Abstract Purpose To assess Cyclosporine A (CsA) therapy at an intraperitoneal dose of 15 mg.kg -1 in a rodent model of non-septic renal ischemia. Methods Twenty male Wistar rats were randomized to receive CsA therapy or none therapy before undergoing 30 minutes of renal ischemia followed by reperfusion. Additionally, 10 rats were randomized to undergo the same surgical procedure of the aforementioned animals with neither ischemia nor CsA therapy. Twelve hours after kidney ischemia, the left kidneys were evaluated for histological injury according to Park’s criteria. Serum creatinine (Cr), urea nitrogen (Ur) and sodium levels were obtained at different times of the experimental protocol. Results Rodents in the CsA group showed negative results (p<0.05) in serum variables (Cr: 0.41±0.05mg/dL vs . 4.17±1.25mg/dL; Ur: 40.90±3.98mg/dL vs . 187.70±22.93mg/dL) even the non CsA or control group (Cr: 0.35±0.07mg/dL vs . 3.80±1.20mg/dL; Ur: 40.10±4.70mg/dL vs . 184.50±49.80mg/dL). The negative results were also verified in histological evaluation, CsA group had 50% in the very severe grade of lesion, 10% in the severe and 40% in the moderate to severe whereas the control group had 90% in the very severe grade. Conclusion CsA was incapable of preventing the deleterious effects of ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat kidneys.

RESUMO Este artigo apresenta a noção de valor aplicado à análise da moeda, elaborada por Nicole Oresme, em 1355, e Nicolau Copérnico, em 1526. Mostramos que, para os autores, o valor da moeda deve ser estável e determinado pela comunidade em atividades de compra e venda. Também mostramos como esses autores opõem-se à instabilidade do valor, especialmente a desvalorização promovida pelo governante. Argumentamos que ambos os autores criam sistemas de medição e controle do valor da moeda em tempos de turbulência monetária. De acordo com Oresme e Copérnico, a instabilidade no valor da moeda não só mantém o comércio distante, em outros reinos ou repúblicas, mas também revela a má conduta do príncipe, aquele que é investido de autoridade política e monetária nas sociedades europeias dos séculos XIV e XVI.

ABSTRACT This paper presents the notion of value applied to the analysis of currency, elaborated by Nicole Oresme, in 1355, and Nicolas Copernicus, in 1526. It shows that, to these authors, currency value must be stable and determined by the community engaged in activites of buying and selling. It also shows how they are opposed to instability of value, especially to its devaluation promoted by the government. It argues that both authors create systems for measuring and controlling of currency value in times of monetary turmoil. According to Oresme and Copernicus, instability of currency value not only keeps commerce faraway, in other kingdoms or republics, but also reveals the misconduct of the prince, the one who is invested with political and monetary authority in European societies of the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries.

Este artigo mostra como Oresme orienta o leitor do "Tratado" a pensar a organização da vida política no processo histórico do século XIV a partir do estudo sobre a alteração da moeda.

This paper shows how Oresme guides the reader of his "Treatise" to a thought in order to connect the organization of political life in the historical process of the 14th Century based on the study on the change in money.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of parecoxib (an NSAID) on renal function by measuring plasma NGAL (serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin) levels in an induced-ischemia rat model.METHODS: Forty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to one of four groups: Ischemia (I), Ischemia/parecoxib (IP), No-ischemia (NI), and No-ischemia/parecoxib (NIP). Body weight, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, body temperature, NGAL levels, and renal histology were compared across groups.RESULTS: The Ischemia (I) group, which did not receive parecoxib, showed the highest NGAL levels (p=0.001), while the IP group, which received the medication, had NGAL levels similar to those of the non-ischemic (NI and NIP) groups.CONCLUSION:Parecoxib resulted in renal protection in this experimental model.

PURPOSE:To investigate whether allopurinol exerts a protective effect on kidneys by measuring new kidney injury biomarkers (NGALp, NGALu, KIM 1 and IL 18) and analysing the renal function and histology in uninephrectomised rats subjected to ischaemia-reperfusion injury.METHODS: Thirty two Wistar rats were randomly allocated to four groups: Sham (S): laparotomy; Control (C): laparotomy and ischaemia-reperfusion in the left kidney; Control Allopurinol (CA): laparotomy and allopurinol at a dose of 100mg·kg1·d 1; and Allopurinol (A): laparotomy ischaemia-reperfusion in the left kidney and allopurinol at a dose of 100mg·kg 1·d1. The NGALp, NGALu, KIM 1, IL 18 and creatinine levels and the kidney histology were analysed. The significance level was established as p<0.05.RESULTS:Creatinine level increased in all the groups, with A ≈ C > S ≈ CA. The NGALp, NGALu and IL 18 levels exhibited similar behaviour in all the groups. KIM 1 was higher in group A than C and showed intermediate values in groups S and CA. Severity of injury in the left kidney was greater in groups C and A compared to S and CA.CONCLUSION:Allopurinol did not exert protective or damaging effects on the kidneys of rats subjected to ischaemia-reperfusion injury.

Sob a orientação da Teoria da Autodeterminação foi elaborado um instrumento para avaliar a motivação de estudantes do Ensino Médio para realizar atividades da disciplina de Física e buscaram-se evidências de sua validade. À pergunta inicial "Por que eu faço as atividades nas aulas de Física?" seguiu-se um conjunto de 55 afirmativas, em escala Likert de cinco pontos. A escala foi aplicada a uma amostra composta por 708 estudantes do Ensino Médio. Foram realizadas as seguintes análises estatísticas: análise fatorial, com extração dos componentes principais; análises de consistência interna; estatísticas descritivas e correlação de Pearson. Foram encontrados seis fatores representativos: Desmotivação α=0,89; Regulação Externa - RP (Regras ou Punições) α=0,73; Regulação Externa - RS (Recompensas Sociais) α=0,76; Regulação Introjetada α=0,68; Regulação Identificada α=0,91 e Motivação Intrínseca α=0,93, os quais explicam 51,74% da variabilidade dos dados. Os resultados indicaram que a escala é confiável e apta para ser utilizada em novas investigações.

Based on the Theory of Self-Determination we prepared an instrument to evaluate the motivation of high school students when developing activities of the Physics. We sought to evidence the scale validity, by asking an initial question: Why do I do the activities in the physics classes?." It was presented a set of 55 affirmatives, in a Likert scale with five-point. This scale was applied to a sample of 708 high school students. Were conducted the following statistical tests: factor analysis, with principal components extraction; analysis of internal consistency, descriptive statistics and the Pearson correlation. We found six representative factors: demotivation α=0.89; External Regulation - RP (Rules or Punishment) α=0.73; External Regulation - RS (Social Rewards) α=0.76; Introjected Regulation α=0.68; Identified Regulation α=0.91 and Intrinsic Motivation α=0.93, explaining 51.74% of data variability. The results indicate that we may trust the scale and we can use it in future research projects..

Orientados por la Teoría de la Autodeterminación se diseñó un instrumento para evaluar la motivación de estudiantes de enseñanza de nivel secundario para realizar actividades de la disciplina de Física y se buscó evidencias de su validez. A la pregunta inicial "¿Por qué hago las actividades en las clases de Física?" le seguía un conjunto de 55 afirmativas en escala Likert de cinco puntos. La escala se administró a una muestra de 708 estudiantes de Enseñanza Secundaria. Se realizaron los siguientes análisis estadísticos: análisis factorial con extracción de los componentes principales; análisis de consistencia interna; estadísticas descriptivas y correlación de Pearson. Se encontraron seis factores representativos: Desmotivación α=0,89; Regulación Externa - RC (Reglas o Castigos) α=0,73; Regulación Externa - RS (Recompensas Sociales) α=0,76; Regulación Introyectada α=0,68; Regulación Identificada α=0,91 y Motivación Intrínseca α=0,93. Tales factores explican 51,74% de la variabilidad de los datos. Los resultados indicaron que la escala es fiable y apta para ser utilizada en nuevas investigaciones.

PURPOSE: To compare fluid replacement therapy with Hydroxyethyl starch 6% (HES) versus Ringer's lactate (RL) in a rodent model of non-septic renal ischemia. METHODS: Forty male Wistar rats were randomized to receive HES 2 ml.kg-1.hr-1or RL 5 ml. kg-1.hr-1 that underwent 30 minutes of renal ischemia followed by reperfusion. Twelve hours after kidney ischemia, the kidneys were evaluated for histological changes. Serum NGAL levels were obtained at different times of the experimental protocol. RESULTS: Rodents in the HES group had a median (IQR) grade of renal injury 3 (3 to 5) compared to 2 (2 to 4) in the RL group (p=0.03). NGAL levels were not associated with the severity of kidney injury. CONCLUSION: Hydroxyethyl starch administration caused more kidney injury than Ringer's lactate in a non-infectious model of renal hypoperfusion.