ABSTRACT The present study aimed to compare the mood of young beach volleyball athletes according to the result of the match. Sixteen male athletes participated in the study (age= 17± 2.44 years). All were submitted to a simulated competition, following the official rules. Previously, the athletes responded (30 minutes before playing) to the Profile of Mood States (POMS), divided into the dimensions tension, depression, hostility, vigor, fatigue, and confusion. The data were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test, according to the result (winner and loser). The biserial correlation coefficient per point (Kendall’s Tau) and determination (т-square) were calculated for the variables with a significant difference, adopting a 5% significance. Regardless of the result, the observed profile was iceberg characterised by high vigour and low in other dimensions. In addition, there was a significant difference only in the “confusion” dimension (Winner= 2.00 vs Loser= 5.50; U= 13.00; p=.043; d= 1.151). Additionally, the correlation and determination coefficient was т= 0.457 (p=.043) e т2= 0.208, respectively. Regardless of the result, the mood profile 30 minutes before the game was “iceberg”. Furthermore, the “confusion” subscale was identified as the main psychological performance indicator, explaining ∼20% of the variation between winning and losing.

RESUMO O objetivo foi comparar o estado de humor de jovens atletas de voleibol de praia em função do resultado do jogo. Participaram do estudo 16 atletas (idade= 17± 2,44 anos). Todos foram submetidos a uma competição simulada, seguindo as regras oficiais. Previamente, os atletas respondiam (30 minutos antes de jogar), ao Perfil de Estados de Humor (POMS), divididos nas dimensões tensão, depressão, raiva, vigor, fadiga e confusão. Os dados foram comparados utilizando o teste U de Mann-Whitney, de acordo com o desempenho (vencedor e perdedor). Além disso, calculou-se o coeficiente de correlação bisserial por ponto (Tau de Kendall) e determinação (т-quadrado), para as variáveis com diferença significante, adotando significância 5%. Independentemente do desempenho o perfil de humor observado foi “iceberg”. Além disso, verificou-se diferença significante na dimensão “confusão” (Vencedor= 2,00 Vs. Perdedor= 5,50; U= 13,00; p= 0,043; d= 1,151). Adicionalmente, o coeficiente de correlação e determinação foi т= 0,457 (p= 0,043) e т2= 0,208, respectivamente. Independente do resultado, o perfil de humor 30 minutos antes do jogo foi “iceberg”. Para mais, a subescala “confusão” foi o principal indicador de desempenho psicológico identificado, explicando ∼20% a variação entre vencer e perder.

RESUMO Esse estudo objetivou comparar indicadores temporais de acordo com o tipo de set e a diferença da pontuação final. Participaram do estudo 25 times masculinos de voleibol de praia (15 - 17 anos), que competiram nos Jogos Escolares Brasileiro, fase nacional. Foram observados 21 jogos, 42 sets e 1374 rallies. As variáveis analisadas foram a duração do rally, tempo de descanso entre os rallies, tempo total de trabalho, tempo total de descanso, duração do set, razão tempo de descanso : tempo de trabalho e quantidade de rallies. Comparou-se os indicadores de tempo entre o tipo de set (1ºset Vs. 2ºset) e categorias de equilíbrio de acordo com a diferença da pontuação final (desequilibrado, moderado equilíbrio e equilibrado), utilizando teste t e Anova de uma via, respectivamente. Não foi encontrada diferença significativa entre o 1º e 2º set, no entanto, efeito moderado foi observado no tempo total de trabalho. A diferença da pontuação final afetou a duração do set, o tempo total de trabalho e o trabalho total de descanso, mostrando uma tendência linear entre os níveis de equilíbrio. Os indicadores temporais parecem não se alterar em relação ao tipo de set, porém, há uma tendência de aumento do tempo de trabalho do 1º para o 2º set. Finalmente, a pontuação influencia a duração do set, tempo total de trabalho e tempo total de descanso, sem modificar a relação esforço : pausa.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to compare temporal indicators according to the type of set and final score difference. Twenty-five teams of male beach volleyball players (15 - 17 years old) competed in Brazilian School Championship, national stage. 21 matches, 42 sets, and 1374 rallies were observed. The variables analyzed were rally duration, rest time between rallies, total work time, total rest time, duration of the set, rest time : work time ratio, and the number of rallies. Time indicators were compared between the type of set (1st set Vs. 2nd set) and balance categories according to the difference in the final score (unbalanced, moderate balance, and balanced), using t-test and one-way ANOVA, respectively. No significant difference was found between the 1st and 2nd set, although a moderate effect was observed in total work time between sets. Moreover, the final score difference influences the duration of set, total work time, and total work-rest show a linear tendency between balanced levels. The temporal indicators do not seem to change concerning the type of set. However, there is a tendency for an increase in working time from the 1st to the 2nd set. Finally, the score influences the duration of the set, total work time, and total rest time, without modifying the effort : rest ratio.

Abstract Aim: This narrative review aimed to explore the effect of mental fatigue on physical, technical, and tactical performance in ball sports. Methods: Three Databases, PUBMED, SCOPUS, and SCIELO, were used to search for a scientific publication. The criterions adopted were: a) published in a peer-reviewed journal; b) adopted at least one manipulation check related to mental fatigue; c) mental fatigue induced by a cognitive task before the outcome task, and d) study participants were ball sports athletes. Result: The quality of this narrative review was rated at 11 (SANRA scale 0-12), and the papers analyzed were published between 2015 and 2022. Twenty-one experimental studies were included in this review. Most studies were in invasion sports (n = 13; 72%), and non-ecological tasks were used to induce mental fatigue (n = 15; 83%). Regarding performance in endurance tests, mentally fatigued athletes had performance impaired. However, when assessed during a small-sided or simulated game, data were inconclusive within the literature. Moreover, athletes presented attenuated perceptual skills (e.g., visual field). Consequently, this worsened motor skills, technical-tactical performances, and tactical behavior. Conclusions: Cognitively demanding tasks should be avoided before training and sports competitions because they can lead the athlete to mental fatigue and impair performance. This impairment is identified in physical performance (endurance tasks) and technical and tactical performance. Finally, it is recommended that athletes do not perform tasks that cause mental fatigue 2 h before the sports event.

RESUMO Objetivou-se caracterizar os aspectos temporais e verificar o efeito agudo de um jogo de voleibol de praia na testosterona, cortisol e razão T:C de jovens atletas. Adicionalmente, verificou-se se as respostas hormonais eram diferentes entre bloqueadores e defensores. Participaram 16 atletas masculinos de nível nacional (idade 17±2,44 anos). Cada atleta realizou um jogo com regras oficiais, sendo filmado para análise subsequente. Utilizou-se saliva para medir os níveis de testosterona e cortisol, e calcular a razão testosterona/cortisol (razão T:C), utilizando o método ELISA. Assim, comparou-se a concentração desses hormônios no tempo (início do jogo, final do 1° set e final do jogo) e entre as funções. Em média o tempo total de jogo foi 30min e 49s (± 0,01s), com rallies de 6 s (± 01s) e tempo entre rallies de 20s (±02s). O cortisol apresentou tendência linear, aumentando ao longo do tempo e a razão T:C demonstrou tendência quadrática, reduzindo ao final do primeiro set e restabelecendo-se ao final da partida. A razão T:C de bloqueadores pré-pos jogo teve efeito trivial, porém negativo (d= −0,198). Aproximadamente 30 minutos de voleibol de praia tem efeito na concentração de testosterona, cortisol e razão T:C. Além disso, bloqueadores parecem levemente mais exigidos fisicamente.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to characterize temporal aspects and verify the acute effect of a beach volleyball game on testosterone, cortisol, and T: C ratio of young athletes. Also, to verify whether the hormonal responses were different between blockers and defenders. Sixteen male athletes of national-level participated (age 17±2.44 years). Each athlete played a game with official rules, being filmed for subsequent analysis. Saliva was used to measure testosterone and cortisol levels and calculate testosterone/cortisol ratio (T: C ratio) using ELISA method. The concentration of these hormones was compared over time (beginning, end of first set, and end of the match) and between functions. Usually, the total match duration was 30min and 49s (± 0.01s), with rallies of 6 seconds (± 01s) and time between rallies of 20 seconds (± 02s). Cortisol showed a linear trend, increasing over time, and T: C ratio showed a quadratic trend, decreasing at the end of the first set and reestablishing at the end of the match. Blockers T: C ratio of pre-post match had a trivial but negative effect (d= −0.198). Approximately 30 minutes of beach volleyball affects the concentration of testosterone, cortisol, and T: C ratio. Besides, blockers seem slightly more physically demanding.

RESUMO O desempenho técnico-tático é fundamental para a vitória no voleibol, deste modo, é importante identificar indicadores associados com a vitória no set. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar e associar os coeficientes de performance técnico-tático em função do resultado do set no voleibol feminino escolar. Participaram do estudo atletas escolares, com idade entre 12 e 14 anos. Foram analisados 27 jogos, resultando em 57 sets, 7194 ações (saque= 2380; recepção de saque= 2157; levantamento= 1358; e ataque= 1299). Posteriormente, foi calculado o coeficiente de performance por ação e set. Utilizou-se de regressão logística binária, para verificar a associação dos coeficientes de performance com a vitória do set. O coeficiente de performance de saque classificado como “bom” mostrou-se como principal preditor de vitória no set (OR = 29,46), seguido por levantamento “bom” (OR= 15,87), e ataque “bom” (OR= 7,32). O saque é o principal preditor de performance no presente estudo, seguido pelo levantamento e ataque. Esses resultados sugerem que o saque deve ser priorizado no treinamento, já que aumenta as chances de vitória no set.

ABSTRACT Technical-tactical performance is essencial to victory in volleyball, so it is important to identify indicators associated with winning the set. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify and associate the technical-tactical coefficient of performance based on the result of the set in the school female volleyball. School athletes participated in the study (age between 12-14 years old). 27 match were analyzed, resulting in 57 sets, 7194 actions (serve= 2380, serve reception= 2157, set= 1358; and attack= 1299). Subsequently, the performance coefficient per action and set was calculated. Binary logistic regression was used to verify the association of the performance coefficients with victory of the set. The serve performance coefficient classified as "good" proved to be a major victory predictor set (OR= 29.46), followed by set classified as "good" (OR= 15.87), and attack classified as “good” (OR= 7.32). The serve is the major predictor in the present study, followed by serve and attack. These results suggest that serve should be prioritized in training, as it increases the chances of victory.

Abstract The objective of the study was to compare the training time of volleyball motor skills spent during 12 weeks in school teams. Moreover, a secondary purpose was comparing performance indicators during a competition. This is a research with a longitudinal design. The training of five teams was followed for 12 weeks, its actions being registered in chips, and 16 games of the championship of Paraíba were filmed. Anova one-way identified differences between the teams as regards the time spent and in the performance indicators between the teams classified according to the position in the competition ranking. We can conclude that the time spent in training is fundamental for the performance during the competition.

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi comparar o tempo de treinamento das habilidades motoras do voleibol despendido durante 12 semanas em equipes escolares, tendo como objetivo secundário comparar indicadores de performance durante uma competição. Trata-se de uma pesquisa com delineamento longitudinal. Foram acompanhados durante 12 semanas o treinamento de cinco equipes, sendo suas ações registradas em fichas, em seguida foram filmados 16 jogos do campeonato escolar da Paraíba das referidas equipes. A Anova one-way identificou diferenças entre as equipes no tempo despendido e nos indicadores de performance entre as equipes classificadas de acordo com a posição no ranking da competição. Concluiu-se que o tempo despendido no treinamento é fundamental par o desempenho durante a competição.

O objetivo do estudo foi identificar e comparar os indicadores de rendimento técnico-tático em função do resultado do set no voleibol feminino escolar. Participaram do estudo 110 atletas, com faixa etária entre 12 a 14 anos, pertencentes a 11 equipes. Foram filmados 58 sets de 28 jogos, e analisados 7194 ações, sendo 2830 saques, 2157 recepções de saque, 1358 levantamentos e 1299 ataques. Em seguida, os sets dos jogos foram agrupados em sets vencedores e perdedores. As equipes que venceram os sets obtiveram vantagem na recepção de saque, no levantamento e no ataque nos critérios de erro e excelência/ponto (p< 0.05) e na qualidade nos coeficientes de levantamento, de saque e de ataque (p< 0.001). Em conclusão, os sets vencedores foram os que apresentaram melhor desempenho técnico-tático de forma quantitativa e qualitativa.

The aim of the study was to identify and compare the technical and tactical performance indicators based on the outcome of the set in the school female volleyball. The study included 110 athletes, aged between 12 and 14 years, belonging to 11 teams. Fifty-eight sets of 28 games were filmed and 7194 actions, 2830 serves, 2157 serve reception, 1358 passes and 1299 attacks were analyzed. Afterwards, the game sets were divided into winners and losers sets. Teams that won the sets had advantage at the serve reception, set and attack on error and excellence/point criteria (p< 0.05) and of serve, set and attack (p< 0.001). In conclusion, the winner’s sets were those with a better technical-tactical performance quantitatively and qualitatively.