Abstract The study aims to investigate the independent association of muscle mass (MM) and bone mineral content (BMC) in the performance of the handgrip strength (HGS) test and whether there is effect modification by sex and age. In 12,491 participants from the ELSA-Brasil we estimated the associations between MM, BMC and HGS using linear regression models. All the analyses were performed for total population, also stratified for sex and age. For total population an interaction term was included between each explanatory variable of interest with sex and age to verify the presence of effect modification. We observed that the higher quintiles of MM and BMC were associated to an increasing in the mean of HGS compared to the first quintile, with greater magnitudes in men compared to women, also adults compared to elderly. When we estimated the independent effect of each exposure of interest, MM showed stronger effect in HGS in women, men and adults then BMC. In conclusion, we observed that higher amounts of MM and BMC are associated with higher HGS, regardless of sociodemographic characteristics, health conditions and lifestyle, with this effect being greater in men and adults.

Resumo O estudo tem como objetivo investigar a associação independente da massa muscular (MM) e conteúdo mineral ósseo (CMO) na realização do teste de força de preensão manual (FPM) e se há modificação do efeito por sexo e idade. Em 12.491 participantes do ELSA-Brasil estimamos as associações entre MM, CMO e FPM usando modelos de regressão linear. Todas as análises foram realizadas para a população total, também estratificada por sexo e idade. Para a população total foi incluído um termo de interação entre cada variável explicativa de interesse com sexo e idade para verificar a presença de modificação de efeito. Observamos que os maiores quintis de MM e BMC estiveram associados a um aumento na média da FPM em relação ao primeiro quintil, com maiores magnitudes em homens em relação a mulheres, também em adultos em relação a idosos. Quando estimamos o efeito independente de cada exposição de interesse, MM mostrou efeito mais forte na FPM em mulheres, homens e adultos do que BMC. Em conclusão, observamos que maiores quantidades de MM e BMC estão associadas a maior FPM, independentemente das características sociodemográficas, condições de saúde e estilo de vida, sendo esse efeito maior em homens e adultos.

Abstract The study aims to investigate the independent association of muscle mass (MM) and bone mineral content (BMC) in the performance of the handgrip strength (HGS) test and whether there is effect modification by sex and age. In 12,491 participants from the ELSA-Brasil we estimated the associations between MM, BMC and HGS using linear regression models. All the analyses were performed for total population, also stratified for sex and age. For total population an interaction term was included between each explanatory variable of interest with sex and age to verify the presence of effect modification. We observed that the higher quintiles of MM and BMC were associated to an increasing in the mean of HGS compared to the first quintile, with greater magnitudes in men compared to women, also adults compared to elderly. When we estimated the independent effect of each exposure of interest, MM showed stronger effect in HGS in women, men and adults then BMC. In conclusion, we observed that higher amounts of MM and BMC are associated with higher HGS, regardless of sociodemographic characteristics, health conditions and lifestyle, with this effect being greater in men and adults.

Resumo O estudo tem como objetivo investigar a associação independente da massa muscular (MM) e conteúdo mineral ósseo (CMO) na realização do teste de força de preensão manual (FPM) e se há modificação do efeito por sexo e idade. Em 12.491 participantes do ELSA-Brasil estimamos as associações entre MM, CMO e FPM usando modelos de regressão linear. Todas as análises foram realizadas para a população total, também estratificada por sexo e idade. Para a população total foi incluído um termo de interação entre cada variável explicativa de interesse com sexo e idade para verificar a presença de modificação de efeito. Observamos que os maiores quintis de MM e BMC estiveram associados a um aumento na média da FPM em relação ao primeiro quintil, com maiores magnitudes em homens em relação a mulheres, também em adultos em relação a idosos. Quando estimamos o efeito independente de cada exposição de interesse, MM mostrou efeito mais forte na FPM em mulheres, homens e adultos do que BMC. Em conclusão, observamos que maiores quantidades de MM e BMC estão associadas a maior FPM, independentemente das características sociodemográficas, condições de saúde e estilo de vida, sendo esse efeito maior em homens e adultos.

Abstract Cryopreservation of equine semen is crucial to semen commercialization. However, it reduces sperm motility and longevity. Thus, sperm selection methods and addition of motility-activating substances to sperm, such as caffeine, may improve sperm quality of equine frozen semen. The objective of the current work was to evaluate the effects of caffeine on recovery and quality parameters of frozen-thawed sperm subjected to swim-up selection to be used in intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) in assisted reproductive techniques. Stallion semen were frozen and after thawing different caffeine concentrations were added to the samples performing four treatments control (no caffeine), 3, 5, and 7.5 mM caffeine. Sperm kinematic and motility were assessed by computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA). Then, the four treated samples were submitted to the swim-up sperm selection, and the number of recovered sperm and morphology were evaluated at four times 20, 40, 60, and 80 min. The swim-up increased the recovery proportion of normal morphology sperm without (80.1±1%) or with caffeine addition (3mM: 81.2±1%, 5mM: 79.9±1% and 7.5 mM 78.9±1%) compared to the thawed semen (70±2%). However, the addition of 5 mM caffeine induced an increase in sperm motility (38.9±2.8 vs. 32.6±3.4%, P<0.05), and sperm recovery after swim-up (7.9x106 vs. 3.4x106 sperm/ml, P<0.05) compared to the control. The addition of 5 mM caffeine to frozen-thawed equine semen before swim-up selection improved sperm motility and increased the sperm recovery rate while not decreasing the percentage of morphologically normal sperm. Thus, caffeine addition to frozen-thawed equine semen before swim-up selection has potential clinical application in improving sperm quality for use in ICSI.

Abstract To evaluate the release of bisphenol-A glycidyl methacrylate (BisGMA), triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), bisphenol A (BPA), and phthalates of the composite resin used in the bonding of spurs applied in the treatment of children with anterior open bite and its effects on human keratinocytes. Methodology Saliva samples of 22 children were collected before spur attachment (baseline) and 30 minutes (min) and 24 hours (h) after spur bonding. Analysis was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS) and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Standardized resin increments were added to three different dilutions of the cell culture medium. Keratinocytes (HaCaT) were cultivated in the conditioned media and evaluated for cell viability (MTT) and cell scratch assay. Results The levels of BisGMA (1.74±0.27 μg/mL), TEGDMA (2.29±0.36 μg/mL), and BPA (3.264±0.88 μg/L) in the saliva after 30 min, in comparison to baseline (0±0 μg/mL, 0±0 μg/mL, and 1.15±0.21 μg/L, respectively), presented higher numbers. After 24 h, the levels of the monomers were similar to the baseline. Phthalates showed no significant difference among groups. HaCat cells showed increased viability and reduced cell migration over time after exposure to methacrylate-based resin composites. Conclusion Resin composites, used to attach spurs in children with anterior open bite during orthodontic treatment, release monomers after polymerization and can influence the behavior of human keratinocytes, even at very low concentrations. Orthodontists should be aware of the risks of the resinous compounds release and preventive procedures should be held to reduce patient exposure.

RESUMO: O objetivo foi determinar os fatores de virulência, os grupos filogenéticos e as possíveis relações entre os patovares e os grupos filogenéticos identificados de cepas de Escherichia coli isoladas de fezes de bezerros bubalinos. Um total de 217 amostras de E. coli foram identificadas a partir de cultura das fezes e submetidas a reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) para detecção dos fatores de virulência EAST-1, enterohemolisina, Saa, CNF2, F41, F5, STa, intimina, Stx1 e Stx2. Foram identificadas 134 cepas positivas para um ou mais fatores de virulência: 84isoladas de bezerros bubalinos diarreicos e 50 de bezerros bubalinos saudáveis. Os patovares de E. coli obtidos de fezes diarreicas foram ETEC (F5+) (2/84), NTEC (16/84), STEC (20/84), EPEC (3/84), EHEC (3/84), e EAEC (EAST-1+) (33/84). Os patovares isolados de fezes não diarreicas foram NTEC (21/50), STEC (17/50), EHEC (1/50) e EAEC (7/50). Cepas de E. coli positivas para EAST-1 (P = 0,008) e filogrupo C (P = 0,05) foram associadas com a presença de diarreia. A análise de filogrupos revelou que 58,95% dos isolados pertencem ao filogrupo B1, seguido por E (9,70%), B2 (5,90%), C (5,90%), D (5,22%), A (2,24%) e F (1,50%). O filogrupo B1 predomina em cepas de E. coli patogênicas isoladas de bezerros búfalos e o filogrupo C constitui um filogrupo de E. coli patogênica entérica para bezerros.

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to determine the virulence factors, phylogenetic groups, and the relationships between pathovars and phylogenetic groups of E. coli strains isolated from feces of buffalo calves. A total of 217 E. coli strains were obtained from feces after culture and were screened by PCR for detection of virulence factors EAST-1, enterohemolysin, Saa, CNF2, F41, F5, STa, intimin, Stx1 and Stx2. One hundred and thirty-four isolates were positive for one or more virulence factors: eighty-four from diarrheic animals, and fifty from non-diarrheic calves. The pathovars of E. coli identified in diarrheic feces were ETEC (F5+) (2/84), NTEC (16/84), STEC (20/84), EPEC (3/84), EHEC (3/84), and EAEC (EAST-1+) (33/84). Pathovars identified in non-diarrheic animals were NTEC (21/50), STEC (17/50), EHEC (1/50) and EAEC (7/50). E. coli strains positive for EAST-1 (P=0.008) and phylogroup C (P = 0.05) were associated with the presence of diarrhea. Phylogenetic analysis showed that 58.95% of the isolates belonged to phylogroup B1, followed by E (9.70%), B2 (5.90%), C (5.90%), D (5.22%), A (2.24%), and F (1.50%). Phylogroup B1 predominated in pathogenic E. coli isolated from water buffalo, and phylogroup C constituted an enteropathogenic E. coli for water buffalo calves.

O objetivo deste estudo foi explicar a associação dos fatores socioambientais e dos grandes usos da terra com a ocorrência de casos de leishmaniose tegumentar americana (LTA) nos circuitos espaciais de produção, no Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo ecológico do tipo analítico, baseado em dados secundários de casos de LTA dividido por triênio, no período entre 2007 a 2011, cujas unidades de análise foram os municípios pertencentes aos circuitos espaciais. Duas etapas distintas foram realizadas, sendo a elaboração de mapas temáticos com a identificação dos circuitos a primeira, e na segunda etapa um novo indicador casos de LTA por densidade demográfica foi associado com indicadores socioambientais e dos grandes usos da terra submetidos à análise multivariada de componentes principais (ACP). Para o período avaliado, identificou-se três circuitos distribuídos nas mesorregiões Norte de Minas Gerais, Vale do Rio Doce e Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte. Houve forte associação dos casos de LTA por densidade demográfica com lavoura temporária, pastagem natural, floresta natural, terras inaproveitáveis e população rural, e uma fraca associação com pastagem plantada. A associação de casos com variáveis dos grandes usos da terra em diferentes perfis agropecuários demonstra o caráter ocupacional da LTA, associado principalmente com trabalhadores da zona rural. A associação da doença com as variáveis ambientais e deficiência das condições de saneamento básico também demonstram relevância no perfil de transmissão nos circuitos espaciais de produção em Minas Gerais.

The aim of this study was to explain the association between social-environmental factors and major land uses and the occurrence of cases of American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) in the spatial circuits of production in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. This was an analytical-type ecological study based on secondary data on ATL divided by three-year period from 2007 to 2011, in which the analytical units were municipalities belonging to the spatial circuits. Two distinct stages were performed. The first was the elaboration of thematic maps with identification of the circuits. In the second, a new indicator, ATL cases by population density, was associated with social-environmental indicators and major land uses, submitted to multivariate principal components analysis (PCA). During the periods studied, three circuits were identified, distributed in the major regions of Northern Minas Gerais, Rio Doce Valley, and Greater Metropolitan Belo Horizonte. There was a strong association between ATL by population density and temporary crops, natural pasture, natural forest, unusable lands, and rural population, and a weak association with planted pasture. The association of cases with the major land uses variable in different agricultural profiles shows the occupational nature of ATL, associated mainly with rural workers. The association of the disease with environmental variables and deficient basic sanitation also proved relevant in the transmission profile in spatial circuits of production in Minas Gerais.

El objetivo de este estudio fue explicar la asociación de los factores socioambientales y explotación a gran escala de la tierra, con la ocurrencia de casos de leishmaniasis tegumentaria americana (LTA) en los circuitos espaciales de producción, en el Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Se trata de un estudio ecológico de tipo analítico, basado en datos secundarios de casos de LTA, dividido por trienios, en el período entre 2007 a 2011, cuyas unidades de análisis fueron los municipios pertenecientes a los circuitos espaciales. Se realizaron dos etapas distintas, consistiendo la primera en la elaboración de mapas temáticos con la identificación de los circuitos, y la segunda etapa en un nuevo indicador de casos de LTA por densidad demográfica, que se asoció con indicadores socioambientales y a dos explotaciones a gran escala de la tierra, sometidos a un análisis multivariado de componentes principales (ACP). Para el período evaluado, se identificaron tres circuitos distribuidos en las mesorregiones del norte de Minas Gerais, Vale do Rio Doce y región metropolitana de Belo Horizonte. Hubo una fuerte asociación de los casos de LTA por densidad demográfica con el trabajo temporal, pasto natural, bosque natural, tierras inaprovechables y población rural, y una escasa asociación con pasto plantado. La asociación de casos con variables de las explotaciones a gran escala de la tierra, con diferentes perfiles agropecuarios, demuestra el carácter ocupacional de la LTA, asociado principalmente a trabajadores de la zona rural. La asociación de la enfermedad con variables ambientales y deficiencia en las condiciones de saneamiento básico, también demuestran relevancia en el perfil de transmisión en los circuitos espaciales de producción en Minas Gerais.

O objetivo deste estudo foi explicar a associação dos fatores socioambientais e dos grandes usos da terra com a ocorrência de casos de leishmaniose tegumentar americana (LTA) nos circuitos espaciais de produção, no Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo ecológico do tipo analítico, baseado em dados secundários de casos de LTA dividido por triênio, no período entre 2007 a 2011, cujas unidades de análise foram os municípios pertencentes aos circuitos espaciais. Duas etapas distintas foram realizadas, sendo a elaboração de mapas temáticos com a identificação dos circuitos a primeira, e na segunda etapa um novo indicador casos de LTA por densidade demográfica foi associado com indicadores socioambientais e dos grandes usos da terra submetidos à análise multivariada de componentes principais (ACP). Para o período avaliado, identificou-se três circuitos distribuídos nas mesorregiões Norte de Minas Gerais, Vale do Rio Doce e Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte. Houve forte associação dos casos de LTA por densidade demográfica com lavoura temporária, pastagem natural, floresta natural, terras inaproveitáveis e população rural, e uma fraca associação com pastagem plantada. A associação de casos com variáveis dos grandes usos da terra em diferentes perfis agropecuários demonstra o caráter ocupacional da LTA, associado principalmente com trabalhadores da zona rural. A associação da doença com as variáveis ambientais e deficiência das condições de saneamento básico também demonstram relevância no perfil de transmissão nos circuitos espaciais de produção em Minas Gerais.

The aim of this study was to explain the association between social-environmental factors and major land uses and the occurrence of cases of American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) in the spatial circuits of production in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. This was an analytical-type ecological study based on secondary data on ATL divided by three-year period from 2007 to 2011, in which the analytical units were municipalities belonging to the spatial circuits. Two distinct stages were performed. The first was the elaboration of thematic maps with identification of the circuits. In the second, a new indicator, ATL cases by population density, was associated with social-environmental indicators and major land uses, submitted to multivariate principal components analysis (PCA). During the periods studied, three circuits were identified, distributed in the major regions of Northern Minas Gerais, Rio Doce Valley, and Greater Metropolitan Belo Horizonte. There was a strong association between ATL by population density and temporary crops, natural pasture, natural forest, unusable lands, and rural population, and a weak association with planted pasture. The association of cases with the major land uses variable in different agricultural profiles shows the occupational nature of ATL, associated mainly with rural workers. The association of the disease with environmental variables and deficient basic sanitation also proved relevant in the transmission profile in spatial circuits of production in Minas Gerais.

El objetivo de este estudio fue explicar la asociación de los factores socioambientales y explotación a gran escala de la tierra, con la ocurrencia de casos de leishmaniasis tegumentaria americana (LTA) en los circuitos espaciales de producción, en el Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Se trata de un estudio ecológico de tipo analítico, basado en datos secundarios de casos de LTA, dividido por trienios, en el período entre 2007 a 2011, cuyas unidades de análisis fueron los municipios pertenecientes a los circuitos espaciales. Se realizaron dos etapas distintas, consistiendo la primera en la elaboración de mapas temáticos con la identificación de los circuitos, y la segunda etapa en un nuevo indicador de casos de LTA por densidad demográfica, que se asoció con indicadores socioambientales y a dos explotaciones a gran escala de la tierra, sometidos a un análisis multivariado de componentes principales (ACP). Para el período evaluado, se identificaron tres circuitos distribuidos en las mesorregiones del norte de Minas Gerais, Vale do Rio Doce y región metropolitana de Belo Horizonte. Hubo una fuerte asociación de los casos de LTA por densidad demográfica con el trabajo temporal, pasto natural, bosque natural, tierras inaprovechables y población rural, y una escasa asociación con pasto plantado. La asociación de casos con variables de las explotaciones a gran escala de la tierra, con diferentes perfiles agropecuarios, demuestra el carácter ocupacional de la LTA, asociado principalmente a trabajadores de la zona rural. La asociación de la enfermedad con variables ambientales y deficiencia en las condiciones de saneamiento básico, también demuestran relevancia en el perfil de transmisión en los circuitos espaciales de producción en Minas Gerais.

ABSTRACT Veterinary drug residues in bulk tank milk are important to all sectors of the dairy chain because they are one of the major factors which determine the safety of the final product. This study attempted to identify milk quality parameters that are associated with the occurrence of veterinary drug residues using multivariate principal component analysis (PCA). A total of 132 raw milk samples were collected from 45 dairy farms in the state of Minas Gerais - Brazil and analyzed for 42 analytes, including pyrethroids, macrocyclic lactones and antibacterials, using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry in tandem mode and gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Out of the 132 milk samples, 40 samples tested positive for at least one analyte (above the detection limit). The milk parameters associated with the antimicrobial residues by confirmatory tests were lactose and nonfat concentrations, as revealed by PCA. This analysis showed that fat and total solid concentrations, as well as the somatic cell and total bacteria counts were associated with macrocyclic lactone residues in bulk tank milk. A PCA assessing pyrethroid residues in bulk tank milk revealed that the lactose and nonfat solid concentrations and titratable acidity were inversely associated with these residues. Thus, the data analysis indicated that the veterinary drug residues were associated with certain milk quality parameters that can be used to target farms at higher risk of veterinary drug residue contamination for testing programs in combination with incentives, education and training programs to improve mammary health, milk hygiene and safety.

RESUMO: Avaliou-se a presença de 42 analitos, incluindo piretróides, lactonas macrocíclicas e antimicrobianos em 132 amostras de leite de tanque proveniente de 45 propriedades leiteiras localizadas no Estado de Minas Gerais. Para tal, utilizou-se a cromatografia líquida acoplada a espectrofotometria de massas tandem e cromatografia gasosa com detector com captura de elétrons. Dentre todas as amostras de leite, 40 (30,30%) amostras de leite de tanque apresentaram a presença de pelo menos um analito, enquanto 16 amostras (12,12%) de leite demonstraram a presença de pelo menos dois analitos. Considerando os limites estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira, 11 amostras de leite (8,33%) seriam consideradas como não conforme. Ademais, os testes de triagem para detecção de antimicrobianos no leite não conseguiram identificar a maioria das amostras positivas nos testes confirmatórios, levando a grande discrepância entre estes testes. Desta forma, os resultados do presente estudo indicam que os períodos de descarte do leite, especialmente para piretróides, não foram plenamente respeitados por todos os produtores de leite. Além disto, uma discrepância entre os resultados dos testes confirmatórios e os testes de triagem foi observada.

ABSTRACT: A survey of veterinary drug residues in bulk milk tank from Minas Gerais State, Brazil, was carried out through a broad scope analysis. Here, 132 raw milk samples were collected at 45 dairy farms in Minas Gerais from August 2009 to February 2010, and analyzed for 42 analytes, comprising pyrethroids, macrocyclic lactones and antibacterials, using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry in tandem mode and gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Within all milk samples, at least one veterinary drug residue was identified in 40 milk samples (30.30%) by confirmatory tests, whereas 16 samples (12.12%) showed the presence of at least two residues. With regard to the Brazilian maximum residue levels, 11 milk samples (8.33%) were non-compliant according to Brazilian Legislation. The veterinary drugs detected in the non-compliant milk samples include penicillin V (one sample), abamectin (one sample) and cypermethrin (nine samples). Furthermore, the antibacterial screening methods failed to identify most of the positive samples that were detected by confirmatory tests, leading to a large discrepancy between the screening and confirmatory antimicrobial tests. Thus, the present study indicated that the veterinary drugs residues still represents a great concern for the milk production chain.

RESUMO: Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar e caracterizar os riscos para a presença de Megninia spp. em galpões de granjas de postura de Minas Gerais, utilizando para isso Análise de Correspondência (AC). Foi utilizado um banco de dados secundário e adaptado para este estudo, com informações de 402 galpões de 42 propriedades comerciais de galinhas poedeiras. As variáveis utilizadas para compor o modelo de correspondência foram selecionadas através de testes de Qui-quadrado (P≤0,05). Foi construído um índice de risco para a presença de Megninia spp. a partir de variáveis consideradas como fatores de risco para a presença desses ectoparasitos. O gráfico da AC produzido para a caracterização epidemiológica da presença de Megninia spp. apresentou um valor de qui-quadrado acumulado de 58,55%. Observa-se que houve uma associação do índice de risco com a faixa de idades das aves, entre a presença Megninia spp. e a utilização de óleo mineral e de acaricida na ração e, por último, uma associação entre a presença de rolinhas (Columbina talpacoti) e a ausência de ácaros do gênero Megninia. Estes resultados fornecem conhecimento sobre a epidemiologia de Megninia spp. Além disso, estas informações poderão contribuir na tomada de decisão diminuindo os riscos de possíveis infestações nos plantéis e dos efeitos negativos decorrentes por esse parasitismo.

ABSTRACT: This study was accomplished with the aim to evaluate and to characterize the risks for the presence of Megninia spp. in poultry farms from Minas Gerais, using for that Correspondence Analysis (CA). A secondary database was used and adapted for this study, with information from 402 chicken houses of 42 laying hens commercial properties. Variables used to compose the correspondence model were selected through tests of Qui-square being considered the significant result of P≤0,05. A risk index was built to the presence of Megninia spp. starting from variables considered as risk factors for the presence of those ectoparasites. The CA graph produced for the epidemiological characterization of the presence of Megninia spp. presented an accumulated qui-square value of 58,55%. There was an association of the risk index with the age ranges of the poultry, among the presence Megninia spp. and the use of mineral oil and acaricide in the ration and; finally, an association between the ruddy ground-dove (Columbina talpacoti) presence and the absence of mites of the Megninia genus. The results supply knowledge on the epidemiology of Megninia spp. In addition, these information can contribute in the decision, reducing the risks of possible infestations in poultry farms and the negative effects of that parasitism.

Ecological theory of habitat heterogeneity and limited niche-similarity assumes that more heterogeneous environments provide a greater amount and diversity of resources than simple environments, resulting in a greater diversity of species. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the habitat heterogeneity on the richness of dung beetles and to examine the spatial patterns of assemblage structure in relation to patterns of habitat heterogeneity. Dung beetles were collected using pitfall traps without bait in 30 points distributed in an area of cerrado sensu lato, in the region of Tangará da Serra, MT, Brazil, including areas of cerrado sensu stricto, campo sujo, cerradão and gallery forest. A total of 1,291 dung beetles were collected, distributed in 16 genera and 29 species. Overall habitat heterogeneity exerted a negative effect on patterns of dung beetles richness. Higher levels of species richness were observed in areas of cerrado campo sujo, while the areas of gallery forest were the most species poor. Regarding assembly structure, it was found that the dung beetles were separated into two major groups, one formed by the presence of specialized species in forest areas and other composed of species that occurred predominantly in cerrado. In conclusion, it was found that habitat complexity influenced the distribution of dung beetles, but the level of turnover in species composition along the heterogeneity gradient was relatively weak.

Anthropogenic changes in the landscape result in an environmental mosaic with serious consequences for biodiversity. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of the anthropogenic changes on Asteraceae richness and abundance, and to evaluate the consequences for the richness of Tephritidae assemblages in five sampling sites, with three sampled habitats in each: cerrado (Brazilian savanna), eucalyptus stands and pasture. Sampling was carried out in 15 random transects (cerrados and one pasture) and in 30 transects (eucalyptus stands and the remaining pastures). Composition, species richness and insect abundance in each habitat type was estimated by sampling the flower heads for each species of host plant, collected by four people for 1h. Differences in mean abundance of plant population between habitats and sites were tested by two-way ANOVA. Differences in plant species richness between habitats and sites and effects of habitat, site and host plant richness on insect richness were tested using a generalized linear model with Poisson errors. Within each sampling site, cerrados showed higher species richness of Asteraceae than pastures and eucalyptus stands. There were also significant differences in plant richness among sites. Mean population abundance values were significantly different among habitats, but not among sites. Increased host plant richness led to significant insect species richness. There were no additional significant effects of habitat on insect richness. Therefore, anthropogenic alterations in landscape determined the impoverishment of plant assemblages and therefore of insect assemblages, because of the positive relationship between host plant richness and insect richness.

No presente estudo foi realizado um levantamento da fauna de insetos endófagos de capítulos de Asteraceae (Compostas), de 2000 a 2002, em oito localidades de cerrados sensu stricto no estado de São Paulo. Foram obtidas 64 espécies de endófagos (dípteros e lepidópteros) de 49 espécies de hospedeiras. Aproximadamente metade das espécies foi obtida de apenas uma área, e destas uma grande proporção ocorreu em apenas uma amostra (unicatas). Trinta por cento das espécies foram consideradas "singletons" (apenas um indivíduo foi obtido). A grande quantidade de espécies raras sugere uma forte troca de espécies entre diferentes áreas. Lepidópteros foram registrados em mais espécies hospedeiras que dípteros, confirmando o já observado para o mesmo sistema de insetos e plantas em outros ambientes no Brasil e Europa. As áreas de cerrado sensu stricto estudadas no estado de São Paulo encontram-se isoladas, com uma grande parte da fauna de invertebrados composta por muitas espécies raras e exclusivas. Diante deste quadro, sugere-se que a manutenção da biodiversidade de Asteraceae e seus endófagos em seus níveis atuais depende da conservação de todo o conjunto de remanescentes de cerrado do estado.

A survey of the endophagous insects fauna associated to Asteraceae capitula was carried out from 2000 to 2002 in eight cerrado sensu stricto sites located in the Brazilian state of São Paulo. Sixty-four endophagous species of Diptera and Lepidoptera were recorded from 49 asteracean host plants. Approximately half of the species were obtained from a single locality, with a large proportion emerging from a single sample (unicates). Thirty percent of the species were singletons (i.e. only one individual was recorded). The large proportion of rare species suggests a high species turnover among localities. Lepidopteran species were recorded on more host species than dipterans, confirming their more polyphagous food habit, also observed in other Brazilian biomes and in Europe. We conclude that the studied cerrado localities, all within São Paulo State, are isolated with its invertebrate fauna composed of many rare and exclusive species. We suggest that the maintenance of Asteraceae biodiversity and their endophagous insects depend on the conservation of all cerrado remnants in the state.

De abril a maio de 2000 a 2002 oito localidades com remanescentes de cerrados sensu stricto no estado de São Paulo foram amostradas para o levantamento das espécies de asteráceas, uma das famílias mais representativas da flora herbáceo-arbustiva nestas formações. Foram feitas 23 amostragens e cada área de estudo foi amostrada em média uma vez por ano durante o pico de floração das plantas. Ao todo foram obtidas 399 amostras, nas quais foram reconhecidas 89 morfoespécies (74 foram identificadas como espécies conhecidas). Quarenta por cento das espécies foram registradas uma única vez (unicatas), indicando um grande número de espécies raras. Apenas 10% das espécies que ocorreram em mais de uma amostra foram obtidas de uma mesma área (sobreposição espacial) ou de um mesmo ano de estudo (sobreposição temporal). A riqueza de espécies em cada área foi estimada por meio de transeções e depois comparada à riqueza total observada em cada área de estudo, sendo esta na maioria das vezes mais alta que a estimada com base nas transeções. A lista de espécies obtida para os cerrados amostrados foi comparada a outras 24 listas publicadas para cerrados no Brasil. Embora a maioria das espécies mais comuns tenha coincidido, oito espécies (11% das espécies identificadas) não constam das listas publicadas. Concluímos que as áreas de cerrado sensu stricto estudadas no estado de São Paulo encontram-se isoladas, com uma grande parte da flora herbáceo-arbustiva composta por várias espécies raras e exclusivas. Diante deste quadro, sugerimos que a manutenção da biodiversidade de Asteraceae depende da conservação de todo o conjunto de remanescentes de cerrado do estado de São Paulo.

Eight "cerrado" (savanna) fragments in the State of São Paulo (Brazil) were surveyed from 2000 to 2002 to produce an inventory of Asteraceae species. This family is one of the most important in the herbaceous and shrubby components at cerrados. Each fragment was sampled on average once a year during the plants' peak flowering period, using a fixed number of randomly placed transects. We obtained 399 samples and recognized 89 morphospecies (of which 74 were identified to species). Forty percent of the species were encountered only once (unicates). Only ten percent of the species that occurred in more than a sample were recorded again in the same fragment or in the same year. Species richness was estimated from frequencies and abundances within transects, and then compared to the observed total richness in the area, which was most of the times higher than the estimates based on transects. Our species list was then compared to other 24 cerrado species lists in the literature. Although most of our commoner species were recorded in published lists, eight species were not found in any. We conclude that the studied cerrado fragments in São Paulo State are isolated and fragile areas composed of many rare and exclusive herbaceous and shrubby species. We suggest that the maintenance of current diversity of Asteraceae species depends on maintaining and preserving all cerrado fragments in the State.