Resumo A epidemia do vírus Zika (ZIKV) teve impacto sanitário, psicossocial e econômico sobre pessoas em idade reprodutiva. A principal preocupação foi a infecção durante a gravidez devido a possível transmissão vertical e sua associação com resultados fetais e infantis adversos, conhecida como síndrome congênita associada à infecção pelo Vírus Zika (SCZ). Este estudo qualitativo utiliza a fenomenologia e a teoria fundamentada. O estudo inclui entrevistas com 98 mulheres, parte grávida durante a epidemia de ZIKV no Brasil, Colômbia e Porto Rico e que tiveram filhos com SCZ ou sem comprometimento neurológico diagnosticado. Além disso, o estudo inclui um grupo de mulheres grávidas durante a pandemia de COVID-19 nos mesmos países. Em ambos os grupos, as entrevistadas tinham diferentes níveis de conhecimento sobre ZIKV. O estudo constatou que as mensagens veiculadas por meio da mídia eram alarmistas; em contraste com as informações fornecidas por profissionais de saúde, consideradas mais confiáveis. Mulheres gestantes durante a epidemia do ZIKV relataram ter recebido seu diagnóstico de infecção por ZIKV e SCZ tardiamente ou após o parto. O estudo destaca as necessidades das mulheres grávidas em cenários de alto risco, a importância de processos de educação em saúde e a necessidade de reforçar a comunicação e a educação continuada.

Abstract The Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic had a sanitary, psychosocial, and economic impact on individuals of reproductive age. The primary concern revolved around infection during pregnancy due to possible vertical transmission and its association with adverse fetal and infant outcomes, known as Congenital Zika Syndrome (CZS). This qualitative study employs phenomenology and grounded theory. This study includes interviews with 98 women, some pregnant during the ZIKV epidemic in Brazil, Colombia, and Puerto Rico, who had children with CZS or without diagnosed neurological impairment. Additionally, the study included a group of women who were pregnant during the Covid-19 pandemic in these same countries. In both groups, interviewees had varying levels of knowledge about ZIKV. The study found that messages conveyed through the media tended to be alarmist, in contrast to the information provided by healthcare professionals, which was considered more trustworthy. Pregnant women during the ZIKV epidemic reported receiving their ZIKV and CSZ infection diagnoses late, either during or after childbirth. The study underscores the needs of pregnant women in high-risk scenarios, the importance of health education processes, and the necessity to reinforce communication and continuing education.

Resumo A epidemia do vírus Zika (ZIKV) teve impacto sanitário, psicossocial e econômico sobre pessoas em idade reprodutiva. A principal preocupação foi a infecção durante a gravidez devido a possível transmissão vertical e sua associação com resultados fetais e infantis adversos, conhecida como síndrome congênita associada à infecção pelo Vírus Zika (SCZ). Este estudo qualitativo utiliza a fenomenologia e a teoria fundamentada. O estudo inclui entrevistas com 98 mulheres, parte grávida durante a epidemia de ZIKV no Brasil, Colômbia e Porto Rico e que tiveram filhos com SCZ ou sem comprometimento neurológico diagnosticado. Além disso, o estudo inclui um grupo de mulheres grávidas durante a pandemia de COVID-19 nos mesmos países. Em ambos os grupos, as entrevistadas tinham diferentes níveis de conhecimento sobre ZIKV. O estudo constatou que as mensagens veiculadas por meio da mídia eram alarmistas; em contraste com as informações fornecidas por profissionais de saúde, consideradas mais confiáveis. Mulheres gestantes durante a epidemia do ZIKV relataram ter recebido seu diagnóstico de infecção por ZIKV e SCZ tardiamente ou após o parto. O estudo destaca as necessidades das mulheres grávidas em cenários de alto risco, a importância de processos de educação em saúde e a necessidade de reforçar a comunicação e a educação continuada. (ZIKV sanitário reprodutiva adversos SCZ. . (SCZ) fundamentada 9 Brasil diagnosticado disso COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 países grupos alarmistas confiáveis parto risco continuada (SCZ COVID1 1 COVID-

Abstract The Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic had a sanitary, psychosocial, and economic impact on individuals of reproductive age. The primary concern revolved around infection during pregnancy due to possible vertical transmission and its association with adverse fetal and infant outcomes, known as Congenital Zika Syndrome (CZS). This qualitative study employs phenomenology and grounded theory. This study includes interviews with 98 women, some pregnant during the ZIKV epidemic in Brazil, Colombia, and Puerto Rico, who had children with CZS or without diagnosed neurological impairment. Additionally, the study included a group of women who were pregnant during the Covid-19 pandemic in these same countries. In both groups, interviewees had varying levels of knowledge about ZIKV. The study found that messages conveyed through the media tended to be alarmist, in contrast to the information provided by healthcare professionals, which was considered more trustworthy. Pregnant women during the ZIKV epidemic reported receiving their ZIKV and CSZ infection diagnoses late, either during or after childbirth. The study underscores the needs of pregnant women in high-risk scenarios, the importance of health education processes, and the necessity to reinforce communication and continuing education. (ZIKV sanitary psychosocial age outcomes CZS. . (CZS) theory 9 Brazil Colombia Rico impairment Additionally Covid19 Covid 19 Covid-1 countries groups alarmist professionals trustworthy late childbirth highrisk high risk scenarios processes (CZS Covid1 1 Covid-

Abstract The Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic had a sanitary, psychosocial, and economic impact on individuals of reproductive age. The primary concern revolved around infection during pregnancy due to possible vertical transmission and its association with adverse fetal and infant outcomes, known as Congenital Zika Syndrome (CZS). This qualitative study employs phenomenology and grounded theory. This study includes interviews with 98 women, some pregnant during the ZIKV epidemic in Brazil, Colombia, and Puerto Rico, who had children with CZS or without diagnosed neurological impairment. Additionally, the study included a group of women who were pregnant during the Covid-19 pandemic in these same countries. In both groups, interviewees had varying levels of knowledge about ZIKV. The study found that messages conveyed through the media tended to be alarmist, in contrast to the information provided by healthcare professionals, which was considered more trustworthy. Pregnant women during the ZIKV epidemic reported receiving their ZIKV and CSZ infection diagnoses late, either during or after childbirth. The study underscores the needs of pregnant women in high-risk scenarios, the importance of health education processes, and the necessity to reinforce communication and continuing education.

Resumo A epidemia do vírus Zika (ZIKV) teve impacto sanitário, psicossocial e econômico sobre pessoas em idade reprodutiva. A principal preocupação foi a infecção durante a gravidez devido a possível transmissão vertical e sua associação com resultados fetais e infantis adversos, conhecida como síndrome congênita associada à infecção pelo Vírus Zika (SCZ). Este estudo qualitativo utiliza a fenomenologia e a teoria fundamentada. O estudo inclui entrevistas com 98 mulheres, parte grávida durante a epidemia de ZIKV no Brasil, Colômbia e Porto Rico e que tiveram filhos com SCZ ou sem comprometimento neurológico diagnosticado. Além disso, o estudo inclui um grupo de mulheres grávidas durante a pandemia de COVID-19 nos mesmos países. Em ambos os grupos, as entrevistadas tinham diferentes níveis de conhecimento sobre ZIKV. O estudo constatou que as mensagens veiculadas por meio da mídia eram alarmistas; em contraste com as informações fornecidas por profissionais de saúde, consideradas mais confiáveis. Mulheres gestantes durante a epidemia do ZIKV relataram ter recebido seu diagnóstico de infecção por ZIKV e SCZ tardiamente ou após o parto. O estudo destaca as necessidades das mulheres grávidas em cenários de alto risco, a importância de processos de educação em saúde e a necessidade de reforçar a comunicação e a educação continuada.

Résumé Cet article soutient que la relation entre technologie et accès est paradoxale et que, même si la technologie est souvent associée à l’accès et à l’intégration, elle peut également isoler les gens, créant des formes uniques d’exclusion sociale. Pour ce faire, nous partons de la problématisation de l’idée même d’inclusion. De même, le but de l’article est de démontrer que le paradigme des technologies d’assistance en tant que facilitateur de l’inclusion sociale des personnes handicapées, fonctionnerait sous la logique d’inclusion productive qui se manifeste de deux manières : l’inséparabilité des logiques d’exclusion et d’inclusion, qui s’exprime dans la fracture numérique générée par la révolution technologique et son impact sur le domaine du handicap visuel, et à travers le discours de l’employabilité, qui aurait fondamentalement un objectif d’insertion productive dans le jeu économique.

Resumen Este artículo sostiene que la relación entre tecnología y acceso es paradójica, y que aunque la tecnología suele asociarse con acceso e integración, también puede aislar personas creando formas únicas de exclusión social. Para ello se parte de la problematización de la idea misma de inclusión. Asimismo, el propósito del artículo es demostrar que el paradigma de la tecnología de asistencia como facilitadora de la inclusión social de personas con discapacidad funcionaría bajo la lógica de la inclusión productiva, que se manifiesta de dos maneras: la inseparabilidad de las lógicas de exclusión y de inclusión, que se expresa en la brecha digital generada por la revolución tecnológica y su incidencia en el campo de la discapacidad visual, y a través del discurso de la empleabilidad, que tendría fundamentalmente una finalidad de inserción productiva en el juego económico.

Abstract This article argues that the relationship between technology and access is paradoxical, and that although technology is often associated with access and integration, it can also isolate people, creating unique forms of social exclusion. For this, it starts from the problematization of the very idea of inclusion. Thus, the purpose of the article is to demonstrate that the paradigm of assistive technology as a facilitator of the social inclusion of persons with disabilities, would work under the logic of productive inclusion that manifests itself in two ways: in the inseparability of the logic of exclusion and inclusion, which is expressed in the digital divide generated by the technological revolution and its incidence in the field of visual impairment; and through the discourse of employability that would fundamentally have a purpose of productive insertion in the economic game.

Resumen Introducción: La lactancia materna disminuye la morbilidad, la mortalidad y promueve la salud de la madre y del niño. La menor morbilidad en términos relativos en los niños amamantados frente a los no amamantados reduce los costes sanitarios. En Colombia, la duración de la lactancia materna está lejos de los tiempos deseables y sigue disminuyendo. Objetivos: Los objetivos fueron (a) determinar la desigualdad económica basada en la pobreza a nivel ecológico durante la lactancia materna exclusiva (LME) y la lactancia materna total (LMT) y (b) establecer los determinantes sociales de la LME y la LMT utilizando el territorio como unidad de análisis. Método: Se realizó un estudio ecológico a partir de los datos recogidos en la Encuesta Nacional de Situación Nutricional de 2010 en Colombia sobre la mediana de duración de la lactancia materna exclusiva y la lactancia materna total. Los datos se resumieron en 24 departamentos o unidades geo demográficas que representan el territorio colombiano (n=24). Catorce variables que representan los niveles de desarrollo económico, social, humano y estructural del territorio se relacionaron mediante regresión lineal para explicar la duración de la LME y la LMT. Resultados: La LME tuvo una duración de 1,18 meses (IC 95 %: 1,00 a 1,36), y la LMT tuvo una duración de 14,79 meses (IC 95 %: 13,50 a 16,08). La desigualdad económica fue baja, y el coeficiente de Gini fue de 0,35 para la LME y de 0,10 para la LMT. La duración de la LME se ve afectada por la medida de empoderamiento de género (GEM) (β =-1,94, p=0,006) y la cobertura médica (%) (β=-0,02, p=0,060). La duración de la LMT se explica por la pobreza monetaria (β =0,12, p=0,007) GEM (β =-9,94, p=0,033) y la tasa de maltrato femenino x 100 000 (β =0,01, p=0,005). Conclusiones: En Colombia el impacto del desarrollo social y humano es mayor que el aspecto económico como determinante de la LME y de la duración de la LMT. La lactancia materna exclusiva y total son fenómenos que se explican de manera diferente.

Abstract Introduction: Breastfeeding decreases morbidity, mortality and promotes health in the mother and child. The lower morbidity in relative terms in breastfed versus non-breastfed infants reduces healthcare costs. In Colombia, the duration of breastfeeding is far from desirable times and continues to decline. Objectives: The objectives were (a) to determine economic inequality based on poverty at the ecological level during exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) and total breastfeeding (BF) and (b) to establish the social determinants of EBF and BF using the territory as a unit of analysis. Method: An ecological study was conducted based on data collected in the National Survey of the Nutritional Situation of 2010 in Colombia regarding the median duration of exclusive breastfeeding and total breastfeeding. The data was summarized in 24 departments or geodemographic units that represent the Colombian territory (n=24). Fourteen variables representing the economic, social, human and structural development levels in the territory were related by linear regression to explain the duration of EBF and BF. Results: EBF lasted 1.18 months (95% CI: 1.00 to 1.36), and BF lasted 14.79 months (95% CI: 13.50 to 16.08). Economic inequality was low, and the Gini coefficient was 0.35 for EBF and 0.10 for BF. The EBF duration is affected by the gender empowerment measure (GEM) (β =-1.94, p=0.006) and medical coverage (%) (β =-0.02, p=0.060). The BF duration is explained by the monetary poverty (β =0.12, p=0.007) GEM (β =-9.94, p=0.033) and female abuse rate x 100,000 (β =0.01, p=0.005). Conclusions: The impact of social and human development is greater than the economic aspect as a determinant of EBF and BF duration in Colombia. Exclusive and total breastfeeding are phenomena explained differently.

RESUMEN En el trabajo se estudió un consorcio microbiano metanogénico de una mina de carbón de la cuenca de Bogotá en Colombia. Se establecieron cultivos de enriquecimiento de carbón ex situ para el crecimiento y la producción de gas de novo. El gas biogénico producido por los cultivos se analizó mediante cromatografía de gases con detectores de ionización de llama y conductividad térmica. Los cultivos se utilizaron para aislar estirpes microbianas y para generar bibliotecas del gene 16S rARN empleando de cebadores de bacteria y de arquea. El análisis de cromatografía de gases mostró producción de metano a 37 oC, pero no a 60 oC, donde el CO2 fue el componente principal del gas biogénico. El análisis de la secuencia del gen 16S rARN de estirpes microbianos y de las bibliotecas de clones, estableció que el consorcio microbiano metanogénico estuvo formado por especies de bacterias de los géneros Bacillus y Gracilibacter más la arquea del género Methanothermobacter. El consorcio microbiano metanogénico identificado es potencialmente responsable de la generación de gas biogénico en la mina de carbón La Ciscuda. Los resultados sugirieron que los metanógenos de este consorcio producían metano por vía hidrogenotrófica o de reducción de CO2.

ABSTRACT The work studied the methanogenic microbial consortium in a coal mine from the Bogotá basin in Colombia. Ex situ coal-enrichment cultures were established for in vitro growth and de novo gas production. Biogenic gas produced by cultures was analyzed by gas chromatography using thermal conductivity and flame ionization detectors. Cultures were used to isolate microbial specimens and to generate 16S rRNA gene libraries employing bacterial and archaeal primer sets. The gas chromatographic analysis showed methane production at 37 oC, but not at 60 oC, where CO2 was the major component of the biogenic gas. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis of microbial isolates and clone libraries established that the methanogenic microbial consortium was formed by bacteria species from Bacillus and Gracilibacter genera plus archaea from the Methanothermobacter genus. This meth-anogenic microbial consortium was potentially responsible for biogenic gas generation in La Ciscuda coal mine. The results suggested that these methanogens produced methane by hydrogenotrophic or CO2 reduction pathways.

Resumen Introducción. La enfermedad de Chagas constituye la principal causa de miocarditis infecciosa en el mundo. Causada por Trypanosoma cruzi, la infección puede persistir toda la vida de manera asintomática y silenciosa, pero un tercio de los infectados desarrolla cardiomiopatía grave. Debido a que la parasitemia en la fase crónica es baja e intermitente, el diagnóstico se hace principalmente mediante la detección de anticuerpos (serología), método que tiene limitaciones de sensibilidad y especificidad. Objetivo. Determinar la concordancia entre el diagnóstico serológico y molecular de T. cruzi en 658 donantes voluntarios de sangre del departamento de Santander, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio de evaluación de tecnologías diagnósticas con muestreo transversal, utilizando un doble diagnóstico serológico para la detección de anticuerpos anti-T cruzi (Chagas III ELISA™, BiosChile Group, y ARCHITECT Chagas CMIA™, Abbott; y la de ADN por PCR. Se recolectó la información demográfica, clínica y epidemiológica de los participantes. El tamaño de la muestra se estimó utilizando Epidat™ y el análisis estadístico se hizo mediante Stata 12.1™. Resultados. La sensibilidad de la PCR fue seis veces mayor que la de las pruebas de ELISA/CMIA, con prevalencias de 1,8 % (12/658) y 0,3 % (2/658), respectivamente, y kappa de 0,28 (IC95% -0,03 - 0,59). La sensibilidad serológica fue de 16,7 % (IC95% 2,09 - 48,4) y la especificidad de 100 % (IC95% 99,4 - 100). Todas las muestras seropositivas fueron positivas también en la PCR. Conclusiones. El uso de la PCR como método complementario para la tamización de donantes podría reducir el riesgo de falsos negativos y disminuir los casos de transmisión transfusional de la enfermedad de Chagas, especialmente en regiones endémicas.

Abstract Introduction: Chagas' disease is the leading cause of infectious myocarditis worldwide. This infection caused by Trypanosoma cruzi is usually life-long and asymptomatic; however, the third part of infected people can develop severe or even fatal cardiomyopathy. As the parasitemia in the chronic phase is both low-grade and intermittent, T. cruzi infection is principally detected by serology, although this method has sensitivity and specificity limitations. Objective: To determine the level of agreement between serologic and molecular tests in 658 voluntary blood donors from six provinces in the Colombian department of Santander. Materials and methods: We evaluated an array of diagnostic technologies by cross-section sampling performing a serological double diagnostic test for T. cruzi antibody detection (Chagas III ELISA™, BiosChile Group, and ARCHITECT Chagas CMIA™, Abbott;, and DNA detection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We collected the demographic, clinical, and epidemiological information of participants. The sample size was calculated using Epidat™ and the statistical analysis was done with Stata 12.1™. Results: PCR was six times more sensitive in detecting T. cruzi infection than ELISA/CMIA with prevalence values of 1.8% (12/658) and 0.3% (2/658), respectively, and kappa=0.28 (95%CI: -0.03 - 0.59). In contrast, serology showed a sensitivity of 16.7% (95%CI: 2.09 -48.4) and a specificity of 100% (95%CI: 99.4 - 100). All seropositive samples were found to be positive by PCR. Conclusions: The implementation of PCR as a complementary method for screening donors could reduce the probability of false negative and the consequent risk of transfusional-transmission of Chagas' disease, especially in endemic regions.

Resumen Introducción: Las úlceras por presión son lesiones de la piel resultado de un proceso de isquemia y son un importante problema en el contexto de la salud. Objetivo: Identificar los factores asociados con la aparición de úlceras por presión en pacientes hospitalizados mayores de 16 años de edad, en el Hospital Universitario San Ignacio (Colombia) durante 2013. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles, a partir de una fuente de información secundaria. Se analizaron algunas variables y su relación con la presentación de úlceras por presión en cada caso. Resultados: Se incluyeron 228 pacientes, 114 casos, 114 controles. El análisis bivariado permitió identificar factores asociados al riesgo de presentar úlceras por presión: edad igual o mayor de 45 años, patologías de etiología respiratoria, con niveles de hemoglobina y albúmina por debajo del rango esperado para sexo y edad. El análisis multivariable determinó que los pacientes mayores de 45 años, con hemoglobina por debajo del nivel esperado por sexo y edad, tienen un alto riesgo de presentar úlceras por presión por cada día de estancia hospitalaria. Conclusiones: La identificación temprana de factores asociados a úlceras por presión constituye un pilar fundamental en el cuidado.

Abstract Introduction: Pressure ulcers are skin lesions that occur as a result of an ischemia process; this type of lesions is considered very important in the health context. Objective: To identify associated factors with the appearance of pressure ulcers in hospitalized patients over 16 years old, in a teaching hospital in Bogotá Colombia during 2013. Materials and methods: A case-control study was carried out, based on a secondary information source. Some variables and their relationship with the presentation of pressure ulcers in each case were analyzed. Results: 228 patients were included, 114 cases, 114 controls, the bivariate analysis to identify the factors associated with the risk of presenting pressure ulcers: age equal to or greater than 45 years, pathologies of respiratory etiology, with levels of hemoglobin and albumin below the range expected for sex and age, multivariate analysis that patients older than 45 years, hemoglobin below the expected level by sex and age, have a high risk of presenting pressure ulcers for each day of hospital stay. Conclusions: The early identification of factors associated with pressure ulcers constitutes a fundamental pillar of care.

Abstract: Introduction: Neonatal cerebral sinovenous thrombosis (CSNT) is a rare and generally serious con dition about which there is little knowledge of the responsible pathophysiological mechanisms and, although controversial, it has been suggested that genetic thrombophilia may play a role in its patho genesis. Out of concern for intracranial bleeding, the anticoagulant treatment with low-molecular- weight heparin is controversial. Objective: To present a case of a newborn with neonatal CSNT, to analyze the thrombophilic risk factors, and the management of cerebral venous thrombosis with low-molecular-weight heparin. Clinical Case: Full-term newborn who presented at eight days of life breastfeeding rejection, clonic seizures, and locomotor hypoactivity. The MRI neuroimaging showed a CSNT involving multiple venous sinuses, a right thalamic hemorrhagic infarction, and venous congestion in frontal white matter. Thrombophilia study highlighted a homozygous MTHFR C677T mutation. Treatment with low-molecular-weight heparin was associated with repermeabilization of the superior sagittal sinus after 23 days of starting therapy. Conclusions: The clinical presentation of CSNT in the neonate is nonspecific, probably related to the extent and severity of the injury and the development of associated complications, such as venous hemorrhagic infarctions and intraparenchymal or intraventricular hemorrhage. These complications are detected through ultrasound or MRI, and they should make us suspect a CSNT. In this experience, the anticoagulant treatment proved to be safe and prevents thrombus propagation.

Resumen: Introducción: La trombosis senovenosa cerebral neonatal (TSVC), es una patología rara y generalmente grave, de la cual se conoce poco sobre los mecanismos fisiopatológicos responsables y, aunque controvertido, se ha sugerido que la trombofilia genética, puede desempeñar un rol en la patogénesis. Debido a los temores de un sangrado intracraneal el tratamiento anticoagulante con heparina de bajo peso mole cular es controvertido. Objetivo: presentar un recién nacido con una trombosis senovenosa cerebral neonatal, discutir los factores de riesgo trombofílico, y el manejo con heparina de bajo peso molecu lar de la trombosis venosa cerebral. Caso Clínico: Recién nacido de término que debutó a los 8 días de vida con convulsiones clónicas, rechazo al pecho más hipoactividad motora. La neuroimagen con RM mostró una TSVC involucrando múltiples senos venosos, un infarto hemorrágico talámico dere cho y congestión venosa de la sustancia blanca frontal. El estudio de trombofilia puso de relieve una mutación homocigota del gen MTHFR C677T. El tratamiento con heparina de bajo peso molecular se asoció a repermeabilización del seno sagital superior a los 23 días de iniciada la terapia. Conclusio nes: La presentación clínica de la TSVC en el neonato es inespecífica, probablemente en relación con la extensión y gravedad de la lesión y el desarrollo de complicaciones asociadas, como infartos he morrágicos venosos intraparenquimatosos o hemorragia intraventricular. Estas complicaciones son detectables mediante Ecografia o Resonancia Magnética, y deben hacer sospechar una TSVC. En esta experiencia el tratamiento anticoagulante mostró ser seguro y prevenir la extensión de la trombosis.

Abstract: This work is elaborated on the basis of personal reflection and the analysis of legal literature and jurisprudence, from a critical position on the issue of non-patrimonial relations between spouses, trying to determine the importance in the different legislations son different as those referred, but with a common Roman base, even in the case of Lithuania, included among those countries that belong to the civil law family system, taking into account, that the professors that take part in this work belong (among others) to a wide international group of investigation that are from European, Latin American or Asiatic countries (gidepa). From the concepts of marriage and family, it is made an interpretation of their of those cited personal relations, and are analyzed, by the authors, the different regulations and legal effects of such non-patrimonial relations between spouses in Colombia, Spain, and Lithuania with mention of the importance of the issue in different countries of the European Union. The work concludes offering the position of the authors.

Resumen: El presente trabajo se elabora sobre la base de la reflexión personal y el análisis de la literatura jurídica y la jurisprudencia, desde una posición crítica del tema de las relaciones no patrimoniales entre los esposos, a fin de determinar su importancia en ordenamientos tan dispares como el colombiano, el lituano y el español, que aun así mantienen un origen común, debido a su base o raíz romanística. Pues, incluso en el caso lituano, se incluye tradicionalmente como un ejemplo de país miembro del sistema de civil law. Teniendo en cuenta, además, que los profesores que lo realizamos pertenecemos a un amplio grupo internacional de investigadores de países europeos, latinoamericanos y asiáticos (gidepa). Partiendo del concepto de matrimonio y de familia, se ofrece una interpretación del concepto y los principios de las citadas relaciones personales, y se analizan las diferentes regulaciones y efectos jurídicos de tales relaciones no patrimoniales entre los esposos en Colombia, España y Lituania con mención de la trascendencia del tema en diferentes países de la Unión Europea. El trabajo concluye con la posición de los autores.

Resumen Introducción. El cáncer de mama constituye una importante causa de morbimortalidad y genera deficiencias funcionales en la ventilación, el desempeño muscular, el balance y la postura. Objetivo. Describir los efectos de la técnica de energía muscular (TEM) del cuadrado lumbar sobre la presión inspiratoria (PIM) y espiratoria máxima (PEM) en pacientes con cáncer de mama en estadios I y II. Materiales y métodos. Estudio cuasiexperimental tipo pre-test/post-test realizado en 10 pacientes atendidas en una institución de salud de alta complejidad de Bogotá D.C., Colombia. Se realizó valoración fisioterapéutica y tres sesiones de fisioterapia con la TEM midiendo PIM y PEM antes y después de la intervención con medidor de fuerza respiratoria. Resultados. El promedio de la PIN al inicio de la intervención fue de 41% y al final de 69%, mientras que el de la PEM fue de 33% y 51%, respectivamente. La media de la proporción de cambio en la PIM fue de 68% y en la PEM de 57%. Se realizó la prueba estadística de signo-rango de Wilkoxon, logrando determinar una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (z=-2.807, p=0.005). Conclusión. La TEM mejora el desempeño del músculo cuadrado lumbar e incrementa la fuerza muscular respiratoria.

Abstract Introduction: Breast cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, leading to functional deficiencies in ventilation, muscle performance, balance and posture. Objective: To describe the effects of the muscle energy technique (MET) for quadratus lumborum on maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) in patients with stage I and II breast cancer. Materials and methods: Quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design conducted in 10 patients treated at a highly specialized healthcare center in Bogotá. Physical therapy assessment and three physiotherapy sessions with the MET to measure MIP and MEP were carried out before and after the intervention using a respiratory pressure meter. Results: The average MIP was 41% of the reference value at the beginning of the intervention, which increased to 69% at the end of the sessions. On the other hand, the initial average MEP was 33%, while the post-intervention average MEP was 51%. The average change rate for MIP was 68% and 57% for MEP. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was performed, achieving a statistically significant difference (z=-2.807, p=0.005). Conclusion: Applying the MET on the quadratus lumborum muscle improves its performance and increases respiratory muscle strength.

Background: A low hand grip strength is a prognostic factor both in healthy people and hospitalized subjects. Local normal hand grip strength values are needed to define cutoff points of abnormality. Aim: To measure handgrip strength in Chilean people aged 20 to 70 years and propose normal values for healthy people in this age range. Material and Methods: Handgrip strength was measured using a JAMAR hydraulic dynamometer in 436 males and 465 females aged 20 to 70 years and who were free of disease. They were recruited from waiting rooms in several public and private hospitals and outpatient clinics, under self-evaluation of inclusion criteria. Results: The variability of the handgrip strength in women was smaller in than men. Tables containing handgrip strength values by age and sex and the ranges between three standard deviations were prepared. Conclusions: This study contributes with normal handgrip strength values in Chile to be used for the diagnosis and management of various conditions, such sarcopenia, obesity, oncological patients, Intensive Care Unit acquired weakness (ICU-aw) and weaning of mechanical ventilation.

ABSTRACT The generation of solid urban waste in Havana city with more than two million habitants reaches 20,000 m3 per day and demands efficient alternatives for its management and treatment. A considerable fraction corresponds to agricultural products residues, derived from the operation of more than 300 existing public markets, which due to their chemical nature can become a source to obtain organic matter carriers for agriculture. The biotransformation of these wastes was evaluated as an alternative treatment to avoid unfavorable environmental impacts associated to their accumulation and decomposition; the urban solid waste from the markets was composted (of fruits, vegetables, roots and tubers). The biotransformed material was evaluated for pH, electrical conductivity and the contents of organic matter, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, copper, zinc, cadmium and lead; the germination index, basal respiration and the presence of pathogenic microorganisms (total and fecal coliforms and Salmonella sp.) were also determined. The obtained compost serves to prepare substrates for agricultural use, in mixtures with acid reaction soils. Its use does not imply contaminations by pathogenic microorganisms nor by heavy metals, according to valid international norms, which validates the selected treatment route for these residues.

RESUMEN La generación de residuos sólidos urbanos en La Habana ciudad con más de dos millones de habitantes alcanza los 20 000 m3 diarios y demanda alternativas eficientes para su manejo y tratamiento; una fracción considerable corresponde a residuos de productos agrícolas, derivados del funcionamiento de más de 300 mercados públicos existentes, que por su naturaleza química pueden convertirse en fuente de obtención de portadores de materia orgánica para la agricultura. Para evitar impactos ambientales desfavorables asociados a la acumulación y descomposición de estos residuos, se evaluó su biotransformación como alternativa de tratamiento; se compostaron bajo dos tratamientos los residuos sólidos urbanos generados en mercados (básicamente de frutas, hortalizas, viandas, raíces y tubérculos), a saber: adición de un 20 % de estiércol vacuno usado como inoculante microbiano para acelerar el proceso de biotransformación y sin dicho inóculo; al material biotransformado obtenido se le evaluó el pH, la conductividad eléctrica y los contenidos de materia orgánica, fósforo, potasio, calcio, magnesio, cobre, cinc, cadmio y plomo; también se le determinaron el índice de germinación, la respiración basal y la presencia de microorganismos patógenos (coliformes totales y fecales y Salmonella sp.). Las compostas obtenidas sirven para preparar sustratos de uso agrícola, en mezclas con suelos de reacción ácida; su uso no implica afectaciones por microorganismos patógenos ni por metales pesados, según normas internacionales vigentes, lo que valida la vía de tratamiento seleccionada para estos residuos.

Resumen La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar las características criminógenas asociadas al modus operandi en ocho casos de mujeres detenidas en la Reclusión de mujeres de Bogotá por el delito de homicidio. Realizando un análisis documental con base en expedientes judiciales, reportes de prensa y documentos de procesos penitenciarios, se buscó conocer las causas y rasgos criminógenos asociados al modus operandi desde la investigación criminal y la criminología interviniendo en conceptos como motivación e intención. Diversas teorías han intentado explicar el fenómeno de la criminalidad, muchas se han enmarcado en diferentes modelos a veces contradictorios, por esta razón, fue necesaria una mirada integral de diferentes preceptos teóricos, desde la criminología, la sociología criminal y la psicología. En los resultados se encontraron variables que mostraron que la conducta homicida no está, en algunos casos predeterminada. Sin embargo, algunos factores aumentaron el riesgo de violencia, como el uso de armas, presencia de otras personas en la escena, relaciones conflictivas, consumo de sustancias, entre otras causas que permitieron mostrar que la conducta punible no se da tan solo por factores externos, también, por factores intrínsecos que pudieron observarse en el modus operandi.

Abstract The objective of this study was to analyze the criminogenic characteristics related to the modus operandi in eight cases of women who are held for homicide crime at the Women’s Prison in Bogotá. By undertaking a document analysis based on judicial records, press reports and penitentiary processes documents, it aimed to find out the causes and criminogenic features linked to the modus operandi starting from criminal investigation and criminology with intervention in concepts such as motivation and intent. Various theories have attempted to explain the criminality phenomenon, many of them have been outlined in different approaches, and sometimes they are contradictory. Therefore, it was necessary an integrated perspective of different theoretical precepts from criminology, criminal sociology and psychology. Variables in the results revealed that, in some cases, a killer conduct is not predetermined. However, some factors raised the risk of violence, such as weapons use, other people presence in the scene, conflict ridden relationships, illegal substances consumption, among other causes. These causes allowed demonstrating that the punishable conduct is not only devised by external circumstances, but also by intrinsic factors that could be observed on the modus operandi.

Resumo A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo analizar as características criminológicas associadas ao modus operandi de oito casos de mulheres detidas na Reclusão de Mulheres de Bogotá pelo delito de homicídio. Realizando uma análise documental, com base em expedientes judiciais, recortes de imprensa e documentos de processos penitenciais, procurou-se conhecer as causas e traços criminológicos asociados ao modus operandi a partir da investigação criminal e a criminologia, intervindo em conceitos como motivação e intenção. Diversas teorias têm tentado explicar o fenómeno da criminalidade; muitas têm se enquadrado em distintos modelos, às vezes contraditórios; por essa razão, foi necessário um olhar integral de diferentes preceitos teóricos, desde a criminologia, a sociología criminal e a psicologia. Nos resultados encontraram-se variáveis que mostraram que a conduta homicida não está em alguns casos predeterminada. Não entanto, alguns fatores aumentaram o risco de violência, como o uso de armas, presença de outras pessoas na cena, relacionamentos conflitivos, consumo de sustâncias, entre outras causas que possibilitaram mostrar que a conduta punível não se dá só por circunstancias externas, mas também por fatores intrínsecos, que puderam se observar no modus operandi.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar una intervención educativa para la prevención de la conducta suicida en adolescentes entre los grados 6° a 8° de un colegio de la ciudad de Manizales, en el departamento de Caldas, Colombia. Se realizó un estudio cuasi experimental, que contó con una población de 103 participantes. Se cuantificaron en la población variables demográficas. Adicionalmente se aplicaron la escala de Riesgo Suicida de Plutchik, la encuesta mito o realidad, escala de Asertividad de Rathus, y escala de autoestima de Rosenberg. Seguidamente se realizó una intervención educativa en 8 sesiones, con los estudiantes participantes divididos en 4 grupos. Un mes después se aplicaron nuevamente los cuestionarios mencionados. En la aplicación de los cuestionarios, antes de la intervención educativa, se encontró un 42,7% de riesgo suicida, en mayor proporción 56,9% de autoestima baja, en mayor proporción 68,9% de asertividad confrontativa, y 2,9 en el cuestionario sobre mitos alrededor del suicido. Después de esta intervención se encontró: factor de riesgo suicida de 6,8%, en mayor proporción autoestima alta en 45,1%, en mayor proporción 44,7% presentaron asertividad confrontativa, y 4,5 en el cuestionario sobre mitos. La prueba t para grupos apareados mostró en todos los casos un aprendizaje significativo (p< 0.001). Como conclusión, la investigación resaltó la importancia de que los jóvenes reconocieran y fortalecieran las habilidades sociales, tengan comunicación asertiva y destrezas intelectuales con el fin de reducir el riesgo suicida en la población estudiantil.

Abstract Objective: To assess the effect of an educational intervention to prevent suicidal behavior in teenagers of grades 6th to 8th at a school in Manizales, Colombia. Materials and methods: Quasi-experimental study (n = 103), that collected demo-graphic variables, the Plutchik Suicide Risk Scale, the Myth or Reality Survey, the Rathus Assertiveness Scale, and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Participants were divided into five groups and an educational intervention lasting 8 sessions was given to them. A month later, the same questionnaires were administered. Results: Before the educational intervention, suicidal risk was identified in 42.7% of the sample, low self-esteem in 56.9%, confrontational assertiveness in 68.9%, and 2,9 on the myths around suicide questionnaire. After the intervention, the suicide risk factor fell to 6.8%, high self-esteem was found in 45.1%, a greater proportion of patients, 44.7% showed confrontational assertiveness, and the score on the myths questionnaire rose to 4.5. The t-test for paired groups showed significant learning in all cases (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The study highlighted the importance recognizing and strengthening social skills, having assertive communication and intellectual skills in order to reduce suicidal risk in young students.