expressions of these channels were assessed by real time RT-PCR analysis of fresh-frozen tongue biopsies in a case-control study composed of 12 patients with BMS, and 5 healthy control patients, proportionally matched by sex and age, and analyzed using the 2^(-Delta Delta CT) method. There was no statistically significant difference between the analyzed groups, despite the increase in Na v 1.7 (fold-change = 3.13, p = 0.52) and decrease in Na v 1.9 (fold-change = 0.45, p = 0.36) gene expression in the BMS group. The Na v 1.8 gene was not expressed in any of the samples analyzed. Although the gene expression in the voltage-gated sodium channels in BMS under study seems to be comparable with that of the normal oral mucosa, the functionality of these channels in BMS has not yet been identified, thus suggesting that further research is needed to better understand these voltage-gated sodium channels.

ABSTRACT The Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome constitutes a rare manifestation characterized by a triad of signs and symptoms: recurrent orofacial edema, fissured tongue, and recurrent facial paralysis. The difficulty in diagnosing Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome is that orofacial edema is common to various diseases besides the lack of awareness of the syndrome by health professionals and the frequent metachronous manifestation of its symptomatology. The aim of this report is to present a classical case of Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome and its clinical and therapeutic approach. A patient who sought for assistance at the Stomatology Clinic presented a synchronous manifestation of the triad: a left lip and cheek nonpitting edema accompanied by facial paralysis on the same side and fissured tongue. Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome was diagnosed due to the presence of the triad of signs and symptoms after initially ruling out Crohn’s disease, Sarcoidosis, and tuberculosis due to a lack of intestinal or respiratory complaints and absence of other clinical evidence. The treatment administered was steroids, the most common treatment with a satisfied prognosis we found in the literature for Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome patients. We recommend its implementation intralesional injections of betamethasone dipropionate as after four infiltrations the edema subsided by 80% with no further relapses within one-year follow-up.

RESUMO A síndrome de Melkersson-Rosenthal constitui uma manifestação rara caracterizada por uma tríade de sinais e sintomas: edema orofacial recorrente, língua fissurada e paralisia facial recorrente. A dificuldade no diagnóstico da síndrome de Melkersson-Rosenthal é que o edema orofacial é comum a diversas doenças, além do desconhecimento da síndrome pelos profissionais de saúde e da frequente manifestação metacrônica de sua sintomatologia. O objetivo deste relato é apresentar um caso clássico de síndrome de Melkersson-Rosenthal e sua abordagem clínica e terapêutica. Paciente procurou atendimento no Ambulatório de Estomatologia apresentando manifestação sincrônica da tríade: edema não depressível em lábio e bochecha esquerdos acompanhado de paralisia facial do mesmo lado e língua fissurada. A síndrome de Melkersson-Rosenthal foi diagnosticada devido à presença da tríade de sinais e sintomas após a exclusão inicial de doença de Crohn, sarcoidose e tuberculose por ausência de queixas intestinais ou respiratórias e ausência de outras evidências clínicas. O tratamento administrado foi o esteroide, sendo o tratamento mais comum com prognóstico satisfatório que encontramos na literatura para pacientes com SRM. Recomendamos a aplicação de injeções intralesionais de dipropionato de betametasona, pois após quatro infiltrações o edema cedeu em 80% sem novas recidivas em um ano de seguimento.

Abstract Chin liposuction is a procedure for removing fat from the submental region that can generate significant aesthetic and functional complications. Subcutaneous hematoma is one of these unusual physical changes and is characterized by the accumulation of blood in an ectopic space. A 25-year-old Caucasian male patient came to the emergency room 3 days after double chin liposuction, complaining of decreased cervical mobility, shortness of breath, pain, and aesthetic damage. Physical, imaging, and laboratory tests showed extensive subcutaneous hematoma associated with significant leukocytosis. The patient was hospitalized and submitted to surgical drainage of the submandibular, submental, and cervical fascial spaces in addition to intravenous anti-inflammatory and analgesic medication. After hospital discharge, he was followed up as an outpatient. There was complete remission of signs and symptoms and functional recovery. The correct diagnosis and management of subcutaneous hematoma offers a volumetric reduction of the affected area, allows favorable positioning of tissue planes, ensures airway maintenance, and improves local aesthetics. Thus, adequate control of this complication contributes positively to the patient’s quality of life.

Resumo A lipoaspiração de papada é um procedimento de retirada de gordura da região submentoniana que pode gerar complicações estéticas e funcionais importantes. O hematoma subcutâneo é uma dessas alterações físicas, caracterizado pelo acúmulo de sangue em espaço ectópico. Paciente do sexo masculino, 25 anos, leucoderma, compareceu ao pronto-socorro após lipoaspiração de papada realizada 3 dias antes, com queixa de diminuição da mobilidade cervical, falta de ar, dor e dano estético. Exames físico, de imagem e laboratoriais foram realizados, evidenciando extenso hematoma subcutâneo associado à importante leucocitose. O paciente foi internado e submetido à drenagem cirúrgica dos espaços submandibular, submentoniano e fascial cervical, além de medicação intravenosa anti-inflamatória e analgésica. Após alta hospitalar, foi acompanhado ambulatorialmente. Houve remissão total dos sinais e sintomas e recuperação funcional. O correto diagnóstico e manejo do hematoma subcutâneo oferece redução volumétrica da área afetada, permite posicionamento favorável de planos teciduais, garante manutenção de vias aéreas e melhora a estética local. Assim, o controle adequado dessa complicação contribui positivamente para a qualidade de vida do paciente.

Abstract Oral leukoplakia is a potentially malignant disorder, defined as a white plaque that cannot be diagnosed as another known disease or disorder, and has an increased risk of malignancy. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the results of CO2 laser treatment in a well-defined cohort of patients with oral leukoplakia in order to identify the occurrence of clinical outcomes of relapse, resolution, or malignancy after treatment. The study group comprised 37 patients. Before treatment, clinical photographs and incisional biopsies were obtained in all cases. In addition, the post-treatment results were documented using photographs. Evaluation of treatment results was performed by an independent researcher who had not performed the surgery. The minimum, maximum, and mean values of continuous variables were calculated. Statistically significant relationships were tested using the Cox regression analysis. A survival curve was constructed according to the Kaplan–Meier method to analyze the malignant transformation and recurrence of oral leukoplakia. The clinical outcomes analyzed were resolution, recurrence, and malignancy. The mean follow-up period was 36 months (range, 6–239 months). In 13/37 patients, leukoplakia recurred between 6 and 93 months (mean, 38.2 months). In 8/37 patients, a malignant transformation occurred (mean, 50.6 months). In 16/37 patients, lesion resolution occurred. No risk factor was statistically significant for malignancy or recurrence of lesions. The treatment of the lesions by CO2 laser was efficient in the removal of the lesions; however, it did not avoid the clinical outcomes of recurrence or malignancy.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Acrylic resins are used in the preparation of facial prostheses and may be colonized by fungi. Here, we verified the antifungal efficacy of this material after surface treatment using poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride). METHODS: Acrylic resin specimens with and without surface treatment were subjected to tests for fungistatic and fungicidal activities. Standard strains of Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger were used. RESULTS: After surface treatment, the fungistatic and fungicidal efficacies of the resins against C. albicans and fungistatic action against A. niger were verified. CONCLUSIONS: The surface treatment was a determinant of the antifungal activity of the material.

Resumo Introdução A Síndrome de Ardência Bucal (SAB) é uma condição caracterizada pelo sintoma de ardência na mucosa oral na ausência de qualquer sinal clínico. Sua etiologia ainda é desconhecida e, até o momento, não dispõe de tratamento efetivo. Objetivo Avaliar o perfil do paciente portador de SAB, as terapias instituídas e seus resultados em estudo retrospectivo. Material e método Foram coletados os dados clínicos e terapêuticos dos prontuários de pacientes diagnosticados com SAB, no período de janeiro de 2013 a abril de 2015, no Ambulatório da Disciplina de Estomatologia Clínica da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo. Os critérios para o diagnóstico utilizados se basearam nos estabelecidos pela International Headache Society em 2013 e foram observadas as terapêuticas empregadas e seus resultados. Resultado Doze pacientes foram diagnosticadas com SAB neste período, todas do sexo feminino, média de idade 61,18 anos, e a principal região acometida pelo sintoma de ardor foi o ápice de língua. O tempo de duração deste sintoma variou de 6 meses a 25 anos. As terapias utilizadas para o controle de sintomas da SAB foram capsaicina, clonazepan tópico, laserterapia e homeopatia. Dentre as terapias instituídas, a capsaicina apresentou efeito imediato na redução dos sintomas. Conclusão O presente estudo demonstrou que os desafios que circundam a obtenção de um tratamento efetivo para a SAB são diversos e estão principalmente relacionados ao desconhecimento da etiopatogenia da doença. O perfil demográfico dos pacientes aqui estudados foi semelhante ao descrito na literatura disponível, entretanto, as variáveis representadas por sintomas secundários (história médica, níveis de ansiedade e depressão) podem constituir fatores modificadores da resposta terapêutica e da própria etiopatogenia da doença.

Abstract Introduction Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS) is a condition characterized by burning symptom of the oral mucosa in the absence of clinical signs. Its etiology is still unknown and, and to date there is no effective treatment. Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate patients with BMS profile and the therapies results in a retrospective study. Material and method Clinical and therapeutic data were collected from records of patients with BMS diagnosed between January 2013 to April 2015 at the Clinic of Stomatology Clinic, Faculdade de Odontologia of Universidade de São Paulo, according to the criteria established by the International Headache Society in 2013. The therapies used for BMS control were also evaluated. Result Twelve patients were diagnosed with BMS at this period. All of them were women with a mean age of 61.18 years and the apex of the tongue was the most common affected site and the duration of the burning sensation ranged from 6 months to 25 years. Many therapies were prescribed for BMS control, such as topical capsaicin, topical clonazepan, low level laser therapy and homeopathy. Among the established therapies, capsaicin has immediate effect in reducing symptoms. Conclusion The present study showed that the challenges towards an effective treatment for BMS are varied and are mainly related to the lack knowing of the pathogenesis of this disease. The demographic profile of patients studied here was similar to that described in the available literature, however, the variables represented by secondary symptoms (medical history, anxiety and depression levels) may be modifying factors of therapeutic response and the pathogenesis of the disease itself.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to assess a collection of yeasts to verify the presence of Candida dubliniensis among strains isolated from the oral mucosa of AIDS pediatric patients which were initially characterized as Candida albicans by the traditional phenotypic method, as well as to evaluate the main phenotypic methods used in the discrimination between the two species and confirm the identification through genotypic techniques, i.e., DNA sequencing. Twenty-nine samples of C. albicans isolated from this population and kept in a fungi collection were evaluated and re-characterized. In order to differentiate the two species, phenotypic tests (Thermotolerance tests, Chromogenic medium, Staib agar, Tobacco agar, Hypertonic medium) were performed and genotypic techniques using DNA sequencing were employed for confirmation of isolated species. Susceptibility and specificity were calculated for each test. No phenotypic test alone was sufficient to provide definitive identification of C. dubliniensis or C. albicans, as opposed to results of molecular tests. After amplification and sequencing of specific regions of the 29 studied strains, 93.1% of the isolates were identified as C. albicans and 6.9% as C. dubliniensis. The Staib agar assay showed a higher susceptibility (96.3%) in comparison with other phenotypic techniques. Therefore, genotypic methods are indispensable for the conclusive identification and differentiation between these species.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia do propionato de clobetasol a 0,05% administrada com moldeiras em 22 pacientes com gengivite descamativa por meio de estudo duplo-cego, cruzado, placebo-controlado. Pacientes receberam bisnaga número 1 e foram instruídos a aplicar a pomada 3 vezes ao dia por um período de 2 semanas, e reduzir a aplicação para 1 vez ao dia na terceira semana. Os pacientes foram instruídos a suspender o tratamento por 2 semanas, e então receberam a bisnaga 2, usando-a da mesma maneira que o container 1. Com relação aos sinais, 17 pacientes apresentaram alguma melhora, enquanto 5 apresentaram piora com o propionato de clobetasol. Com o uso do placebo, 14 pacientes apresentaram alguma melhora, e 8 pacientes apresentaram piora do seu quadro clínico. Com relação aos sintomas, houve completa melhora em 2 pacientes, melhora parcial em 12, ausência de resposta em 7, e piora em 1 pacientes durante o uso do propionato de clobetasol. Com o uso do placebo, houve melhora parcial em 8 pacientes, ausência de resposta em 12 e piora dos sintomas em 2 pacientes. Não foi verificada diferença estatisticamente significante em nenhum dos parâmetros entre o uso do clobetasol e placebo; p>0,05. Baseado no protocolo utilizado neste grupo de pacientes, o propionato de clobetasol não demonstrou efetividade significante quando comparado ao placebo.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a 0.05% clobetasol propionate ointment administered in trays to 22 patients with desquamative gingivitis in a double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled trial. Patients received container number 1 and were instructed to apply the ointment 3 times a day for 2 weeks, and to reduce the application to once a day in the third week. Next, the patients were then instructed to discontinue the treatment for 2 weeks, and were then given container 2, used in the same way and for the same length of time as container 1. Regarding signs, 17 patients presented some improvement, while 5 experienced worsening with clobetasol propionate. With the placebo, 14 patients presented some improvement, and 8 patients presented worsening. For symptoms, there was complete improvement in 2 patients, partial improvement in 12, no response in 7, and worsening in 1 with clobetasol propionate. With the placebo, there was partial improvement in 8 patients, no response in 12 and worsening in 2. No statistically significant difference was found between clobetasol and placebo (p>0.05). Within the period designed to treat the gingival lesions of the patients, clobetasol propionate did not significantly outperform the placebo.

O conhecimento sobre a infecção HIV é essencial aos profissionais de odontologia para que estejam preparados quanto ao uso das medidas de controle da infecção cruzada. A proposta deste estudo foi avaliar os conhecimentos gerais e específicos dos alunos de graduação da FOAr-UNESP quanto à infecção HIV, antes e após assistirem a uma palestra informativa. Foram entregues na 1ª etapa 160 questionários e recolhidos posteriormente. Na 2ª etapa, três meses depois, foi ministrada a palestra sobre a infecção HIV com duração de 15 min e entregues 160 questionários para os mesmos alunos e recolhidos posteriormente. O índice total de acerto nos questionários preenchidos antes da palestra foi de 49% e de erro de 45,86%. Após a palestra o índice de acerto foi de 54,4% e de erro 40,76%. Concluímos que, mesmo após a palestra informativa, os estudantes apresentaram um índice de erro alto e pouca assimilação sobre o assunto, indicando que, apenas 15 minutos de palestra não foram suficientes para uma modificação significante no conhecimento dos estudantes. Assim, os alunos de graduação necessitam de um reforço nos conhecimentos sobre a infecção HIV, envolvendo atualização contínua dos aspectos informativos.

The knowledge about HIV infection and AIDS is essential to the dentist. So they should be prepared in the use of measures of cross infection control. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the general and specific knowledge about HIV infection, of the dental students before and after an informative lecture on the subject. In the first stage of the evaluation 160 questionnaires, were given to the students. In the second stage, 3 months later, they went to a 15 minutes lecture about the HIV infection, afterwards another 160 questionnaires were given to the same students. In the questionnaires filled before the lecture the total success index was of 49% and of mistakes was 45.9%. After the lecture those values were 54.4% and 40.8% respectively. We concluded that even after the informative lecture the students presented a high mistake index and little assimilation of the subject, indicating that just 15 minutes of lecture was insufficient for a subject of great importance. The graduation dental students need more information on the HIV infection as well as up to date informative aspects.