Abstract Background: Empirically, it has been observed that fire favors the regeneration in many pine forests. However, few studies have demonstrated this experimentally. Questions and/or Hypotheses: ¿Does the fire favor the studied species regeneration? ¿how does it change the regeneration density along the first years? Studied species/data description/Mathematical model: Pinus montezumae Lamb. Seedling density, litter thickness. Pearson correlation, Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon tests. Study site and dates: Ejido Santo Tomás, Singuilucan, Hidalgo state, Mexico. From 2011 to 2013. Methods: Fifty-six-1 m2 plots per treatment were sampled 9, 21 and 27 months after a prescribed fire (QP) and 30, 42 and 48 months after a forest fire (IF) as well as unburned controls. Results: There was a negative Pearson correlation (r = -0.648, P ≤ 0.01), showing that as it decreases the thickness of the litter, the density of regeneration increases. When comparing couples of treatments per year along the three evaluations, almost all showed significant differences (P < 0.05). In the first evaluation, the regeneration density was 492,625 (IF), 402,875 (QP) and 12,375 ha-1 (T). In the third evaluation was found 160,000 (IF), 84,643 (QP) and 0 ha-1 (T). Conclusions: The fire favored the regeneration of P. montezumae.

Resumen Antecedentes: Se han hecho observaciones empíricas de que el fuego favorece la regeneración natural en muchos pinares. Sin embargo, esto se ha demostrado en pocas especies experimentalmente. Preguntas y/o Hipótesis: ¿Favorece el fuego la regeneración de la especie estudiada?, ¿cómo cambia la densidad de ésta los primeros años? Especies de estudio/Descripción de datos/Modelo matemático: Pinus montezumae Lamb. Densidad de la regeneración y profundidad de la capa de hojarasca. Correlación de Pearson, pruebas de Kruskal-Wallis y de Wilcoxon. Sitio y años de estudio: Ejido Santo Tomás, Singuilucan, Hidalgo. De 2011 a 2013. Métodos: A 9, 21 y 27 meses de una quema prescrita (QP) y a 30, 42 y 48 meses de un incendio (IF) y áreas testigo sin quemar (T), se muestrearon 56 parcelas de 1 m2 por tratamiento. Resultados: Se obtuvo una correlación de Pearson negativa (r = -0.648) significativa (P ≤ 0.01), la cual demostró que a mayor espesor de hojarasca, menor densidad de regeneración. En casi todas las comparaciones por año entre pares de tratamientos, en las tres evaluaciones, hubo diferencias significativas (P < 0.05). La densidad de regeneración en el primer muestreo fue 492,625 (IF), 402,875 (QP), y 12,375 ha-1 (T). Para la tercera evaluación se hallaron 160,000 (IF), 84,643 (QP) y 0 ha-1 (T). Conclusiones: El fuego favoreció la regeneración de P. montezumae.

RESUMEN La apendicitis es la inflamación del apéndice ileocecal. Pacientes y métodos: 892 casos de Apendicitis Aguda sometidos a cirugía en el servicio de Urgencias Adultos del Hospital de Clínicas San Lorenzo entre los años 2015 al 2019, trabajo retrospectivo, descriptivo, transversal que tiene como objetivo investigar la relación del recuento de leucocitos con desviación a la izquierda y el hallazgo quirúrgico. Resultado: En un 77,6% el conteo de glóbulos blancos fue igual o mayor a 11.000, con promedio de porcentaje de neutrófilos de 79,77?8,42. La base no comprometida se encontró en 96% de los casos. El hallazgo quirúrgico más frecuente fue la Gangrenosa (37,7%). Conclusión: Evidenciamos presencia de leucocitosis en un 77 % relacionado a apendicitis aguda.

ABSTRACT Appendicitis is the inflammation of the ileocecal appendi. Patients and methods: 892 cases of Acute Appendicitis undergoing surgery in the Adult Emergency Service of the Hospital de Clínicas San Lorenzo between the years 2015 and 2019, retrospective, descriptive, cross-sectional work that aims to investigate the relationship of the leukocyte count with deviation on the left and the surgical finding. Result: A 77.6% was found in terms of the white blood cell count equal to or greater than 11,000, with an average percentage of neutrophils of 79,77?8,42. The uncompromised base was found in 96% of the cases. The most frequent surgical finding was gangrenous with 37.7%. Conclusion: We evidenced the presence of leukocytosis in 77% related to acute appendicitis.

RESUMEN Introducción: El impacto negativo del tabaquismo en Paraguay demanda la adopción de todas las medidas disponibles para disminuir dicho impacto. La presencia o ausencia de apoyo ciudadano podría influenciar la implementación de estas medidas. Objetivo: Determinar la presencia de apoyo ciudadano a políticas para el control del tabaco. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal, mediante una encuesta en línea en la que se evaluó, a través de una escala tipo Likert de 1 al 5 (muy en desacuerdo, en desacuerdo, neutral, de acuerdo, muy de acuerdo), la presencia de apoyo ciudadano a 13 políticas para el control del tabaco. Resultados: Participaron del estudio 502 adultos con (5 años de residencia en el país, el 67,73% mujeres, el 87,65% universitarios, y el 63,75% no fumadores. Las medidas para el control del tabaco que recibieron mayor apoyo son prohibir fumar en el transporte público (98,01%) y en los edificios públicos (93,63%), prohibir la venta de tabaco a menores de 18 años (96,81%) y multar a aquellos que lo hagan (96,22%), y aumentar los impuestos al tabaco para pagar por los costos a la salud debidos al mismo (94,02%) o para disminuir su prevalencia (90,64%). Las medidas que recibieron menor apoyo fueron prohibir la publicidad de tabaco (56,97%) y prohibir el exhibir tabaco (51%) en los lugares de venta. Conclusiones: Las 13 políticas para el control del tabaco evaluadas en el presente trabajo recibieron el apoyo mayoritario de los participantes. Se sugiere implementar y hacer cumplir estas medidas.

ABSTRACT Introduction: In Paraguay, tobacco smoking’s negative impact demands the adoption of all available measures to reduce that impact. The presence or not of public support could potentially influence the adoption these measures. Objective: To determine the presence of public support to tobacco control policies. Methods: The present was a cross-sectional descriptive study that used an online survey to assess public support to 13 tobacco control policies using a Likert-type scale from 1 to 5 (strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree). Results: There were 502 participants, 67.73% of which were women, 87.65% had completed studies at a tertiary level, and 63,75% were non-smokers. Measures that the most support were banning smoking from public transport (98,01%) and from public buildings (93,63%), banning tobacco sales to people under the age of 18 (96,81%), and issuing a fine to those who do it (96,22%), and raising tobacco taxes either to support for the health care expenditure attributable to smoking (94,02%) or to reduce the prevalence of smoking (90,64%). Measures that received the least support were banning tobacco advertisement in points of sale (56,97%) and banning tobacco display on points of sale (51%). Conclusion: All 13 tobacco control policies assessed in the present study received the majority of support from all participants. We recommend the adoption and enforcement of these measures.

In this study, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is evaluated as a novel application in the biodiesel purification process. EIS is proposed as a tool to study the behavior of charge carriers produced from side reactions or dissociations of some impurities during the gravitational separation of glycerol dispersed in crude biodiesel after the transesterification process. In the present study, EIS combined with a simple capacitor of two parallel plates made of stainless steel ASTM 304 with an area of 7.0 cm2 and a gap between the plates of 0.8 mm is demonstrated to be a promising technique to monitor the biodiesel/glycerol separation as a function of time. From the analysis of the impedance data, collected during the separation process, it was found that the biodiesel resistance increases up to a maximum value and then decreases to a value which corresponds to the final equilibrium state. Considering that the maximum resistance represents the less contaminated biodiesel as a criterion, the proper average biodiesel/separation time of 4 h 14 min ± 1 h 11 min was determined. Another finding from the EIS results suggests that a growing absorbed film exists on the plate surface of the capacitor used as an impedance sensor.

Abstract Evapotranspiration (ET) is the second most important variable in the hydrological cycle and influences several atmospheric processes. Therefore, the scientific interest in studying changes in that variable under the context of climate change and the usual occurrence of droughts in the Northeast of Brazil (NEB) is particularly valid. ET trends in the NEB were analysed from high resolution grid data (0.25°x0.25°) for the period between 1980 and 2016, comprising 2071 points in the NEB. A cluster analysis has shown that the region is climatically divisible into four homogenous groups. Group 1 represents the semiarid area in the central portion of the NEB. Group 2 is formed by the non-contiguous lands that surround the semiarid region. Group 3 is located in the north of Maranhão, whereas Group 4 is composed of patches spreading mostly over the eastern coast and the northwest of the NEB. By analysing the mean ET trend, it is possible to observe that groups 2, 3 and 4 show significant upward trends of 2.7 mm/year, 3.51 mm/year and 2.57 mm/year, respectively. According to a step-by-step analysis, the central (semiarid) area of the NEB presented a positive ET trend (~0.8 mm/year), whilst the northwestern coast and part of central Bahia showed negative trends (~ -1 mm/year). Such results may be linked to recent temperature and rainfall trends observed in the NEB, with important impacts for the desertification nuclei observed in many parts of the region, which represent a warning for environmental and water resources managers.

Resumo A Evapotranspiração (ET) é a segunda variável mais importante do ciclo hidrológico e influencia inúmeros processos da atmosfera. Desta forma, é interessante estudar as mudanças desta variável sob o contexto das mudanças climáticas antropogênicas e da constante ocorrência de secas no Nordeste Brasileiro (NEB). Foram analisadas as tendências da ET no NEB entre 1980 e 2016 a partir de dados em grade com alta resolução de 0.25° x 0.25º, constituindo 2071 pontos no NEB. Uma análise de agrupamentos mostrou que é plausível dividir a região em quatro grupos homogêneos. O grupo 1 é referente a área do semiárido na porção central do NEB. O grupo 2 é a faixa que circunda o semiárido. O grupo 3 localiza-se ao norte do Maranhão e o 4 na costa e noroeste do NEB. Analisando-se a tendência média da ET, observa-se que os grupos 2, 3 e 4 apresentaram tendências significativas de aumento da ET de 2,7 mm/ano, 3,51 mm/ano e 2,57 mm/ano, respectivamente. Em análise ponto por ponto, a porção central do NEB e semiárido apresentaram tendências positivas de ET anual (~0.8 mm/ano), enquanto o litoral noroeste e uma parte da região central da Bahia apresentaram tendências negativas (~1 mm/ano). Tais resultados devem estar associados as recentes tendências de temperatura e chuvas observadas no NEB, com impactos importantes nos núcleos de desertificação observados em muitas áreas da região, servindo de alerta a gestores ambientais e de recursos hídricos.

Introduction: Esophagectomy presents a high postoperative morbidity. However, the definitions used are variable. A multinational group (esophagectomy complications consensus group; ECCG) proposed standardized definitions. Aim: To evaluate postoperative complications in esophagectomy according to the definitions proposed by the ECCG. Materials and Method: We conducted a retrospective cohort study, based on a prospective database. Patients undergoing esophagectomy for cancer between 1996 and 2018 at one center were included. The definitions of postoperative complications according to the ECCG were applied. Results: We included 215 patients (64% men, age 67 [31-82] years). Sixty-four percent had some comorbidity. There was a predominance of squamous carcinoma with 68%. The most frequent tumor location was the lower third of the esophagus (48%). An open approach was used in 74% and minimally invasive in 26%. Total postoperative morbidity was 67%. The most frequent complications were respiratory complications, which reached 27%. The leakage of the esophagogastric anastomosis reached 25%, 24% were type II (did not require surgical reoperation). There was a vocal cord paresis in 7%, all were classified as type I (did not require specific therapy). A chylous fistula was presented in 2%, in 1% they were treated with parenteral nutrition (type II) and in 1% a reoperation was performed (type III). Conclusion: Esophagectomy is associated with a high morbidity. The main complications are respiratory and gastrointestinal. The use of consensus definitions allows standardization and grading of complications.

Resumen Introducción: La esofagectomía presenta una alta morbilidad postoperatoria. Sin embargo, las definiciones de las complicaciones son variables. Un grupo multinacional (esophagectomy complications consensus group; ECCG) propuso definiciones estandarizadas. Objetivo: Evaluar las complicaciones postoperatorias en esofagectomía según las definiciones propuestas por el ECCG. Materiales y Método: Realizamos un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo, a partir de una base de datos prospectiva. Se incluyeron pacientes sometidos a una esofagectomía por cáncer entre 1996 y 2018 en un centro. Se aplicaron las definiciones de las complicaciones postoperatorias según el ECCG. Resultados: Se incluyeron 215 pacientes (Hombres 64%; edad 67 [31-82] años). Un 64% presentaban alguna comorbilidad. Existió un predominio de carcinoma escamoso con un 68%. La ubicación tumoral más frecuente fue el tercio inferior del esófago (48%). Se utilizó un abordaje abierto en 74% y mínimamente invasivo en 26%. La morbilidad postoperatoria total fue de 67%. Las complicaciones más frecuentes fueron las respiratorias alcanzando un 27%. En total, un 25% de los pacientes presentó una filtración de la anastomosis esofagogástrica, de las cuales un 24% fueron tipo II (no requirieron una reintervención quirúrgica). Se produjo una paresia de cuerda vocal en 7%, todas tipo I (no requirieron terapia específica). Se presentó una fístula quilosa en 2%, en 1% se trataron con nutrición parenteral (tipo II) y en 1% se realizó una reintervención (tipo III). Conclusión: La esofagectomía se asocia a una alta morbilidad. Las principales complicaciones son las respiratorias y las gastrointestinales. La utilización de las definiciones de consenso permite una estandarización y graduación de las complicaciones.

Background: The Chilean allocation system for liver transplantation (LT) uses the MELD/PELD score to prioritize candidates on the waiting list. Aim: To assess if the Chilean allocation system for LT is equitable for pediatric candidates compared to their adult counterparts. Material and Methods: We used the Public Health Institute's registry between October 2011 and December 2017. We analyzed candidates with chronic hepatic diseases listed for LT. The primary outcome was the cadaveric liver transplantation (CLT) rate. Secondary outcomes were death or disease progression in the waiting list and living donor liver transplant (LDLT) rate. Results: We analyzed 122 pediatric and 735 adult candidates. Forty one percent of pediatric candidates obtained a CLT compared to 48% of adults (p = NS). Among patients aged under two years of age, the access to CLT on the waiting list there was 28% of CLT, compared to 48% in adults (p = 0.001). Fifty-seven percent of candidates aged under two years were listed for cholestatic diseases, obtaining a CLT in 18% and requiring a LDLT in 49%. The median time in the waiting list for CLT was 5.9 months in pediatric candidates and 5.1 in adults, while the median time to death in the waiting list was 2.8 and 5.6 months, respectively. The mortality rate at one year in candidates under two years old was 38.1% compared to 32.5% in adults. Conclusions: Pediatric candidates with chronic liver diseases, especially under two years of age, have greater access difficulties to CLT than adults. Half of the pediatric candidates die on the waiting list before three months. The mortality among candidates under two years of age in the waiting list is excessively high.

Resumen La rosácea es una alteración cutánea crónica que se ha asociado con factores etiológicos inespecíficos y diversas manifestaciones sistémicas. La rosácea cutánea suele evolucionar a rosácea ocular del 6 al 72 % de los pacientes. Al no existir criterios específicos que la caractericen, la rosácea ocular implica un reto diagnóstico. Para fortalecer la sospecha diagnóstica temprana, se presentan tres casos de pacientes con evolución clínica distinta, pero que tuvieron en común el retraso diagnóstico, lo que se tradujo en manifestaciones graves y daño ocular extenso.

Abstract Rosacea is a chronic skin disorder that has been associated with unspecific etiological factors and diverse systemic manifestations. Cutaneous rosacea usually evolves to ocular rosacea in 6 to 72% of patients. In the absence of specific criteria to characterize this pathology, ocular rosacea can mean a diagnostic challenge. To strengthen early diagnostic suspicion, we present three cases of patients with different clinical evolution who had in common diagnostic delay resulting in severe manifestations and extensive ocular damage.

Resumen Los problemas asociados a estereotipos, discriminación y brecha de género, atraviesan a las diversas instituciones sociales, incluidas aquellas encargadas de administrar justicia. El artículo buscó conocer si el perfil sociodemográfico, el escalafón de pertenencia, variables de género y las características del tribunal de trabajo influyen en las representaciones de género en el PJUD. El tema es relevante en el marco de los compromisos internacionales de DDHH adquiridos por Chile y de la Política de igualdad de género y no discriminación del PJUD.

Abstract Problems linked with stereotypes, discrimination and inequality due to gender, are present in a variety of social institutions, including those responsible to administering justice. The article sought to know whether if sociodemographic features, the labor rank, gender variables and the characteristics of the labor court influence gender representations within the Chilean Judicial Branch. The issue is relevant within both, the framework of the International Human Rights commitments acquired by Chile, and the gender equality and non-discrimination policy of the PJUD.

Introduction: It is important to maintain bacterial surveillance programs to decrease resistance and define adequate pharmacological schemes. Patients with abdomen represent a special microbiological group. Objetives: Make a review of pathogens in adult patients operated in our Emergency Service for abdominal pathology with free fluid and analyze the results obtained from cultures with respect to the strains and susceptibility to antibiotics. Materials and Method: Prospective cohort study with descriptive statistics. We include consecutive patients, older than 18 years old, operated on by abdomen who present free intraperitoneal fluid between November 2017 and April 2018. Cases with antimicrobial therapy, hospitalization and/or surgery 3 months prior are excluded. Positive cultures, isolated strains, antimicrobial susceptibility, demographic data and clinical evolution are recorded. Results: Of 63 patients, 55% were men and the average age was 52.2 years. The most frequent pathologies were of appendicular origin (62%) and of enteric origin (30%). In 44% the crop was positive and in 36% with more than one germ. Escherichia coli was the most frequent pathogen (64.2%) followed by Enterococcus faecium and Streptococcus anginosus (7.1%). Of the others, cultivated pathogens have only observed multiple resistance in an isolated case of Morganella Morganii. Conclusions: These data include the local microbiological reality in acute abdomen. Escherichia coli is still the most frequent germ that must be faced with the profile and the appropriate treatment. It is necessary to maintain local microbiology surveillance for a proper management.

Resumen Introducción: Es importante mantener programas de vigilancia bacteriana para disminuir resistencia y definir esquemas farmacológicos adecuados. Los pacientes con abdomen agudo representan un grupo microbiológico especial. Objetivos: Hacer una revisión de agentes patógenos en pacientes adultos operados en nuestro Servicio de Urgencia por patología abdominal con líquido libre y analizar los resultados obtenidos de cultivos respecto a las cepas y la susceptibilidad a los antibióticos. Materiales y Método: Estudio de cohorte prospectiva con estadística descriptiva. Se incluyen pacientes consecutivos, mayores de 18 años, operados por abdomen agudo que presentan líquido libre intraperitoneal entre noviembre de 2017 y abril de 2018. Se excluyen casos con terapia antimicrobiana, hospitalización y/o cirugía en los 3 meses previos. Se registran los cultivos positivos, cepas aisladas, susceptibilidad antimicrobiana, datos demográficos y evolución clínica. Resultados: De 63 pacientes 55% fueron hombres, edad promedio 52,2 años. Las patologías más frecuentes fueron de origen apendicular (62%) y de causa entérica (30%). En un 44% el cultivo fue positivo y en 36% con más de un germen. Escherichia coli fue el patógeno más frecuente (64,2%) seguidos de Enterococcus faecium y Streptococcus anginosus (7,1%). De los otros patógenos cultivados sólo se observó resistencia múltiple en un caso aislado de Morganella Morganii. Conclusiones: Estos datos constituyen la realidad microbiológica local en abdomen agudo. La Escherichia Coli sigue siendo el germen más frecuente, debe enfrentarse con profilaxis y tratamiento antibiótico adecuado. Es necesario mantener vigilancia microbiología local para un manejo acorde.

ECMO (Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation) is an extracorporeal life support system in catastrophic lung failure, shock and cardiopulmonary resuscitation, in different age groups, with multiple physiologic features. When the candidate to be submitted is too unstable to be transported to a hospital with ECMO, cannulation before transfer allows stabilization and subsequent transport. The aim of this article is to review the current concepts of extracorporeal support, its indications, national and international experience, and its possible role in the SARS-Cov2 pandemic.

Background Enhanced Recovery Programs (ERP) in colorectal surgery has proved to decrease complications and shorten hospital stay. The implementation of an ERP could be a difficult task in a high-demanding public health system with limited resources. Aim Evaluate the effect on length of stay (LOS) after the implantation of an ERP for colorectal surgery in a resource-limited public hospital. Materials and Method This retrospective study included patients aged 15-85 years who underwent elective colorectal surgery at a resource-limited public hospital in Chile between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2016. We compared two groups: (1) total number of patients operated electively after 1-year of ERP implementation (post-ERP group) and (2) total number of patients electively operated 1-year previous ERP (pre-ERP group) in terms of LOS, readmissions, complications, and 30-day mortality. A time to event analysis was performed to evaluate differences in LOS. Results A total of 144 patients were included in this study: 92 in the post-ERP group and 52 in the pre-ERP group. There were no clinical differences between groups. The median LOS in the post-ERP group was 2 days lower than that in the control group (5 vs 7 days, log-rank test p = 0.03). There were no differences in complications, readmissions, and 30-day mortality. Conclusions The implementation of an ERP for colorectal surgery in a resource-limited hospital was associated with decreased LOS without increasing morbidity.

Resumen Introducción Los Programas de Recuperación Mejorada (PRM) en cirugía colorrectal disminuyen las complicaciones y acortan la estadía hospitalaria. La implementación de un PRM representa un desafío en nuestro sistema de salud público, dado la alta demanda y recursos limitados. Objetivo Evaluar el efecto en la estadía hospitalaria (EH) posterior a la implementación de un PRM en cirugía colorrectal electiva en un hospital público. Materiales y Método Estudio retrospectivo, que incluyó pacientes entre 15 y 85 años operados electivamente de resecciones colorrectales en un hospital público entre 1 de enero de 2015 y 31 de diciembre de 2016. Se compararon dos grupos: 1) total de pacientes operados electivamente 1 año posterior a la implementación del PRM (post-PRM) y 2) total de pacientes operados electivamente un año previo a la implementación de PRM (pre-PRM), en términos de EH, reingresos, complicaciones y mortalidad a 30 días. Se realizó análisis de tiempo a evento para comparar la EH entre ambos grupos. Resultados Un total de 144 pacientes fueron incluidos: 92 en el grupo post-PRM y 52 en el grupo pre-PRM. No hubo diferencias clínicas entre ambos grupos. La mediana de EH en el grupo post-PRM fue 2 días menor que en el grupo control (5 vs 7 días, test de log-rank, p = 0,03). No hubo diferencia en complicaciones, reingresos ni mortalidad. Conclusión La implementación de un PRM en cirugía colorrectal electiva en un hospital público se asocia a una disminución de la EH sin aumento de morbimortalidad.

Introduction The use of the 3D vision system in laparoscopic surgery can mean better performance in more complex surgical procedures. Aim Report the indications, results and assessment of a group of surgeons of different specialties in the use of 3D vision. Materials and Method Surgical indications and subjective and objective results of the use of 3D optical system in patients (n = 155) submitted to complex laparoscopic surgery are analyzed. Subjective evaluation based on a survey of qualitative perception (Likert) was applied to the participating surgeons. For objective evaluation, the operatory times and postoperative complications were recorded and compared with the results observed with the use of the 2D system (783 patients) in the same period. Results 70.6% agree to have a better image with the 3D technique, 64.7% of surgeons report that the operative time can be reduced, 58.8% consider that it can be reduced the surgical error, 92% and 100% respectively considered that the comfort of the surgeon is better with the use of 3D optics and that this technique is recommended for complex procedures. No substantial differences were found when comparing the results with the use of 3D versus 2D system by the same surgical teams in terms of operative times and postoperative complications. In 3D, postoperative mortality was probably not found due to the lower number of patients in this group. Conclusion 3D laparoscopy has a good evaluation by the surgeons who used it, mainly in image quality, reduction of operative time and comfort of the surgeon compared to conventional 2D laparoscopy. No substantial differences were found when comparing the results with the use of 3D versus 2D system in terms of operative times or postoperative complications.

Resumen Introducción El uso del sistema de visión 3D en cirugía laparoscópica puede significar una mejor performance de los procedimientos quirúrgicos de mayor complejidad. Objetivo Reportar las indicaciones, los resultados y la valoración de un grupo de cirujanos de diferentes especialidades en el uso de visión 3D. Materiales y Método: Se analizan las indicaciones quirúrgicas y los resultados subjetivos y objetivos del uso del sistema óptico 3D (n = 155 pacientes) en cirugía laparoscópica compleja. Para evaluación subjetiva se aplicó a una encuesta de percepción cualitativa a los cirujanos participantes tipo Likert. Para la evaluación objetiva, se registran los tiempos quirúrgicos empleados en los diferentes procedimientos efectuados y las complicaciones postoperatorias y se comparan con los pacientes operados con sistema 2D (n = 783 pacientes) en el mismo periodo. Resultados el 70,6% concuerda tener mejor imagen con la técnica 3D, el 64,7% de los cirujanos refieren que se puede reducir el tiempo operatorio, el 58,8% considera que se puede reducir el error quirúrgico, el 92% y 100% respectivamente afirman que el confort del cirujano es mejor con el uso de óptica 3D y que esta técnica es recomendable para los procedimientos complejos. El tiempo operatorio se redujo en algunos procedimientos, especialmente urológicos. No se encontró diferencias sustanciales al comparar los resultados con el uso de sistema 3D versus 2D en cuanto a complicaciones postoperatorias. En la 3D no se encontró mortalidad postoperatoria, probablemente por el menor número de pacientes de ese grupo. Conclusión La laparoscopia 3D posee una buena valoración por los cirujanos que la emplearon, principalmente en calidad de imagen, reducción del tiempo operatorio y confort del cirujano en comparación con la laparoscopía 2D convencional. No se encontró diferencias sustanciales al comparar los resultados con el uso de sistema 3D versus 2D en cuanto a tiempo operatorio ni complicaciones postoperatorias.

ABSTRACT Background: The functional fitness of older people may be associated with their nutritional status. Aim: To assess the association between of anthropometric measures with functional fitness in older people. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted in 75 participants aged 65 to 89 years. Body mass index (BMI), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), fat mass (FM) and skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) were calculated from anthropometric measures. The functional fitness was determined using the Senior Fitness Test battery. Results: BMI and FM indicated obesity, and WHtR indicated cardiometabolic risk in 49%, 55% and 83% of participants, respectively. SMI indicated a low muscle mass in 91% of females. Performance standards of chair stand, arm curl, 2-min step test and 8-foot up-and-go tests were met in 1%, 8%, 1% and 89% of participants, respectively. Significant negative correlations were found between 2-min step test and BMI, WHtR and FM (r = −0.26, −0.31 and −0.48 respectively). Back scratch had a negative correlation with BMI (r = −0.23) and SMI (rho = −0.28). Significant positive correlations were found between 8-foot up-and-go, WHtR (rho = 0.28) and FM (rho = 0.23), and between 2-min step test and SMI (rho = 0.28). The coefficient of determination (R2) between 2-min step test with BMI, WHtR and FM were 0.05, 0.08 and 0.22, respectively, while the R2 between back scratch and BMI was 0.04. Multiple regression models indicated that FM affected the 2-min step test independently of BMI and WHtR (adjusted R2 = 0.22), however age and sex negatively influenced these associations. Conclusions: Functional fitness of older adults is influenced by nutritional anthropometric measures, particularly BMI, WHtR and FM for aerobic capacity, and BMI for upper limb flexibility.

Introducción: El estado nutricional y la condición física funcional (CFF) pueden estar relacionados en adultos mayores. Objetivo: Analizar la influencia de medidas antropométricas nutricionales sobre CFF. Material y Método: Estudio transversal realizado en 75 adultos de 65 a 89 años. Las variables antropométricas fueron índice de masa corporal (IMC), razón cintura-talla (RCT), masa adiposa (MA) e índice de masa muscular esquelética (IMME). La evaluación de CFF se efectuó con la batería Senior Fitness Test. Resultados: El IMC y MA indicaron obesidad, y RCT indicó riesgo cardiometabólico en 49%, 55% y 83% de los participantes, respectivamente. IMME indicó una baja masa muscular en 91% de las mujeres. El estándar de rendimiento para las pruebas sentarse-levantarse, flexión-codo, paso-2-minutos y levantarse-caminar-sentarse se logró en 1%, 8%, 1% y 89% de los participantes, respectivamente. Se encontraron correlaciones significativas negativas entre paso-2-minutos con IMC, RCT y MA (r = −0.26,-0.31 y-0.48 respectivamente. La misma asociación se observó entre juntar-manos-espalda con IMC (r = −0.23) e IMME (rho = −0.28). Se encontraron correlaciones significativas positivas entre levantarse-caminar-sentarse con RCT (rho=0.28) y MA (rho = 0.23), y entre paso-2-minutos con IMME (rho = 0.28). Los R2 entre paso-2-minutos e IMC, RCT y MA fueron 0.05, 0.08 y 0.22, respectivamente, mientras que el R2 entre juntar-manos-espalda e IMC fue 0.04. Los modelos de regresión múltiple indicaron que MA afectó la prueba paso-2-minutos independientemente de IMC y RCT (R2 ajustado = 0.22), aunque la edad y sexo afectaron negativamente estas asociaciones. Conclusiones: La CFF de adultos mayores es influenciada por alteraciones evidenciadas por medidas antropométricas nutricionales, particularmente IMC, RCT y MA sobre la capacidad aeróbica, e IMC sobre la flexibilidad de extremidad superior.

ABSTRACT The San Marcos fault (SMF) cuts across Coahuila state along a NW-SE trend. This long-lived structure is part of a Middle Jurassic normal fault system, with a Late Jurassic reactivation, which constrained the deposition of Early Cretaceous red beds and carbonate deposits and was reactivated as reverse fault during Paleogene. The SMF coincides with the northwestern boundary of the Coahuila platform, with its best exposure at Las Palomas village. The Cupido Formation thrust over pelagic limestone, in a locality which was studied in detail and informally referred as Cerro La Bruja beds (CCLB). This unit correlates with the Eagle Ford Formation (EFF) in the Sabinas Basin to the north and with the Indidura Formation in the Parras Basin, to the south, all of Turonian age. The CCLB are involved in kilometer scale folding in both basins. However, these rocks are sub-horizontal in the Coahuila platform, where they were shortened only 400 m in the closest position to the SMF, showing chevron folds within a deformation wedge limited by a basal fault separating folded rocks from unfolded rocks underneath. Near the fault plane and along the thicker portion of the wedge, folds are tighter compared to the furthermost portion. Based on a detailed fold shortening analysis in the CCLB, a horizontal shortening of about 500 meters was estimated for these beds. If we assume that only one folding generation is present in the CCLB and that this shortening event was the result of the SMF activity, we propose a new method to estimate the minimum displacement on the frontal fault, which considers folds of CCLB and the fault plane incli- nation. A minimum displacement of 1300 m is calculated along the fault plane, showing consistency with estimations of at least 3000 m suggested by previous authors for the entire fault system. Fault displacement estimates have always been a challenge in structural analysis, and that is the reason why we consider that our new method has potential to become a valuable tool in fault kinematic analysis.

RESUMEN La Falla de San Marcos (FSM) es una estructura que atraviesa al estado de Coahuila con rumbo general NW-SE. Esta estructura forma parte de un sistema de fallas normales en el Jurásico Medio con una reactivación en el Jurásico Tardío, condicionó el depósito de unidades carbonatadas durante el Cretácico Temprano y se reactivó como falla inversa posiblemente en el Paleógeno. El límite nororiental de la plataforma de Coahuila coincide con la traza de la FSM y en la localidad de Las Palomas, Coahuila, es donde mejor se expone. En este sitio las capas de la Formación Cupido cabalgan sobre lutitas calcáreas pelágicas, a las cuales nos referimos informalmente como Capas Cerro La Bruja (CCLB). Esta unidad se correlaciona con la Formación Eagle Ford en la cuenca de Sabinas al norte y con la Formación Indidura en la cuenca de Parras, al sur. Las CCLB se observan sub-horizontales sobre la plataforma de Coahuila, ya que sólo se acortaron en los 400 metros más próximos a la traza de la FSM. La actividad de la falla provocó el desarrollo de pliegues tipo chevron, los cuales se disponen en una cuña de deformación limitada por una falla basal que separa a las rocas plegadas de aquellas no plegadas. Un análisis detallado de pliegues permitió estimar un acortamiento horizontal de alrededor de 500 metros. Considerando que sólo hay una generación de pliegues en las CCLB y que el acortamiento fue causado por la actividad de la FSM. Basado en la estimación de este acortamiento, se propone un nuevo método para estimar el desplazamiento mínimo de la traza frontal del sistema de la FSM, el cual toma en cuenta el acortamiento de las CCLB y la inclinación de la falla. Dicho método permitió estimar un desplazamiento mínimo de 1300 m sobre el plano frontal de la falla, lo cual es consistente con las estimaciones de más de 3000 m, realizadas por autores previos para todo el sistema de fallas. La estimación de desplaza- miento a lo largo de fallas mayores siempre ha sido un reto en el análisis estructural, por lo cual consideramos que nuestro nuevo método puede ser una valiosa herramienta para determinar desplazamiento sobre fallas mayores.