ABSTRACT Introduction: Intermittent training can effectively promote better physical and psychological quality in athletes. Due to the great increase in aerobic gymnastics practice, interval training has also been gradually considered in the daily training of aerobic sports practitioners. Objective: Study the effects of the interference of high-intensity interval training interventions on strength quality and other physical indicators related to aerobic specialties. Methods: 25 subjects participated in the experimental group, and 25 participated in the control group. The participants had 12 weeks of training, with one hour of physical training on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. The training mode of the subjects in the experimental group was interval training, while the training mode of the subjects in the control group was daily training. Results: The results of long jump, push-up, 100m run, and 30m round-trip run in the experimental group increased by 17.59%, 23.63%, 17.83%, and 23.98%, respectively. Conclusion: Aerobic gymnastic athletes' physical quality can improve through high-intensity interval training. Thus, if the teaching method of intermittent training can be combined within a given period of classroom training, it will enable an efficient and diversified training method for teaching aerobic gymnastics more innovatively and diversely. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMEN Introducción: El entrenamiento intermitente puede promover eficazmente una mejor calidad física y psicológica en los atletas. Debido al gran aumento de la práctica de la gimnasia aeróbica, el entrenamiento por intervalos también se ha ido considerando gradualmente en el entrenamiento diario de los practicantes de deportes aeróbicos. Objetivo: Estudiar los efectos de interferencia de las intervenciones de entrenamiento interválico de alta intensidad sobre la calidad de la fuerza y otros indicadores físicos relacionados con las especialidades aeróbicas. Métodos: 25 sujetos participaron en el grupo experimental y 25 sujetos en el grupo de control. Los participantes tuvieron 12 semanas de entrenamiento con una hora de entrenamiento físico los lunes, miércoles y viernes. El modo de entrenamiento de los sujetos del grupo experimental fue el entrenamiento por intervalos, mientras que el modo de entrenamiento de los sujetos del grupo de control fue el entrenamiento diario. Resultados: Los resultados de salto de longitud, flexiones, carrera de 100 m y carrera de 30 m ida y vuelta en el grupo experimental aumentaron un 17,59%, 23,63%, 17,83% y 23,98% respectivamente. Conclusión: La calidad física de los atletas de gimnasia aeróbica puede mejorar mediante el entrenamiento por intervalos de alta intensidad. Por lo tanto, si el método de enseñanza del entrenamiento intermitente puede combinarse dentro de un periodo determinado de formación en el aula, permitirá un método de entrenamiento eficaz y diverso para enseñar la gimnasia aeróbica de una forma más innovadora y diversa. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

RESUMO Introdução: O treinamento intermitente pode promover efetivamente a uma melhor qualidade física e psicológica dos atletas. Devido ao grande aumento da prática de ginástica aeróbica, o treinamento intervalado também tem sido paulatinamente considerado no treinamento diário dos praticantes do esporte aeróbico. Objetivo: Estudar os efeitos da interferência das intervenções de treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade sobre a qualidade da força e outros indicadores físicos relacionados às especialidades de aeróbica. Métodos: No grupo experimental participaram 25 sujeitos e 25 sujeitos no grupo de controle. Os participantes tiveram 12 semanas de treinamento com uma hora de treinamento físico na segunda, quarta e sexta-feira. O modo de treinamento dos sujeitos no grupo experimental foi o treinamento intervalado, enquanto o modo de treinamento dos sujeitos no grupo de controle foi o treinamento cotidiano. Resultados: Os resultados do salto em distância, flexão, corrida de 100m e corrida de 30m de ida e volta no grupo experimental aumentaram em 17,59%, 23,63%, 17,83% e 23,98% respectivamente. Conclusão: A qualidade física dos atletas de ginástica aeróbica pode ser melhorada através de treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade. Desta forma, se o método de ensino do treinamento intermitente puder ser combinado dentro de um período determinado de treinamento em sala de aula, ele possibilitará um método de treinamento eficiente e diversificado para o ensino de ginástica aeróbica de forma mais inovadora e diversificada. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Aerobic gymnastics will be implemented in several universities’ physical education elective course schedules due to its unique advantages, including lower physical environment demands and rapid applicability. Objective: Study the effects of physical training with aerobic gymnastics on the physical fitness of female university students. Methods: The controlled experiment was performed on female undergraduate students of the physical education course at a university. The volunteers were divided into a control group, subjected to the existing aerobics teaching plan, and the experimental group, which practiced an enhanced program compared to the existing aerobics teaching plan. The competitive aerobics physical training method, along with a 30-minute physical training plan, was performed in each class. Another course design and organization were performed according to the existing teaching plan. Results: The mean score of the experimental group before the experiment was 45.22; 49.36 in the second week; 55.22 in the fourth week, 62.89 in the sixth week, 70.2 at the eighth week, and 76.73 at the end of 10 weeks of training. Conclusion: The aerobic physical training program proposed in this work presented a better effect on the fitness gain of female university students. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMEN Introducción: La gimnasia aeróbica será implementada en la programación de cursos electivos de educación física en varias universidades debido a sus ventajas únicas que incluyen menores exigencias del ambiente físico y rápida aplicabilidad. Objetivo: Estudiar los efectos del entrenamiento físico con gimnasia aeróbica en la aptitud física de estudiantes universitarias. Métodos: El experimento controlado se realizó en estudiantes universitarias del curso de educación física de una universidad. Los voluntarios se dividieron en un grupo de control, sometido al plan de enseñanza de aeróbic existente; y el grupo experimental, que practicó un programa mejorado en relación con el plan de enseñanza de aeróbic existente. El método de entrenamiento físico en aeróbic de competición, junto con un plan de entrenamiento físico de 30 minutos, se llevó a cabo en cada clase. El diseño y la organización de otro curso se llevaron a cabo de acuerdo con el plan de enseñanza existente. Resultados: La puntuación media del grupo experimental antes del experimento era de 45,22; 49,36 en la segunda semana; 55,22 en la cuarta semana, 62,89 en la sexta semana, 70,2 en la octava semana y 76,73 al final de las 10 semanas de entrenamiento. Conclusión: El programa de entrenamiento físico aeróbico propuesto en este trabajo presentó un mejor efecto en la ganancia de la aptitud física de las estudiantes universitarias. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

RESUMO Introdução: A ginástica aeróbica será implementada na grade de cursos eletivos de educação física em várias universidades devido a suas vantagens singulares que incluem menores exigências do ambiente físico e rápida aplicabilidade. Objetivo: Estudar os efeitos do treinamento físico com a ginástica aeróbica sobre a aptidão física das estudantes universitárias. Métodos: O experimento controlado foi executado em universitárias do curso de educação física de uma universidade. As voluntárias foram divididas em grupo controle, submetido ao plano de ensino de aeróbica existente; e o grupo experimental, que praticou um programa aperfeiçoado em relação ao plano de ensino de aeróbica existente. O método de treinamento físico em aeróbica competitiva, juntamente a um plano de treinamento físico de 30 minutos foi realizado em cada aula. Outro projeto e organização do curso foram realizados de acordo com o plano de ensino existente. Resultados: A pontuação média do grupo experimental antes do experimento foi de 45,22; 49,36 na segunda semana; 55,22 na quarta semana, 62,89 na sexta semana, 70,2 na oitava semana e 76,73 ao final de 10 semanas de treinamento. Conclusão: O programa de treinamento físico aeróbico proposto neste trabalho apresentou um melhor efeito sobre o ganho da aptidão física das universitárias. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMO: A aplicação de herbicidas é um método eficaz de controle de ervas daninhas para mitigar a perda de produtividade das culturas. No entanto, o uso excessivo de herbicidas pode causar toxicidade em plantas não alvo. O presente estudo avaliou os efeitos da dose recomendada para aplicação agrícola (0.45 kg ha-1) e dose excessiva (0.90 kg ha-1) de glufosinato no desempenho fotossintético e assimilação de nitrogênio das variedades de colza D148 e Zhongshuang 11 (ZS11). Ambas as concentrações de glutamato diminuíram significativamente o teor de clorofila e compostos azotados, exceto a prolina livre, e a atividade de síntese da glutamina e de síntese de glutamato, e aumentaram a atividade de desidrogenase do ácido glutâmico em ambas as variedades. Quando a concentração de glifosato foi 0.45 kg ha-1, a assimilação de azoto das duas variedades diminuiu, o que indicou que a dosagem recomendada de glifosato inibiu a assimilação de azoto das duas variedades de colza. Entretanto, a taxa fotosintética líquida do D148 aumentou enquanto o do ZS11 diminuiu, o que significa que o D148 é mais tolerante a dose recomendada de glifosato do que o ZS11. A dose de 0.90 kg ha-1 de glifosato foi prejudicial para as mudas de duas variedades de colza. Em geral, os nossos resultados indicam que o uso excessivo de glufosinato inibe a taxa fotossintética e a assimilação de nitrogênio em mudas de colza, sendo essencial aplicar uma dose adequada deste herbicida com base na variedade cultivada para minimizar os efeitos adversos nas culturas e no meio ambiente.

ABSTRACT: Herbicide application is an effective weed control method for mitigating crop yield loss; however, herbicide overuse can cause toxicity in non-target plants. The present study evaluated the effects of glufosinate at recommended dose for agricultural application (0.45 kg ha-1) and at overuse dose (0.90 kg ha-1) glufosinate application on photosynthetic performance and nitrogen assimilation of the rapeseed varieties D148 and Zhongshuang 11 (ZS11). Both glufosinate concentrations significantly decreased the content of chlorophyll and nitrogenous compounds, except free proline, and the activity of glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase, and increased the activity of glutamic acid dehydrogenase in both varieties. When the concentration of glyphosate was 0.45kg ha-1, the nitrogen assimilation of the two varieties decreased, which indicated that the recommended dosage inhibited the nitrogen assimilation of the two varieties; however, the increase of net photosynthetic rate of D148 and the decrease of that of ZS11 mean that D148 is more tolerant to the recommended dose of glyphosate than ZS11. The 0.90 kg ha-1 dosage was toxic to both rapeseed varieties. Overall, our results indicated that herbicide overuse inhibited the photosynthetic rate and nitrogen assimilation in rapeseed seedlings, and it is essential to apply a suitable glufosinate dose based on the variety grown to minimize adverse effects on crops and environment.

RESUMEN Los efectos de la relación de consolidación, la presión de confinamiento efectiva, el contenido de grava y la rotura de gránulos en el módulo de corte y la relación de amortiguación de la grava se han investigado ampliamente en los últimos años. Sin embargo, los estudios sobre el efecto de la forma granular son escasos. Por lo tanto, bajo diferentes presiones de confinamiento, se realizaron pruebas triaxiales dinámicas en muestras de grava para investigar el efecto de la forma granular en el módulo de corte y la relación de amortiguamiento de las muestras de grava utilizando un instrumento de prueba triaxial multifuncional. Las muestras consistieron en dos tipos de grava con la misma composición de grano y una densidad relativa del 45%. Los resultados de la prueba indican que, cuando la presión de confinamiento y la amplitud de tensión de corte superan los 300 kPa y 7x10-4, respectivamente, la grava con una forma granular redonda tiene un módulo de corte más alto en comparación con una forma angular. A la inversa, cuando la amplitud de la tensión de cizallamiento excede de 2x10-4, la relación de amortiguamiento de la grava angular excede la de los gránulos redondos.

ABSTRACT The effects of the consolidation ratio, effective confining pressure, gravel content, and granule breakage on the shear modulus and damping ratio of gravel have been extensively researched in recent years. However, studies on the effect of the granular shape are rare. Thus, under different confining pressures, dynamic triaxial tests were performed on gravel specimens to investigate the effect of granular shape on the shear modulus and damping ratio of gravel specimens by using a multifunctional triaxial testing instrument. The samples consisted of two kinds of gravel with the same grain composition and relative density of 45%. The test results indicate that, when the confining pressure and shear strain amplitude exceed 300 kPa and 7×10-4, respectively, gravel with a round granular shape has a higher shear modulus compared to an angular shape. Conversely, when the shear strain amplitude exceeds 2×10-4, the damping ratio of angular gravel exceeds that of round granules.

ABSTRACT We present the case of a 28 year old patient with an incomplete tear of the tunica albuginea occurred after having sexual intercourse in the female superior position. The diagnostic assessment was performed first clinically, then with CT, owing to its high resolution, allowed to exactly detect the tear location leading to precise preoperative planning. After adequate diagnosis through imaging and proper planning, the patient was performed a selective minimally invasive surgical approach to repair the lesion. The patient had good erection with no angular deformity or plaque formation after a 3-month follow-up.

Abstract The construction of the cross passage changes the main tunnels segment from a complete cylindrical structure to a notched unstable stressed structure. Thus, the overall force (bending and shearing) performance of the main tunnels is considerably decreased. The excavation of the cross passage also destroys the stability of the original soil layer and main tunnels and causes difficulty in avoiding the settlement of the surface and main tunnels. Numerical simulation analysis of the mechanical characteristics and influencing factors analysis were carried out using FLAC3D. Results show that (1) the construction of the cross passage largely disturbs the main tunnels. The settlement of the intersection part of the main tunnels and cross passage is mainly concentrated from −7 m to 7 m. (2) During the construction of the cross passage, the original main tunnels are subjected to stress redistribution, which causes stress concentration in the intersecting segments, especially in the opening side segment has an unfavorable force form in which the upper and lower sections are integrally pulled. (3) The construction of the cross passage causes a large tensile stress area in the structure as well. As a result, the overall tension of the upper and lower sections of the structure and the compression of the hance are unfavorable. (4) The influence of the excavation of the cross passage on the surface and main tunnels is related to the buried depth, intersection angle, excavation method, and grouting range. Therefore, the influence of different parameters can be analyzed by changing the model parameters.

Summary Objective: To investigate the neuropsychological characteristics and changes in CRP, S100B, MBP, HSP-7, and NSE in serum. Method: Sixty-six (66) patients treated in our hospital as CCCI group were chosen for our study, and 90 patients with depression were selected as the depression group. The patients in both groups were examined with CT perfusion, depression, anxiety and cognition evaluation. Their serum CRP, S100B, MBP, HSP-70 and NSE levels were detected. Neuropsychological and serum markers characteristics were compared. Results: The CBF and CBV in bilateral basal ganglia, frontal lobes, greater oval center, brain stem, and left and right regions of occipital lobes of the patients in CCCI group were significantly lower than in the depression group. The HAMD and HAMA scores of CCCI group patients were significantly lower than in the depression group; CCCI group performed better regarding attention, memory, abstract terms and delayed recall. CCCI also had significantly higher total scores than the depression group. Serum CRP, S100B, MBP, HSP-70 and NSE levels in CCCI group were significantly higher than in the depression group. The differences reach statistical significance (p<0.05). Conclusion: CCCI patients who are accompanied by minor depressive disorder have different degrees of cognitive impairment and experience a significant rise in serum CRP, S100B, MBP, HSP-70 and NSE.

Background and aim: To improve the diagnostic rate of gastric lymphoma by analyzing clinical and endoscopic features of patients with gastric lymphoma and suspected gastric lymphoma. Methods: Clinical and endoscopic records of 35 patients with gastric lymphoma (positive group) and 133 patients with suspected gastric lymphoma but subsequent non-malignant pathology (negative group) were analyzed retrospectively. Data from another 99 gastric lymphoma patients with malignant pathology but nonspecific endoscopy (endoscopy non-suspect group) were analyzed. Results: Abdominal pain was the predominant symptom reported in both the positive and negative lymphoma groups, representing 60.0 and 52.5%, respectively. No significant differences in age, sex and clinical manifestations in subjects from the two groups were found. In the positive group, 54.3% were ulcerative; 34.3%, infiltrative; 8.5%, polypoid; and 2.9%, granulonodular. In the negative group, 52.6% were infiltrative; 42.1%, ulcerative; 4.5%, granulonodular; and 0.75%, polypoid. The endoscopic results varied between the two groups (p < 0.05). In the non-suspect group, 66.7% were ulcerative; 17.2%, infiltrative; 14.1%, polypoid; and 2.0%, granulonodular. With regards to histology, diffuse large B cell lymphoma was the most common subtype. The sensitivity of endoscopy was 60% for detecting malignancy and 21% for gastric lymphoma. Conclusion: The present study suggests that gastric lymphoma and suspected gastric lymphoma have similar clinical features. Gastric lymphoma presented mainly as macroscopic ulcerative lesions, whereas suspected gastric lymphoma appeared mainly as infiltrative lesions. Although the diagnostic rate of gastric lymphoma was relatively low (21%), it can be identified by endoscopy (60%). To improve diagnosis, repetitive endoscopic biopsies should be performed and novel endoscopic techniques developed in the future.

Abstract Here goes the abstract. For instance, one can write that this work The experimental research of thin circular plate of pseudo-elastic TiNi alloy under fixed supports and transversal impact loading was conducted through using the modified apparatus of Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar. The experiment results of pseudo-elastic TiNi alloy was compared with that of A3 steel. The nature of dynamic mechanical response of the structure in spatio-temporal scale, including the propagation of flexible wave in the plate, evolution of transformation zones and full-field out of plane displacement were derived. The results show that transformation zones and transformation hinge may generate near the center of the plate (about 5mm) because of two-dimensional diffusion effect of the circular plate under impact loading. The transformation hinge disappears after unloading; however, the A3 steel plate has residual deformation obviously. The impact response of TiNi alloy thin circular plate is dominated by the thermo-elastic martensite phase transformation and inverse transformation, which differs from the conventional elastic-plastic transformation mechanism.

To apply the ultrasonic 3D reconstruction method to measure the anatomic image data of lacrimal sac in the normal adult Chinese population, providing imaging anatomical basis for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of lacrimal duct diseases. 80 volunteers without lacrimal duct diseases were enrolled. The GE Voluson E8 ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus was used, with gynecological intracavitary probe (frequency: 5 ~ 12MHz) for the examination and measurement. Each datum was repeated three times for the average value. Among the 80 eyes, the lacrimal sacs of 74 eyes exhibited the clear imaging, with the imaging rate as 92.5 %. the vertical diameter of lacrimal sac cavity (LSC): 13.3±2.2 mm; anteroposterior diameter: 6.0±1.1 mm; trans diameter: 4.9±0.9 mm; the vertical distance from the sac cavity top to the skin surface: 6.3±0.12 mm, the vertical distance from the sac cavity bottom to the skin surface: 6.5±0.11 mm; the distance from the angular artery to the medial canthus: 7.8±0.05 mm; the vertical distance from the angular artery to the skin surface: 7.7±0.08 mm. The lacrimal sac and angular artery in the adults could be shown clearly in ultrasonic 3D reconstruction, the accumulated anatomical parameters could provide the instructive meanings towards the clinical diagnosis and treatment of lacrimal diseases.

El objetivo de este estudio consistió en aplicar el método de reconstrucción 3D de ultrasonidos para medir los datos de las imágenes anatómicas del saco lagrimal en una población china adulta normal, proporcionando imágenes con base anatómica para el diagnóstico clínico y el tratamiento de las enfermedades de los conductos lagrimales. La muestra consistió en 80 voluntarios sin enfermedades de los conductos lagrimales. Se utilizó el aparato de ultrasonido GE Voluson E8, con una sonda intracavitaria ginecológica (frecuencia: 5 ~ 12 MHz) para realizar el examen y la medición. Cada dato se repitió tres veces para obtener el valor medio. De los 80 ojos, los sacos lagrimales de 74 ojos mostraron una imagen clara, siendo la tasa de formación de imágenes del 92,5 %. Se realizaron mediciones: diámetro vertical de la cavidad del saco lagrimal (LSC): 13,3 ± 2,2 mm; diámetro anteroposterior: 6,0 ± 1,1 mm; diámetro transversal: 4,9 ± 0,9 mm; distancia vertical desde la porción superior de la cavidad del saco lagrimal hasta la superficie de la piel: 6,3 ± 0,12 mm, distancia vertical desde el fondo de la cavidad del saco lagrimal hasta la superficie de la piel: 6,5 ± 0,11 mm; distancia desde la arteria angular al canto medial: 7,8 ± 0,05 mm; distancia vertical desde la arteria angular a la superficie de la piel: 7,7 ± 0,08 mm. El saco lagrimal y la arteria angular en los adultos se podría demostrar claramente en la reconstrucción 3D con ultrasonido. Los parámetros anatómicos acumulados podrían ser de significativo valor para un certero diagnóstico clínico y tratamiento de enfermedades de los sacos lagrimales.

Soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) root rot is an important disease of soybean under continuous cropping, and root rot is widely distributed throughout the world. This disease is extremely harmful, and it is difficult to prevent and control. The study aimed to elucidate the composition of root rot pathogenic fungal communities in the continuous cropping of soybean. In this study, we employed PCR- DGGE technology to analyze the communities of root rot pathogenic fungi in soybean rhizosphere soil subjected to continuous cropping during a season with a high incidence of root rot in Heilongjiang province, China, the main soybean producing area in China. The results of 13 DGGE bands were analyzed by phylogenetic revealed that the predominant root rot pathogenic fungi in rhizosphere soil in the test area were Pythium ultimum and Fusarium species. The results of cluster analysis showed that the duration of continuous cropping, the soybean variety and the plant growth stage all had significant effects on the diversity of root rot pathogenic fungi in rhizosphere soil.

Background and aim: A simeprevir (SMV)-based regimen has shown promising results in treating chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. This meta-analysis aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of simeprevir for treating HCV genotype 1 infection. Methods: MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched, along with the reference lists of retrieved articles. The meta-analysis only included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared the efficacy and safety of addition of SMV to peginterferon (PegIFN) and ribavirin (RBV) (triple regimen) with PegIFN/RBV alone (dual regimen) in treating chronic HCV genotype 1 infection. Results: A total of seven RCTs involving 2,301 patients were included. The triple regimen had a higher pooled sustained virologic response (SVR) rate [odds ratio (OR) = 4.57; 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.34-6.27; p < 0.001)] and lower pooled relapse rate [relative risk (RR) = 0.41; 95% CI: 0.33-0.50; p < 0.001] than the dual regimen had. The pooled incidence of adverse events (AEs) was comparable between the two regimens (RR = 1.01; 95% CI: 0.99-1.03; p = 0.339), whereas the incidence of serious AEs in the triple regimen was lower (RR = 0.7; 95% CI: 0.50-0.98; p < 0.05). Conclusions: The meta-analysis demonstrates that the addition of SMV to pegIFN and RBV is effective and well-tolerated in treating chronic HCV genotype 1 infection, with a low incidence of AEs.

Objective: The role of epigenetic modifications on leptin expression during the development of obesity has not been clearly determined. This study aimed to investigate changes in the expression of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) at the leptin promoter and their effect on gene transcription during the development of obesity. Methods: Using a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese (DIO) mouse model, we examined adipose expression of leptin, its promoter associated DNMTs and the methyl CpG-binding domain protein 2 (MBD2) at different time points after HFD feeding. Results: The leptin expression levels in epididymal fat were significantly increased after feeding the mice a HFD for 4, 8, 12 and 18 weeks (w), as opposed to feeding them a standard diet (SD). However, the CpG promoter methylation fractions were significantly reduced at 8 w with a decreased association of MBD2 and DNMT1, and increased at 12 w and 18 w with an increased association of MBD2, DNMT3A and DNMT3B, after HFD feeding. Additionally, the binding of RNA polymerase II was increased at 8 w and decreased at 18 w after HFD feeding compared with SD feeding. Conclusions: These data indicate that time-specific changes in promoter associated DNMTs may be associated with the regulation of leptin expression, indicating that a complex and dynamic epigenetic mechanism underlies aberrant leptin expression during the development of obesity.

Objetivo: El objetivo de las modificaciones epigenéticas sobre la expresión de la leptina durante el desarrollo de obesidad no ha podido ser claramente establecido. Este estudio tiene por objetivo investigar los cambios en la expresión de ADN-metiltransferasas (ADNMTs) en el promotor de leptina y su efecto sobre la trascripción génica durante el desarrollo de obesidad. Métodos: Empleando un modelo de ratones con obesidad inducida por dieta rica en grasa (DRG), examinamos la expresión adiposa de leptina, su promotor asociado ADNMTs y la proteína 2 con dominio de unión a metil-CpG (MBD2) en diferentes momentos tras la alimentación DRG. Resultados: Los niveles de expresión de leptina en grasa epididimal aumentaron significativamente tras la alimentación de los ratones con una dieta DRG durante 4, 8, 12 y 18 semanas (s), contrariamente a la alimentación con dieta estándar (DE). Sin embargo, las fracciones de metilación del promotor CpG se redujeron significativamente en la s8 con una menor asociación de MBD2 y DNMT1, y aumentaron en la s12 y s18 con una mayor asociación de MBD2, DNMT3A y DNMT3B, tras la DRG. Además, la unión de ARN polimerasa II aumentó en la s8 y disminuyó en la s18 tras la DRG en comparación con la alimentación de DE. Conclusiones: Estos datos indican que los cambios en puntos temporales específicos en ADNMTs en relación con un promotor podrían estar relacionados con la regulación de la expresión de leptina, indicando que existe un mecanismo epigenético dinámico y complejo subyacente en la expresión de leptina aberrante durante el desarrollo de obesidad.

<img src="/img/revistas/bwho/v91n3/a10res03.jpg">

OBJECTIF: Évaluer la mise en œuvre du programme national des médicaments essentiels (PNME) en Chine rurale. MÉTHODES: Une enquête a été menée dans deux comtés/districts ruraux de trois provinces où le PNME a été mis en œuvre. Des informations ont été recueillies auprès du personnel du PNME, au niveau de la province, du comté/district, de la municipalité et du village. Les patients atteints de maladies chroniques ont également été interrogés. La prestation de services, les aspects financiers, les ordonnances, les dossiers des patients hospitalisés et les dépenses des patients avec certains diagnostics ont été étudiés dans les hôpitaux municipaux et les cliniques de village. Les résultats ont été comparés avec les données correspondantes, enregistrées avant le lancement du PNME. RÉSULTATS: Suite à la mise en œuvre du PNME, l'approvisionnement en médicaments dans chaque site faisant l'objet de l'étude a été systématisé. Les coûts totaux des médicaments ont diminué. Cela, ainsi qu'une amélioration de la prescription, a réduit les coûts des soins ambulatoires et hospitaliers et a conduit, apparemment, à une augmentation de l'utilisation des services de santé. Toutefois, les prix de certains médicaments ont augmenté et la disponibilité d'autres a diminué. L'indemnisation des prestataires de soins de santé pour compenser les réductions de revenus liées au PNME a été largement inefficace. Du fait du lancement du PNME, les établissements de santé dépendent davantage du financement public. De nombreux prestataires de soins se plaignent de charges de travail plus importantes et de revenus plus faibles. CONCLUSION: Bien qu'elle ait été correctement conçue, la mise en œuvre du PNME dans le système chinois de soins de santé, décentralisé et rémunéré à l'acte, n'a pas été simple. Il a mis en exergue les problèmes liés aux tentatives visant à moderniser les soins de santé et le financement de la santé au bénéfice des patients. Des mécanismes durables pour compenser la perte de revenu des fournisseurs de soins sont nécessaires pour assurer le succès du PNME.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate implementation of the National Essential Medicines Scheme (NEMS) in rural China. METHODS: Two rural counties/districts in each of three provinces where NEMS had been implemented were surveyed. Information was collected from NEMS staff at the province, county/district, township and village levels; patients with chronic disease were also interviewed. Service provision, finances, prescriptions, inpatient records and the expenditures of patients with certain diagnoses were investigated in township hospitals and village clinics. The results were compared with the corresponding data recorded before NEMS was introduced. FINDINGS: Following the introduction of NEMS, drug procurement in each study location was systematized. Total drug costs declined. This, and improved prescribing, reduced the costs of outpatient and inpatient care and led, apparently, to increased uptake of health services. However, the prices of some drugs had increased and the availability of others had declined. The compensation of health-care providers for NEMS-related reductions in their incomes had been largely ineffective. As a result of the introduction of NEMS, health facilities relied more on public financing. Many health-care providers complained about higher workloads and lower incomes. CONCLUSION: Although it was well conceived, the introduction of NEMS into China's decentralized, fee-for-service system of health care has not been straightforward. It has highlighted the problems associated with attempts to modernize health care and health financing for patients' benefit. Sustainable mechanisms to compensate health-care providers for lost income are needed to ensure that NEMS is a success.

<img src="/img/revistas/bwho/v91n3/a10res02.jpg">

<img src="/img/revistas/bwho/v91n3/a10res01.jpg">

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la puesta en práctica del Plan nacional de medicamentos esenciales (NEMS) en las zonas rurales de China. MÉTODOS: Se examinaron dos condados o distritos rurales en cada una de las tres provincias en las que se había implementado el NEMS. Se recogió información del personal del NEMS a nivel provincial, de condado/distrito, municipal y de aldea; también se entrevistó a pacientes con enfermedades crónicas. En los hospitales municipales y clínicas rurales se investigó la prestación de servicios, la situación económica, las recetas, los registros de pacientes hospitalizados y los gastos de los pacientes con ciertas enfermedades. Los resultados se compararon con los datos correspondientes registrados antes de la introducción del NEMS. RESULTADOS: Tras la introducción del NEMS se sistematizó la adquisición de medicamentos en cada lugar objeto de estudio y el precio de los medicamentos disminuyó. Esto, junto con una mejora en la prescripción de recetas, redujo los costes de la atención tanto a los pacientes ambulatorios como a los hospitalizados. Asimismo, condujo, al parecer, a una respuesta superior ante los servicios sanitarios. No obstante, el precio de algunos medicamentos aumentó y la disponibilidad de otros disminuyó. La remuneración a los proveedores de atención sanitaria por las reducciones salariales relacionadas con el NEMS ha sido en su mayor parte ineficaz. Como resultado de la introducción del NEMS, los centros de salud dependían más de la financiación pública y muchos proveedores de atención sanitaria se quejaban del aumento de la carga de trabajo y la reducción de los salarios. CONCLUSIÓN: Aunque bien concebida, la introducción del NEMS en el sistema de atención sanitaria descentralizado y de pago por servicios de China no ha sido sencilla. Han destacado los problemas relacionados con los intentos de modernizar la atención sanitaria y la financiación de la salud en beneficio de los pacientes. A fin de asegurar el éxito del NEMS, se necesitan mecanismos sostenibles para compensar a los proveedores de atención sanitaria por la pérdida de ingresos.

Para proveer guías acerca de la utilización y conservación de los parasitoides del defoliador forestal Orgyia ericae se inventariaron sus especies de parasitoides. Se identificaron los estados de desarrollo del lepidóptero con las distintas especies de parasitoides así como sus patrones de emergencia. Se adelantaron observaciones de emergencia desde las 7am hasta 12pm hasta que todos los adultos emergieron. Tiempo de pupación, patrones de emergencia y abundancia del parasitoide Exorista larvarum se registró en detalle. Se analizaron la abundancia y patrones de emergencia de Bracon (Habrobracon) sp. y Tetrastichus sp. Bracon (Habrobracon) sp. y E. larvarum exhibieron un solo pico de emergencia mientras que Tetrastichus sp. muestra dos picos. La emergencia diaria de Bracon (Habrobracon) sp., Tetrastichus sp. y E. larvarum fue mayor entre las 3 a 5pm, 3 a 5pm y 7 a 8am, respectivamente. La pupación de E. larvarum mostró dos picos.

To provide guidance on the utilization and conservation of the forest defoliator Orgyia ericae parasitoids, we survey its parasitoid species. We identifed the developmental stages associated with the different parasitoids, and the emergence pattern of adult parasitoids. Observations of hatching were conducted hourly from 7am to 12pm until all adults had emerged. Pupation time, emergence patterns, and the abundance of Exorista larvarum parasitoids were recorded in detail. The abundance and daily emergence patterns of Bracon (Habrobracon) sp., and Tetrastichus sp. were analyzed. Bracon (Habrobracon) sp. and E. larvarum both had only one emergence peak, whereas Tetrastichus sp. had two. The daily emergence of Bracon (Habrobracon) sp., Tetrastichus sp. and E. larvarum peaked at 3 to 5pm, 3 to 5pm and 7 to 8am, respectively. The E. larvarum pupation distribution was characterized by two peaks.