Abstract This article shows the results of the study “Virtual Office of 10,000 sustainable peasant farms from the regions of Santander and Magdalena Medio”. The study is framed in a Colombian social movement for the preservation of the peasant farm as pivotal axis for food sustainability in the territories. The study has a principal aim to identify the organization process of fourteen (14) food communities and the participatory design of the peasant farm model as strategies for food security in the Colombian territories of Magdalena Medio and Santander. The study conducted a mixed methodology with both qualitative and descriptive, cross-sectional quantitative analysis with data collected from participant communities. Data collection was done through focus groups with seven (7) communities and fourteen (14) interviews with food community leaders from eleven (11) municipalities in three different Colombian departments. Results show that the peasant organization structure called food community and the peasant farm participatory models for each territory are strategies that have led to the strengthening of the local autonomy of the peasant communities for the defense of food sustainability practices within their contexts.

Resumo Este artigo apresenta os resultados do estudo “Escritório virtual de 10.000 fazendas camponesas sustentáveis das regiões de Santander e Magdalena Medio”. O estudo tem como foco um movimento social colombiano para a preservação da fazenda camponesa como eixo central para a sustentabilidade alimentar nos territórios. Seu objetivo principal é identificar o processo de organização de quatorze (14) comunidades de alimentos e o desenho participativo do modelo de fazenda camponesa como estratégias para a segurança alimentar nos territórios colombianos de Magdalena Medio e Santander. O estudo conduziu uma metodologia mista com análise quantitativa transversal qualitativa e descritiva, com dados coletados das comunidades participantes. A coleta de dados foi feita por meio de grupos focais com sete (7) comunidades e quatorze (14) entrevistas com líderes comunitários do setor de alimentos de onze (11) municípios em três diferentes departamentos colombianos. Os resultados demonstram que a estrutura de organização camponesa denominada comunidade do alimento e os modelos participativos de propriedades camponesas para cada território são estratégias que levaram ao fortalecimento da autonomia local das comunidades camponesas para a defesa de práticas de sustentabilidade alimentar dentro de seus contextos.

Abstract (Objective) The variation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and ammonia (NH3) concentrations in air was studied in a wastewater treatment system in Costa Rica to obtain information about the dispersion of odors produced using on-site measurements and an air dispersion model. (Methodology) Thirteen samples were taken in periods of 12 hours and 24 hours between October 2016 and February 2017, and the measurements taken in the field were entered into a dispersion model. Meteorological parameters including direction and wind speed, global radiation, temperature, percentage of relative humidity, precipitation, and atmospheric pressure were recorded. Dispersion of gases around the selected emission points in the treatment plant was determined using the Aermed View and AERMOD programs. Data on roughness parameters, Bowen ratio and albedo for a rural area were incorporated into the Aermet View and the data collected was incorporated into the AERMOD model. (Results) The concentrations of gases emitted by the plant were below the perception values of these substances, 0.70 µg/m3 (< 0.50 ppb) for H2S and 26.6 µg/m3 (< 35.5 ppb) for NH3. The discharge channel is the main source of emissions; the gases emitted were dispersed to the neighboring communities of La Carpio, María Auxiliadora and Rincón Grande to the Northwest; Carvajal Castro, Rossiter Carballo, Residencial Real Santamaría and Lagunilla to the Northeast, and the National Emergency Commission to the South. Error values ranged between 5% and 48% for H2S and between 8% and 75% for NH3. The concordance index (CI) showed agreement between the predicted and observed values for both H2S and NH3. (Conclusions) H2S and NH3 emissions from the wastewater treatment system do not represent a risk to health or the environment for nearby populations.

Resumen (Objetivo) Se estudió la variación de las concentraciones del sulfuro de hidrógeno (H2S) y del amoniaco (NH3) en aire, en un sistema de tratamiento de aguas residuales en Costa Rica, para conocer el posible alcance de los olores producidos, con mediciones en el lugar y un modelo de dispersión de sustancias en el aire. (Metodología) Fueron realizados 13 muestreos en periodos de 12 horas y 24 horas, entre octubre del 2016 y febrero del 2017; con las mediciones de campo, se alimentó un modelo de dispersión. Se midieron los parámetros meteorológicos: dirección y velocidad de viento, radiación global, temperatura, porcentaje de humedad relativa, precipitación y presión atmosférica. Mediante el uso de los programas Aermed View y AERMOD, se demostró la dispersión de los gases alrededor de los puntos de emisión seleccionados en la planta de tratamiento. Al Aermet View se le incorporaron los parámetros de rugosidad superficial, la proporción de Bowen y el albedo para una zona rural. Los datos recolectados se incluyeron en AERMOD. (Resultados) La concentración de los gases emitidos por la planta se encuentra por debajo de los valores de percepción de estas sustancias, 0,70 µg/m3 (< 0,50 ppb) para el H2S y 26,6 µg/m3 (< 35,5 ppb) para el NH3. Se determinó que el canal de vertido es la fuente principal de emisión. Los gases generados se dispersaron hacia las comunidades vecinas de La Carpio, María Auxiliadora y Rincón Grande, en dirección noroeste; Carvajal Castro, Rossiter Carballo, Residencial Real Santamaría y Lagunilla, en dirección noreste, y la Comisión Nacional de Emergencia, en dirección sur. Los valores de error se encontraron en un ámbito entre el 5 % y el 48 % para el H2S y entre el 8 % y el 75 % para el NH3. El índice de concordancia (IC) mostró una similitud entre los valores predichos y los valores observados, tanto para el H2S como para el NH3. (Conclusiones) Las emisiones gaseosas de H2S y NH3 provenientes del sistema de tratamiento de aguas residuales no representan un riesgo para la salud ni el medio ambiente, en las poblaciones cercanas.

Resumo (Objetivo) A variação nas concentrações de sulfeto de hidrogênio (H2S) e amoníaco (NH3) no ar, em um sistema de tratamento de águas residuais na Costa Rica, para conhecer a possível extensão dos odores produzidos, com medições no local e um modelo de dispersão de substâncias no ar. (Metodologia). Foram realizadas treze amostragens em períodos de 12 horas e 24 horas, entre outubro de 2016 e fevereiro de 2017; com as medidas de campo, um modelo de dispersão foi alimentado. Os parâmetros meteorológicos foram medidos: direção e velocidade do vento, radiação global, temperatura, porcentagem de umidade relativa, precipitação e pressão atmosférica. Usando o Aermed View e o software AERMOD, foi demonstrada a dispersão de gases em torno dos pontos de emissão selecionados na estação de tratamento. Os parâmetros de rugosidade superficial, razão de Bowen e albedo para uma área rural foram incorporados na Aermet View. Os dados coletados foram incluídos no AERMOD. (Resultados) A concentração dos gases emitidos pela planta está abaixo dos valores de percepção para estas substâncias, 0,70 µg/m3 (< 0,50 ppb) para H2S e 26,6 µg/m3 (< 35,5 ppb) para NH3. O canal de deposição de descarte foi identificado como a principal fonte de emissões. Os gases gerados foram dispersos para as comunidades vizinhas de La Carpio, María Auxiliadora e Rincón Grande, na direção noroeste; Carvajal Castro, Rossiter Carballo, Residencial Real Santamaría e Lagunilla, na direção nordeste, e a Comissão Nacional de Emergência, na direção sul. Foram encontrados valores de erro entre 5% e 48% para o H2S e entre 8% e 75% para o NH3. O índice de concordância (CI) mostrou uma semelhança entre os valores previstos e observados tanto para o H2S quanto para o NH3. (Conclusões) As emissões gasosas de H2S y NH3 do sistema de tratamento de águas residuais não representam um risco sanitário e ambiental para as populações próximas.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to evaluate the yield of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and in vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDMD) at four cutting heights and five maturity times of Pennisetum sp (Maralfalfa) during the periods of greatest and least precipitation in Pucallpa, Peru. Cuts were made at 0, 10, 20 and 30 cm height from the ground at 28, 35, 42, 49 and 56 days of regrowth. Plant height, number of stems, number, length and width of leaves, DM, CP and IVDMD yield were evaluated under a complete randomized design with a 4x5 factorial arrangement and 4 repetitions. The plant reached 120.5 cm in height at 56 days of regrowth. At the beginning of the growth period, it had 28 stems and 127 leaves, decreasing until it was established on 15 stems and 58 leaves after 56 days. In that same period the leaves grow up to 77.9 cm long and 2.3 cm wide. The DM performance increases when the cutting height is higher. The DM (kg/ha/cut) in the wet season (391.8 ± 386.1) was higher (p<0.05) than in the dry (235.5 ± 205.1). Plants cut at 30 cm height achieved the highest forage yields (DM kg/ha/cut) at 49 days (557.8 ± 322.8) and 56 days (537.5 ± 138.5) (p<0.05). The DM content of the plant was 15.9%. The highest CP content (13%) was obtained in 30 cm high cuts with 28 days of growth. The average PC was 9.645 ± 1.63 in the season of lowest precipitation and 11.94 ± 1.94 in the season of highest precipitation. The IVDMD value at 0 cm height at 28 days (59.5 ± 19.4%) was similar to that at the cuts at 35 days (59.5 ± 5.5%). It is concluded that maralfalfa can produce up to 557.8 ± 322.8 MS kg/ha/cut, and reach 11.0% CP, while the IVDMD reaches 59.5%, and it can be considered as an option to improve the diet of animals in the humid tropics of Pucallpa.

RESUMEN El propósito de este trabajo fue evaluar el rendimiento de materia seca (MS), proteína cruda (PC) y digestibilidad in vitro de la materia seca (DIVMS) en cuatro alturas de corte y cinco tiempos de madurez del Pennisetum sp (Maralfalfa) durante las épocas de mayor y menor precipitación en la zona de Pucallpa, Perú. Se realizaron cortes a 0, 10, 20 y 30 cm de altura con respecto al suelo a los 28, 35, 42, 49 y 56 días de rebrote. Se evaluó la altura de planta, número de tallos, número, largo y ancho de hojas, rendimiento de MS, PC y DIVMS bajo un diseño completo al azar con arreglo factorial de 4x5 y 4 repeticiones. La planta alcanzó 120.5 cm de altura a los 56 días de rebrote. Al inicio del crecimiento tuvo 28 tallos y 127 hojas disminuyendo hasta establecerse en 15 tallos y 58 hojas a los 56 días. En ese mismo periodo las hojas crecen hasta 77.9 cm de largo y 2.3 cm de ancho. El rendimiento de MS se incrementa cuando la altura de corte es mayor. La MS (kg/ha/corte) en época de mayor precipitación (391.8 ± 386.1) fue mayor (p<0.05) que en la época de menor precipitación (235.5 ± 205.1). Las plantas cortadas a 30 cm de altura lograron los mayores rendimientos de forraje (MS kg/ha/corte) a los 49 días (557.8 ± 322.8) y 56 días (537.5 ± 138.5) (p<0.05). El contenido de MS de la planta fue 15.9%. El mayor contenido de PC (13%) se obtuvo en cortes de 30 cm de altura con 28 días de crecimiento. El promedio de PC fue (9.645 ± 1.63) en la época de menor precipitación y (11.94 ± 1.94) en la de mayor precipitación. El valor de DIVMS a 0 cm de altura a los 28 días (59.5 ± 19.4%) fue similar que al corte a los 35 días (59.5 ± 5.5%). Se concluye que la maralfalfa puede producir hasta 557.8 ± 322.8 MS kg/ha/corte, y alcanzar 11.0% de PC, mientras que la DIVMS llega a 59.5%, pudiendo considerarse como una opción para mejorar la dieta de los animales en el trópico húmedo de Pucallpa.

ABSTRACT Prisons are a reflection of the society in which they are inserted, evidencing the social inequalities and conflicts that characterize it. Far from considering prisons as mere places of confinement for dangerous individuals, it is essential to understand the dangers that are present even within these institutions. Therefore, the study aims to analyze the role of universities in the comprehensive rehabilitation process in prisons and their contribution to overcome reductionist approaches in the prison system. For this, a qualitative approach was used, with a cross-sectional design to analyze the relevance of the paradigm of complexity in the prison system. Among the results, it is seen that academic institutions are positioned as key actors to address the challenges present in prison systems and promote an effective and holistic rehabilitation of inmates. In conclusion, the understanding of prisons as complex spaces, where inequalities and social conflicts are manifested, invites us to adopt a comprehensive and multidimensional vision in the search for effective solutions with the collaboration of universities.

RESUMEN Las prisiones constituyen el reflejo de la sociedad en la que se encuentran insertas, al evidenciar las desigualdades sociales y los conflictos que la caracterizan. Lejos de considerar las cárceles como meros lugares de reclusión para individuos peligrosos, es fundamental comprender los peligros se encuentran presentes incluso al interior de estas instituciones. Por tanto, el estudio tiene como objetivo analizar el papel de las universidades en el proceso de rehabilitación integral en prisiones y su contribución para superar los enfoques reduccionistas en el sistema penitenciario. Para ello, se utilizó un enfoque cualitativo, con un diseño transversal para analizar la pertinencia del paradigma de la complejidad en el sistema penitenciario. Entre los resultados se visualiza que las instituciones académicas se posicionan como actores clave para abordar los desafíos presentes en los sistemas penitenciarios y promover una rehabilitación efectiva y holística de los internos. En conclusión, la comprensión de las prisiones como espacios complejos, donde se manifiestan las desigualdades y conflictos sociales, invita a adoptar una visión integral y multidimensional en la búsqueda de soluciones efectivas con la colaboración de las universidades.

Resumen Antecedentes: En los pseudoaneurismas infectados de arteria femoral asociados al uso de drogas intravenosas, la ligadura primaria para el tratamiento causa controversia, sin embargo, el territorio comprometido puede continuar irrigado por vías colaterales. Objetivo: Reportar la experiencia del manejo de pseudoaneurismas en un servicio de angiología y cirugía vascular. Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo de una serie de casos. Resultados: Se reportan 15 pacientes, relación hombre: mujer 14:1, promedio de edad de 42 años. Siete (46.6%) con presentación de pseudoaneurisma femoral izquierdo, 5 (33.3%) de ellos con presentación de pseudoaneurisma femoral derecho, 2 (13.3%) con pseudoaneurisma humeral derecho y uno (6.6%) con pseudoaneurisma humeral izquierdo. En 12 se realizó exclusión del pseudoaneurisma con triple ligadura; y 3 pacientes fueron sometidos a revascularización. Conclusiones: En nuestra experiencia, la ligadura primaria sin revascularización tuvo incidencia de amputación baja y supervivencia alta de los pacientes afectados, siendo la claudicación la secuela más frecuente.

Abstract Background: In intravenous drug-infected femoral pseudoaneurysms, primary ligation for treatment is controversial, but the compromised territory can remain irrigated by collateral routes. Objective: To report the experience in the management of pseudoaneurysms in our angiology and vascular surgery service. Methods: Observational, descriptive study of a series of cases. Results: 15 patients are reported, male: female ratio 14:1, average age 42 years. Seven (46.6%) presented with a left femoral pseudoaneurysm, 5 (33.3%) presented with a right femoral pseudoaneurysm, 2 (13.3%) with a right brachial pseudoaneurysm, and one (6.6%) with a left brachial pseudoaneurysm. In 12, exclusion of the pseudoaneurysm was performed with triple ligation; 3 patients underwent revascularization. Conclusions: In our experience the primary ligature without revascularization has a low incidence of amputation and high survival of affected patients, being claudication the most frequent sequel.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Low back pain is an unavoidable condition in all health personnel, ranging from physical discomfort to functional disability of the individual. Objective: To determine the factors associated with low back pain among health workers at a reference hospital in Peru. Methods: This study is observational, analytical, cross-sectional, temporally prospective, with non-probabilistic sampling. The population was made up of health workers from the Hospital Santa Rosa de Pueblo Libre during the period from June to December of the year 2022. Results: The multivariate analysis determined that being a man (OR: 2.818, p value: 0.017), being overweight (OR:1.782, p value: 0.013), high labor demand (OR: 4.750, p value: 0.026), performing physical (OR: 3.610, p value: 0.031) and having a history of low back trauma (OR: 2.423, p value: 0.034) were statistically significant factors associated with low back pain. Discussion: It was possible to observe that the factors associated with low back pain were the male sex, being overweight, high work demand, physical activity and a history of low back trauma. Knowing these variables will make it possible to carry out preventive schemes and talks to deal with this recurring pathology.

RESUMEN Introducción: El dolor lumbar es una condición inevitable en todo el personal del rubro de la salud, con llevando desde malestar físico hasta una incapacidad funcional del individuo. Objetivo: Determinar los factores asociados a dolor lumbar entre los trabajadores sanitarios en un hospital de referencia del Perú. Metodología: El presente estudio es observacional, analítico, de corte transversal, temporalmente prospectivo, con muestreo no probabilístico. La población estuvo conformada por trabajadores sanitarios del Hospital Santa Rosa de Pueblo Libre durante el periodo de junio a diciembre del año 2022. Resultados: El análisis multivariado determinó que el ser hombre (OR: 2.818, p valor: 0.017), tener sobrepeso (OR:1.782, p valor: 0.013), demanda laboral alta (OR: 4.750, p valor: 0.026), realizar actividad física (OR: 3.610, p valor: 0.031) y tener antecedentes de trauma lumbar (OR: 2.423, p valor: 0.034), fueron factores estadísticamente significativos que se asociaron al dolor lumbar. Discusión: Se pudo observar que, los factores asociados a dolor lumbar fueron el sexo masculino, el sobrepeso, la demanda laboral alta, el realizar actividad física y el antecedente de trauma lumbar. Conocer estas variables permitirá realizar esquemas y charlas preventivas para afrontar esta recurrente patología.

Abstract Objective To analyze the clinicoepidemiological characteristics of pubalgia in athletes and to define the epidemiological profile of patients complaining of lower abdomen and groin pain at a specialized center. Methodology We conducted a retrospective study based on a case series to evaluate the epidemiological profile of 245 athletes with pubalgia reported in their medical records from October 2015 to February 2018. The selected sample underwent a clinical evaluation, and the results were recorded through the application of a questionnaire. Results The sample consisted of 245 patients aged between 14 and 75 years. Soccer and running were the most prevalent sports. Most subjects (58%) trained or played sports 3 or more days a week. After evaluating specific sports movements, symptoms worsened in 24% of the patients when changing direction; in 23%, when kicking; in 22%, during sprints and speed training; in 17%, during long runs; and in 14%, when jumping. Pain during intercourse was reported by 13% of the patients. For most subjects (80%), the inguinal region, the adductor muscles, and the pubis (midline) were the main pain sites. The tests involving adductor contraction against resistance with an extended knee was positive in 77.6% of the patients, and the one involving simultaneous hip and abdomen flexion against resistance was positive in 76.7% of the sample. Conclusion The present study has demonstrated the predominance of pubalgia in male patients who play soccer and practice running. In most cases (80%), pain occurred in the inguinal region, the adductor muscles, and the pubis. Confirmation of the clinical diagnosis took more than six months for most patients.

Resumo Objetivo Analisar as características clínico-epidemiológicas da pubalgia do atleta, e definir o perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes com queixa de dor na região baixa do abdômen e virilha avaliados em um centro especializado. Metodologia Realizou-se um estudo retrospectivo de uma série de casos, no qual se avaliou o perfil epidemiológico de 245 pacientes esportistas com pubalgia, registrados em prontuário, entre outubro de 2015 e fevereiro de 2018. A amostra selecionada foi submetida a uma avaliação clínica, e os resultados foram documentados a partir da aplicação de um questionário. Resultados A amostra estudada foi de 245 pacientes com idades que variavam entre 14 e 75 anos. O futebol e a corrida foram os esportes mais prevalentes, e 58% treinavam ou praticavam esporte 3 ou mais dias por semana. Após a avaliação dos movimentos esportivos específicos, foi observada piora dos sintomas em 24% com a troca de direção; em 23%, nos chutes; em 22%, nos sprints e treinos de velocidade; em 17%, nas corridas longas; e em 14%, nos saltos. Dor durante o ato sexual foi relatado em 13% dos pacientes. A maior parte dos pacientes (80%) relatou que a região inguinal, os adutores e o púbis (linha média) eram os principais sítios da dor. O teste de contração dos adutores contra resistência com joelho em extensão foi positivo em 77,6% dos pacientes avaliados, e o teste de Flexão simultânea do Quadril + Abdômen contra resistência foi positivo em 76.7% dos pacientes. Conclusão O presente estudo demonstrou o predomínio dessa lesão nos pacientes do sexo masculino praticantes de futebol e de corrida. A dor, na maioria dos casos (80%), estava presente na região inguinal, nos adutores e no púbis. A maioria dos pacientes demorou mais de seis meses para ter o diagnóstico clínico confirmado.

Abstract The right choice of a university program by young people constitutes a challenge for themselves, their families and society, since their personal development, professional success, values, and community service depend on it. Considering the factors that intervene in this choice are diverse, this work seeks to determine empirically if school self-esteem and motivation degree influences enrolment in a first-preference university program. The sample corresponds to the 2626 students who entered at Universidad de Concepción Campus Chillán, between 2016 and 2021. A binary probit model was used since the dependent variable oscillates between two discrete values. The self-esteem and motivation degree was measured from one of the Personal and Social Development Indexes (IDPS, in Spanish), delivered by the Education Quality Agency dependent of the Chilean Secretaryship of Education, for each high school graduation institution. Control variables such as personal characteristics of both, students and institutions, were added. The results confirm that the higher the school self-esteem and motivation degree, the greater the probability that the student enters the program of his/her first preference. This study confirms the importance of school self-esteem and motivation, also there is still a progress to be made in firming up school programs that put the emphasis on promoting conditions that allow the full development of students, highlighting strengths over weaknesses.

Resumen Para los jóvenes, la elección acertada de un programa universitario constituye un desafío para ellos, su familia y la sociedad, puesto que el desarrollo personal, el éxito profesional, los valores y el servicio a la comunidad dependen de ella. Considerando que los factores que intervienen en esta elección son variados, el estudio buscó determinar, empíricamente, si el grado de autoestima y motivación escolar tiene efecto en la matrícula de un programa universitario, como primera preferencia. La muestra corresponde a los 2626 jóvenes que ingresaron a la Universidad de Concepción, Campus Chillán, en 2016-2021. Se utilizó un modelo probit binario, pues la variable dependiente toma uno de dos valores discretos. El grado de autoestima y motivación se midió a partir de uno de los índices de desarrollo personal y social (IDPS), entregado por la Agencia de Calidad del Ministerio de Educación de Chile para cada establecimiento de egreso de enseñanza media. Se incorporaron variables de control, como las características personales del estudiante y del establecimiento. Los resultados confirman que, cuanto mayor es el índice de autoestima y motivación escolar, mayor es la probabilidad de que el estudiante ingrese al programa de su primera preferencia. Este análisis confirma (1) la importancia de este Indicador y (2) que aún faltan avances para fortalecer programas escolares que pongan el énfasis en propiciar condiciones que permitan el desarrollo integral de los estudiantes, destacando las fortalezas por sobre las debilidades.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study focused on analyzing the impact of virtuality on language teaching and learning from a retrospective pedagogical point of view. The methodology was based on a quantitative approach under a non-experimental field perspective. A survey was applied to 30 students and 10 teachers belonging to San José La Salle Educational Unit, who made up the study sample. Among the results, the respondents considered virtuality as a positive aspect for the language teaching and learning process, especially in times of pandemic, since it gave rise to an active pedagogical process that prevented the interruption of the training process; in addition, it awakened the motivation of all towards the use of ICTs from a pedagogical approach through the use of social networks and the use of the target language.

RESUMEN En este estudio se planteó como propósito analizar el impacto de la virtualidad en la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de idiomas desde una visión retrospectiva pedagógica. Como metodología se empleó el enfoque cuantitativo bajo una perspectiva no experimental de campo. Asimismo, se aplicó una encuesta a 30 estudiantes y 10 docentes de la Unidad Educativa San José La Salle, quienes conformaron la muestra del estudio. Entre los resultados, los encuestados consideraron la virtualidad como un aspecto positivo para el proceso de enseñanza y el aprendizaje de un idioma sobre todo en tiempos de pandemia, ya que dio lugar a un proceso pedagógico activo que impidió interrumpir el proceso de formación; además, despertó la motivación de todos hacia el uso de las TIC desde un enfoque pedagógico mediante el uso de las redes sociales y el empleo del idioma meta.

Abstract Background: lifestyle and cardiometabolic risk factors information is scarce regarding youth and adults of Latin-American ethnics. Objective: the primary aim was to describe the lifestyle and cardiometabolic risk factors for arterial hypertension (HTN) and diabetes in ethnic Latin-American groups (Mapuche and Aymara) and other non-ethnics > 15 years of age in the Chilean population. A secondary aim was to determine the association between physical activity ‘intensity' with HTN and diabetes markers. Material and methods: a representative sample from the National Chilean Health Survey 2016-2017, included Mapuche (EG-Map; women n = 166, men n = 300; total n = 466), Aymara (EG-Aym; women n = 96, men n = 55; total n = 151), and a non-ethnic population group (No-EG; women n = 2057, men n = 3445; total n = 5502). The main outcomes were; systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting plasma glucose (GL), and secondary outcomes were other anthropometric, lipid profile, and lifestyle parameters. Results: GL was significantly associated with nutrition (0.9 %, p < 0.0001), tobacco and alcohol habits (0.6 %, p < 0.0001). SBP was significantly associated with nutrition (whole-grains 0.04, p = 0.001; water consumption 0.07, p < 0.0001), sleep hygiene (week 0.04, p = 0.030; on weekends -0.04, p = 0.026), and alcohol consumption (-0.06, p < 0.0001). Conclusion: in conclusion, lifestyle differences among Mapuche and Aymara ethnic groups in comparison with non-ethnic Chilean peers > 15 years are significantly associated with blood pressure and glycemia.

Resumen Antecedentes: la información sobre estilos de vida y factores de riesgo cardiometabólico es escasa en jóvenes y adultos de etnia latinoamericana. Objetivo: el objetivo principal fue describir el estilo de vida y los factores de riesgo cardiometabólico para la hipertensión arterial (HTA) y la diabetes en grupos étnicos latinoamericanos (Mapuche y Aymara) y otros no étnicos > 15 años de la población chilena. Un objetivo secundario fue determinar la asociación de la "intensidad" de la actividad física con la HTA y los marcadores de diabetes. Material y métodos: muestra representativa de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud de Chile 2016-2017, compuesta por mapuches (EG-Map; mujeres n = 166, hombres n = 300; total n = 466), aymaras (EG-Aym; mujeres n = 96, hombres n = 55; total n = 151) y un grupo poblacional no étnico (No-GE; mujeres n = 2057, hombres n = 3445; total n = 5502). Las principales evaluaciones fueron la presión arterial sistólica (PAS), la presión arterial diastólica (PAD) y la glucosa plasmática en ayunas (GL), y los resultados secundarios fueron otros parámetros antropométricos, del perfil lipídico y del estilo de vida. Resultados: la GL se asoció significativamente a los hábitos nutricionales (0,9 %, p < 0,0001) y los hábitos de tabaco y alcohol (0,6 %, p < 0,0001). La PAS se asoció significativamente con la nutrición (cereales integrales 0,04, p = 0,001; consumo de agua 0,07, p < 0,0001), higiene del sueño (semana 0,04, p = 0,030; fines de semana -0,04, p = 0,026) y consumo de alcohol (- 0,06, p < 0,0001). Conclusión: en conclusión, las diferencias de estilo de vida entre las etnias mapuche y aymara en comparación con sus pares chilenos no étnicos mayores de 15 años se asocian significativamente con la presión arterial y la glucemia.

Abstract Mexico is identified as the center of origin of maize. In addition, there is a solid local ethnological knowledge about its cultivation, climate, and cosmogony. This research aims were: 1) to integrate and capitalize on the farmers’ knowledge in the Upper Lerma River Basin and 2) to identify triggers for local sustainability. Through ethnoecological interviews and the Delphi method, a conceptual model of rainfed maize cultivation was built, based on four dimensions: maize, agricultural work, climate-environment, and religion-cosmogony. Climate variability, generational change and industrialization could be a challenge for peasants if their ethnoecological knowledge is not exploited.

Resumen México es identificado como centro de origen del maíz; a ello se agrega un sólido conocimiento etnoecológico local sobre su cultivo, clima y cosmogonía. Esta investigación plantea: 1) integrar y capitalizar el conocimiento del campesino en la Cuenca Alta del Río Lerma y 2) identificar detonadores de sostenibilidad local. Mediante entrevistas etnoecológicas y el método Delphi se construyó un modelo conceptual del cultivo de maíz de temporal, basado en cuatro dimensiones: maíz, labores agrícolas, clima-ambiente y religión-cosmogonía. La variabilidad climática, el cambio generacional y la industrialización podrían ser un desafío para los campesinos si no se capitaliza su conocimiento etnoecológico.

Abstract Introduction: Positive and negative attitudes influence the teaching-learning processes of mathematics, so this study focused on analyzing the psychometric properties of the Attitudes Toward Mathematics Scale (EAHM-U) in Colombian university students to provide a context-adjusted and truly validated measurement tool. Method: An instrumental design was used with 446 undergraduate mathematics students to analyze the factor structure and internal consistency of the instrument scores. Results: a 13-item instrument with two dimensions called benefit from mathematics and difficulty in learning mathematics was obtained. Discussion: The modified scale presents adequate psychometric qualities, favorable levels of reliability in the scores, and indicators of replicability, suggesting that the items measure each dimension appropriately.

Resumen Introducción: Las actitudes positivas y negativas influyen en los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje de las matemáticas, por lo cual este estudio se enfocó en analizar las propiedades psicométricas que presenta la ''Escala de actitudes hacia la matemática (EAHM-U)'' en estudiantado universitario colombiano con el fin de proporcionar una herramienta de medición ajustada al contexto y debidamente validada. Metodología: Mediante un diseño instrumental con 446 estudiantes de licenciatura en matemáticas se analizó la estructura factorial y la consistencia interna de las puntuaciones del instrumento. Resultados: Se obtuvo un instrumento de 13 ítems con dos dimensiones denominadas beneficio de la matemática y dificultad en el aprendizaje de la matemática. Discusión: La escala modificada presenta adecuadas calidades psicométricas, niveles favorables de fiabilidad en las puntuaciones e indicadores de replicabilidad que sugieren que los reactivos miden apropiadamente cada dimensión.

Resumo Introdução: Atitudes positivas e negativas influenciam os processos de ensino-aprendizagem da matemática, portanto, este estudo se concentrou na análise das propriedades psicométricas da Escala de Atitudes em Matemáticas (EAHM-U) em estudantes universitários colombianos para fornecer uma ferramenta de medição ajustada ao contexto e devidamente validada. Metodología: Utilizando um desenho instrumental com 446 estudantes de matemática de graduação, foi analisada a estrutura dos fatores e a consistência interna das pontuações dos instrumentos. Resultados: Um instrumento de 13 itens com duas dimensões chamadas benefício da matemática e dificuldade em aprender matemática foi obtido. Discussão: A escala modificada apresenta qualidades psicométricas adequadas, níveis favoráveis de confiabilidade nos escores e indicadores de replicabilidade que sugerem que os itens medem cada dimensão adequadamente.

Resumen La región amazónica ecuatoriana representa el 45% del territorio nacional y constituye una de las mayores reservas ecológicas de la humanidad debido a su riqueza biológica. En los últimos años el área de bosque en la amazonia latinoamericana se redujo en un 4,5% (240.000 km2); en este orden, Ecuador es uno de los países con mayor deforestación en la región (2,4%). Por esta razón, el objetivo de este estudio es valorar el efecto de la actividad minera sobre la biodiversidad. Para el efecto se estimaron los posibles cambios en el ecosistema, la fragmentación, abundancia, riqueza, dominancia y diversidad de especies. El área de estudio se ubicó en una zona de explotación minera en la Provincia de Zamora Chinchipe, Cantón Paquisha-Ecuador. Mediante estimadores puntuales se identificaron 123 especies de plantas vasculares divididas en 43 familias. Asteraceae presentó mayor abundancia con el 12%, Araceae con el 8,5% y Melastomataceae el 7,5%. Asimismo, se identificaron 42 especies de aves, 16 de mamíferos, 12 entre anfibios y reptiles y 36 individuos macroinvertebrados. Los resultados permiten inferir que en la zona existe un deterioro marcado del ecosistema, empero se mantiene una diversidad interesante de especies, principalmente de flora. En lo referente a fauna la pérdida de ciertas especies es evidente, debido principalmente a la expansión agrícola, la caza y la activida minera. La fauna acuática de acuerdo con el índice de Shannon es baja, y de acuerdo al índice BMWP/Col el agua en la zona es muy contaminada.

Abstract The Ecuadorian Amazon region represents 45% of the national territory and constitutes one of the largest ecological reserves of humanity due to its biological wealth. In recent years, the forest area in the Latin American Amazon has been reduced by 4.5% (240,000 km2). Ecuador is one of the countries with the highest deforestation in the region (2.4%). The objective of this study was to assess the effect of mining activity on biodiversity, hence possible changes in the ecosystem, fragmentation, abundance, richness, dominance and diversity of species were estimated. The study area was located in a mining area in the Province of Zamora Chinchipe, Cantón Paquisha-Ecuador. Through point estimators, 123 species of vascular plants divided into 43 families were identified, the highest abundance was presented by Asteraceae with 12%, followed by Araceae with 8.5% and Melastomataceae with 7.5%. Likewise, 42 species of birds were identified, 16 of mammals, 12 of amphibians and reptiles, and 36 macroinvertebrate individuals It could be inferred that there is a marked deterioration of the ecosystem in the area, however an interesting diversity of species remains, mainly flora. In relation to fauna, the loss of certain species is evident, mainly due to agricultural expansion, hunting and mining activity. According to the Shannon index, the aquatic fauna is low, and according to the BMWP / Col index the water in the area is highly polluted.

Abstract Objectives To better characterize the role of endoscopic cubital tunnel release in leprosy neuritis and determine whether there is an improvement in pain, sensitivity, and strength with the use of this minimally invasive technique. Methods A total of 44 endoscopic procedures for ulnar nerve decompression at the elbow were performed in patients who were previously diagnosed with leprosy neuritis. The inclusion criteria were surgical indication for ulnar nerve release and clinical treatment failure for 4 weeks in patients with cubital tunnel syndrome who had their ulnar nerve function, whether motor or sensitive, deteriorated progressively despite the treatment with prednisone 1 mg/kg/day and physiotherapy. For endoscopic release, the CTS Relief Kit (Linvatec. Largo, FL, USA) and a standard 4mm 30° arthroscope were used. Results The study included 39 patients, 29 (74.4%) males and 10 (25.6%) females. The age of the patients ranged from 12 to 64 years (33 ± 14.97). Five patients underwent bilateral release. The release demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in pain (p 0.002), in sensitivity (p< 0.001), and in strength (p< 0.001). The best results were obtained when ulnar release was performed less than 6 months after surgery indication. None of the procedures were converted from endoscopic to open. No major complications (infection, vascular injury, and nervous injury) were reported. One patient had ulnar nerve subluxation. Conclusion The endoscopic release of the ulnar nerve at the elbow in leprosy neuritis entails true and safe benefits for the patient, such as improvement in pain, sensitivity and strength.

Resumo Objetivos Os objetivos deste estudo foram caracterizar melhor o papel da liberação endoscópica do túnel cubital na neurite hansênica e determinar se há melhora da dor, sensibilidade e força com esta técnica minimamente invasiva. Métodos Um total de 44 procedimentos endoscópicos para descompressão do nervo ulnar no cotovelo foram realizados em pacientes previamente diagnosticados com neurite por hanseníase. Os critérios de inclusão foram indicação cirúrgica para liberação do nervo ulnar e insucesso do tratamento clínico por 4 semanas em pacientes com síndrome do túnel cubital que sofreram deterioração progressiva da função motora ou sensitiva do nervo ulnar apesar do tratamento de 1 mg/kg/dia de prednisona e fisioterapia. A liberação endoscópica foi realizada com CTS Relief Kit (Linvatec. Largo, FL, EUA) e um artroscópio padrão de 4 mm e 30°. Resultados O estudo incluiu 39 pacientes, sendo 29 (74,4%) homens e 10 (25,6%) mulheres. A idade dos pacientes variou de 12 a 64 anos (33 ± 14,97). Cinco pacientes foram submetidos à liberação bilateral. A liberação provocou melhora estatisticamente significativa de dor (p= 0,002), sensibilidade (p <0,001) e força (p <0,001). Os melhores resultados foram obtidos quando a liberação ulnar foi realizada em menos de 6 meses após a indicação da cirurgia. Nenhum procedimento foi convertido de endoscópico para aberto. Não foram relatadas complicações maiores (infecção, lesão vascular e lesão nervosa). Um paciente apresentou subluxação do nervo ulnar. Conclusão A liberação endoscópica do nervo ulnar no cotovelo na neurite hansênica traz benefícios verdadeiros e seguros para o paciente, como melhora da dor, sensibilidade e força.