Abstract This work aimed to compare the production of collagenolytic proteases produced by M. subtilissimus UCP1262 in submerged fermentation (SF) and solid-state fermentation (SSF) as well as extracting in aqueous two-phase system (ATPS). Collagenolytic protease production was performed in using MS-2 culture medium (SF) and soybean bran as substrate (SSF). Subsequently, the fermented liquid from both fermentations were used for the extraction of enzyme by ATPS, it was verified the influence of different variables from a factorial design 23. In SSF the highest protease and collagenolytic activities were achieved with 362.66 U/mL and 179.81 U/mL, respectively. When compared with SF (26.33 and 18.70 U/mL) higher values were obtained in the activities. The protease partitioning from SF and SSF in ATPS showed a similar profile showing higher affinity for the polymer rich phase. The highest value for the response variable purification factor (3.49) was obtained in the system using SSF. Thus, SSF shows promise as a bioprocess for extracellular production of collagenolytic proteases, using of soybean bran as substrate had used sustainable raw material, aiming application this possible enzyme in the treatment of burns and postoperative scarring.

Abstract: The structure and diversity of woody species in a plant community with livestock history was evaluated, which was excluded a ten years in the RENAC Conservation and Research Area, municipality of Linares in the Northeast of Mexico. A total of 10 randomly distributed sampling plot from 100 m2 (10 x 10 m) were established. At the plots, arboreal and shrubby individuals with a basal diameter (d0.10) equal to or greater than 3 cm, corresponding to the original remaining vegetation were considered. To evaluate the regeneration (d0.10 < 3 cm) sites of 1 m2 (1 x 1 m) were established in each corner and the center of the site of 100 m2. The total height (h), basal diameter (d0.10) and cup cover (N-S, E-O) were measured. The ecologica parameters analyzed were abundance (Ar), dominance (Dr), frequency (Fr) and importance value index (IVI), also estimates of Shannon (H ’) and Margalef (Da) indices. 10 families, 12 genera and 14 species were registered. The family with the highest number of species (4) was Fabaceae. The species with the highest values of importance index (IVI) were Havardiapallens, Zanthoxylum fagara and Celtis laevigata, typical of species of mature plant communities of the Tamaulipan thornscrub and submontane thorn scrub. In the plant community studied, there is a richness and diversity of typical species of arid and semi-arid climate of northeastern Mexico, and both the pattern of diameter classes and the Jaccard similarity index suggest that an active dynamics of regeneration in the plant community.

Resumen: Se evaluó la estructura y diversidad de especies leñosas en una comunidad vegetal con historial pecuario que fue excluida hace una década dentro del Área de Conservación e Investigación RENAC, en el municipio de Linares (Noreste de México). Se establecieron 10 sitios de muestreo de 100 m2 (10 x 10 m) distribuidos aleatoriamente. En los sitios se consideraron los individuos arbóreos y arbustivos con un diámetro basal (d 0.10) igual o mayor a 3 cm, como correspondiente a la vegetación original remanente. Para evaluar la regeneración (d 0.10 < 3 cm) se establecieron sitios de 1 m 2 (1 x 1 m) en cada esquina y el centro del sitio de 100 m2. Se midió la altura total (h), diámetro basal (d0.10m) y cobertura de copa (N-S, E-O). Los parámetros ecológicos analizados fueron de abundancia (Ar), dominancia (Dr), frecuencia (Fr) e índice de valor de importancia (IVI), además estimaciones de índices de Shannon (H’) y Margalef (Da). Se registraron 10 familias, 12 géneros y 14 especies. La familia con mayor número de especies (4) fue Fabaceae. Las especies con mayores valores de índice de valor de importancia (IVI) fueron Havardia pallens, Zanthoxylum fagara y Celtis laevigata, especies típicas de comunidades vegetales maduras del matorral espinoso tamaulipeco y submontano. En la comunidad vegetal estudiada, se presentan una riqueza y diversidad de especies típicas de clima árido y semiárido del noreste de México y, tanto el patrón de clases diamétricas, como el índice de similitud de Jaccard sugieren una activa dinámica de la regeneración en la comunidad vegetal.

RESUMO: Brucella ovis é responsável por perdas econômicas e reprodutivas em rebanhos ovinos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a infecção com as cepas isoladas de campo de B. ovis em modelo murino e avaliar a eficiência vacinal da mutante B. ovis ΔabcAB para proteção contra desafio com as cepas isoladas de campo. Foram utilizadas sete cepas isoladas de campo foram capazes de colonizar e provocar lesões no fígado e no baço de camundongos após sete dias pós-infecção. Após triagem, duas cepas foram selecionadas para a melhor caracterização (B. ovis 94 AV and B. ovis 266L). Ambas apresentaram crescimento em placa de cultivo semelhante ao da cepa de referência B. ovis ATCC 25840. A vacinação com a cepa de Brucella ovis ΔabcBA encapsulada com alginato a 1% foi capaz de proteger camundongos desafiados com as cepas isoladas de campo, com os seguintes índices de proteção: 0,751, 1,736 e 2,746, para camundongos desafiados com B. ovis ATCC 25840, B. ovis 94 AV e B. ovis 266 L, respectivamente. Estes resultados demonstraram que as cepas isoladas de campo de B. ovis são capazes de infectar e induzir lesão em camundongos experimentalmente infectados. O uso da cepa mutante atenuada B. ovis ΔabcBA para vacinação de fêmeas C57BL/6 desafiados com diferentes cepas de B. ovis induziu proteção nos camundongos desafiados com diferentes cepas de B. ovis. Deste modo, mostrando-se eficiente na proteção das cepas de campo de B. ovis.

ABSTRACT: Brucella ovis causes economic and reproductive losses in sheep herds. The goal of this study was to characterize infection with B. ovis field isolates in a murine model, and to evaluate protection induced by the candidate vaccine strain B. ovis ΔabcBA in mice challenged with these field isolates. B. ovis field strains were able to colonize and cause lesions in the liver and spleen of infected mice. After an initial screening, two strains were selected for further characterization (B. ovis 94 AV and B. ovis 266 L). Both strains had in vitro growth kinetics that was similar to that of the reference strain B. ovis ATCC 25840. Vaccination with B. ovis ΔabcBA encapsulated with 1% alginate was protective against the challenge with field strains, with the following protection indexes: 0.751, 1.736, and 2.746, for mice challenged with B. ovis ATCC25840, B. ovis 94 AV, and B. ovis 266 L, respectively. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that B. ovis field strains were capable of infecting and inducing lesions in experimentally infected mice. The attenuated vaccine strain B. ovis ΔabcBA induced protection in mice challenged with different B. ovis field isolates, resulting in higher protection indexes against more pathogenic strains.

The local Brazilian pig breed Piau is a lard-type pig that has undergone a breeding and selection process devised by the veterinarian Antonio Teixeira Vianna in 1939. The objective of the program was to develop a dual purpose animal, that is an animal suitable for the production of both fat and meat. The main characteristics of the Piau breed are rusticity, adaptability and high disease resistance. The conservation status of the breed is threatened, and in 1998, the Pig Breeding Farm at Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV, Viçosa, MG, Brazil) started a Piau herd for the purposes of conservation and use in genetic studies. The objectives of the present study were to describe the Piau genetic conservation program of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV) and to evaluate a range of population parameters to generate information for monitoring and improving the program. Population genetic structure analysis was performed using a pedigree file of 1349 animals and ENDOG v 4.8 software. The Piau conservation program has data and a collection of pedigree registers going back to the introduction of the first animals to the Pig Breeding Farm. The program used mating control, which is based on the mating of animals with the lowest pedigree-based relationships and on the maintenance of all the population's founding families. The effective numbers of founders and ancestors in the studied Piau population are 9 and 8 animals, respectively. The average inbreeding coefficient (F), the average relatedness coefficient (AR) and the effective population size are 6.55 %, 19.74 % and 18.59, respectively. The findings support an increase in the effective population size of this population through the introduction of animals from other populations, as the small number of founders makes inbreeding control difficult.

A raça local brasileira Piau é um suíno tipo banha a qual passou por um processo de seleção realizado pelo médico veterinário Antonio Teixeira Vianna em 1939, com o intuito de desenvolver um animal de dupla aptidão, em outras palavras que fosse adequado para a produção de carne e gordura. As principais características da raça são rusticidade, adaptabilidade e resistência a doenças. O status de conservação da raça é ameaçado e em 1998 a Granja de Melhoramento de Suínos da Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV, Viçosa, MG, Brazil) iniciou uma criação de suínos da raça Piau com o objetivo de conservála e utilizá-la em estudos genéticos. O objetivo do presente estudo é descrever o programa de conservação da raça Piau da UFV e avaliar uma série de parâmetros populacionais, a fim de gerar informações que possibilitem o monitoramento e a melhoria do programa. Para a análise da estrutura populacional foi utilizado arquivo de pedigree com 1349 indivíduos por meio do software ENDOG v. 4.8. O programa de conservação da raça possui boa estrutura com registro de dados zootécnicos e pedigree desde a introdução dos primeiros animais na granja de melhoramento de suínos, juntamente com o controle de acasalamentos, o qual é baseado no acasalamento de animais com menor coancestralidade e na manutenção das famílias fundadoras. A população de Piau avaliada possui número efetivo de fundadores e ancestrais iguais a 9 e 8, respectivamente. O coeficiente de endogamia médio, coeficiente de relação médio e tamanho efetivo da população são 6,55 %, 19,74 % e 18,59, respectivamente. De acordo com os parâmetros avaliados é recomendado aumentar o tamanho efetivo da população, por meio da introdução de animais de outra população, uma vez que o pequeno número de fundadores torna difícil o controle da endogamia.

Puba or carimã is a Brazilian staple food obtained by spontaneous submerged fermentation of cassava roots. A total of 116 lactobacilli and three cocci isolates from 20 commercial puba samples were recovered on de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe agar (MRS); they were characterized for their antagonistic activity against foodborne pathogens and identified taxonomically by classical and molecular methods. In all samples, lactic acid bacteria were recovered as the dominant microbiota (7.86 ± 0.41 log10 CFU/g). 16S-23S rRNA ARDRA pattern assigned 116 isolates to the Lactobacillus genus, represented by the species Lactobacillus fermentum (59 isolates), Lactobacillus delbrueckii (18 isolates), Lactobacillus casei (9 isolates), Lactobacillus reuteri (6 isolates), Lactobacillus brevis (3 isolates), Lactobacillus gasseri (2 isolates), Lactobacillus nagelii (1 isolate), and Lactobacillus plantarum group (18 isolates). recA gene-multiplex PCR analysis revealed that L. plantarum group isolates belonged to Lactobacillus plantarum (15 isolates) and Lactobacillus paraplantarum (3 isolates). Genomic diversity was investigated by molecular typing with rep (repetitive sequence)-based PCR using the primer ERIC2 (enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus). The Lactobacillus isolates exhibited genetic heterogeneity and species-specific fingerprint patterns. All the isolates showed antagonistic activity against the foodborne pathogenic bacteria tested. This antibacterial effect was attributed to acid production, except in the cases of three isolates that apparently produced bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances. This study provides the first insight into the genetic diversity of Lactobacillus spp. of puba.

The accuracy of the methodologies: UNESP-Grade, Grade, Geometric, compared to AutoCad, in determining of the area rib eye-AOL was studied. Forty Santa Inês intact male lambs with different body weights were used. Left half carcasses were conducted a cross-sectional at the level of 13th rib and the first lumbar vertebra, for measuring AOL, by tracing the outline of muscle on plastic sheet of transparency and appropriate pen. We performed a quantitative analysis of the model accuracy using mean absolute percentage error, to measure the deviations. The lesser deviation was observed for Grade-UNESP, followed by the Grade and Geometric. Grade-UNESP method proved to be the more accurate compared to AutoCad, economically viable and applicable in the slaughter program, it was the most recommended for lamb carcass.

Foi avaliada a precisão das metodologias: Grade-UNESP, Grade, Geométrico, comparadas ao AutoCad, na determinação da área de olho de lombo-AOL de 40 ovinos inteiros Santa Inês com diferentes pesos corporais. Na meia-carcaça esquerda, foi realizado um corte transversal, à altura da 13ª costela com a primeira vértebra lombar, para a mensuração AOL, através do traçado do contorno do músculo em folha plástica de transparência e caneta apropriada. Foi realizada uma análise quantitativa de precisão utilizando o modelo percentual do erro médio absoluto, para avaliar os desvios. A metodologia que apresentou menor desvio foi a Grade-UNESP, seguidos da Grade e o Geométrico. O método Grade-UNESP mostrou-se o mais preciso comparado ao AutoCad, economicamente viável e aplicável dentro da programação de abate, sendo o mais recomendado para carcaça ovina.

The water intake in 45 male (27.50 ± 0.48 kg of mena body weight) Santa Ines sheep fed with increasing levels (0, 25, 50, 75, 100% DM basis) of prickly pear (Opuntia ficus indica Mill) to replace corn was studied. A completely randomized block design with nine replications per treatment was used. Quadratic behavior was observed for the intake of dry matter, hitting the final weight, which decreased with increasing the cactus in the diet. There was an increase in the intake of natural material and a decrease in voluntary water intake; total water intake increased, and the ratio of intakes: water/dry matter, decreased in the treatment with larger cactus proportion. The pryckly pear constitues a water reservoir for Santa Inês sheep in Brazilian semiarid conditions.

En 45 ovinos machos Santa Inés (peso vivo medio de 27,50 ± 0, 48 kg) se evaluó el consumo de agua, al consumir raciones con niveles crecientes (0, 25, 50, 75, 100%) de nopal (Opuntia fícus indica Mill) en sustitución al maíz molido. El diseño fue en bloques al azar con nueve repeticiones. El consumo de materia seca respondió de modo cuadrático, perjudicando el peso final, que disminuyó, con el aumento del nopal en la dieta. Aumentó el consumo de materia natural disminuyendo el de agua, el consumo total de agua aumentó en el tratamiento con mayor cantidad de nopal. La relación de consumos: agua voluntaria/ materia seca, disminuyó al aumentar el nopal. El nopal constituye una reserva de agua para ovinos Santa Inés en condiciones semiáridas de Brasil.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of silk flower (Calotropis procera SW) hay in 32 castrate male lambs of Morada Nova breed, in feedlot, fed with diets containing 0.0, 15.0, 30.0, and 45.0% of silk flower hay (SFH). The animals (12.72±1.99 kg BW) were slaughtered at 19.29±2.25 kgBW. A completely randomized design, with four diets and eigth replicates, was used. Increasing SFH levels reduced carcass conformation (2.31, 2.58, 2.17 and 1.81 points), leg perimeter (33.38, 32.17, 32.17, 30.00 cm), carcass compacity (live weigth/carcass length) (0.18, 0.18, 0.17, 0.15 cm), corrected half carcass weight (4.52, 4.63, 4.43, 3.69 kg), loin weight (0.66, 0.69, 0.64, 0.50 kg), shoulder weight (0.83, 0.86, 0.80, 0.67 kg) and rib weight (1.13, 1.09, 1.05, 0.84 kg), while there was a linear increase in leg weight (30.98, 30.81, 31.60, 34.47 kg) and mesenteric fat percentage (1.02, 0.65, 1.17, 1.42%). Increasing dietary levels of SFH to lambs affected carcass measurements and carcass yield, retail cuts and non-carcass components. It is thought that the inclusion of 30% of SFH in the diet is excellent for the maintenance of carcass characteristics in regions where there is access to this fodder plant.

Avaliou-se a utilização do feno de flor-deseda (Calotropis procera SW) (FFS) em cordeiros Morada Nova em confinamento. Utilizaram-se 32 cordeiros com peso vivo inicial de 12,72±1,99 kg e de abate 19,29±2,25 kg, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 4 tratamentos (0%, 15%, 30% e 45% de FFS) e oito repetições. O aumento dos níveis de FFS diminuiu a conformação da carcaça (2,31; 2,58; 2,17; 1,81 pontos), perímetro da coxa (33,38; 32,17; 32,17; 30,00 cm), compacidade da carcaça (0,18; 0,18; 0,17; 0,15 cm), meia carcaça reconstituída (4,52; 4,63; 4,43; 3,69 kg), lombo (0,66; 0,69; 0,64; 0,50 kg), paleta (0,83; 0,86; 0,80; 0,67 kg) e costela (1,13; 1,09; 1,05; 0,84 kg), mas aumentou o linearmente os pesos da perna (30,98; 30,81; 31,60; 34,47 kg) e a gordura mesentérica (1,02; 0,65; 1,17; 1,42%). A inclusão de FFS na dieta promoveu efeito sobre as medidas da carcaça e seus rendimentos, assim como o rendimento dos cortes comerciais e componentes não-constituintes da carcaça. Estima-se que a inclusão de até 30% de FFS na dieta é relevante na manutenção das boas características de carcaça em regiões onde se tenha oferta desta forragem.

A exploração desenfreada dos ecossistemas tropicais, principalmente o Cerrado, tem provocado uma redução nos indivíduos de inúmeras espécies medicinais, levando prejuízos para toda a população. A falta de informações sobre o extrativismo tem dificultado o uso de estratégias eficazes de manejo e conservação das espécies do cerrado. A fava-d'anta é uma dessas espécies nativas que possuem potencial econômico, principalmente devido à rutina, que é usada na fabricação de fármacos e de cosméticos. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os aspectos da atividade de coleta da fava-d'anta pelos coletores e comerciantes. Realizou-se entrevista estruturada com 61 extrativistas, sendo 44 coletores e 17 comerciantes em oito municípios do Norte de Minas Gerais. Constatou-se que a maioria dos entrevistados são homens casados, analfabetos ou com a primeira etapa do ensino fundamental. A coleta da fava-d'anta, apesar de pouco rentável, é uma alternativa para os coletores, sendo a renda inferior à dos comerciantes que já estão nesta atividade de compra da fava-d'anta há mais de 10 anos. A faixa etária de adulto e adulto/idoso são as mais representativas. A época de maior produção ocorre entre os meses de abril a julho, a bienalidade da produção leva à mudança do local de extração. Observou-se o auxílio de toda a família na atividade. Utiliza-se como instrumento de coleta o podão, a foice, facões e outras ferramentas que danificam as árvores. A maior dificuldade para os coletores é a secagem e, para os comerciantes, a venda. O plantio ou a produção de mudas não tem sido prática habitual dos entrevistados.

The uncontrolled exploitation of tropical ecosystems, especially Cerrado, has caused a reduction in individuals of many medicinal plant species, causing damage to the entire population. The lack of information about extraction has hindered the use of effective strategies for management and conservation of Cerrado species. "Fava-d'anta" is one of those native species that have economic potential, largely due to rutin, which is used in the preparation of drugs and cosmetics. The aim of this study was to analyze aspects of the activity of "fava-d'anta" harvest by harvesters and traders. We conducted a structured interview with 61 gatherers, 44 harvesters and 17 traders in eight counties in northern Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Most of them are men who are married and illiterate or had just studied the first stage of basic education. Although little profitable, "fava-d'anta" harvest is an alternative for harvesters, who obtain an income lower than that of traders, who in turn have been trading "fava-d'anta" for more than 10 years. The age range of adults and aged/adults are most representative. The period of greatest production is between April and July, and the 2 year production cycle leads to a change in the extraction site. The whole family helps in the extraction. The instruments used for harvest are trimmers, sickles, machetes and other tools that damage the trees. The greatest difficulty for collectors is seed drying and for traders, selling. The planting or the production of seedlings has not been the usual practice of interviewees.

The efficiency of a recirculation system for the cultivation of C. auratus, fed with natural and artificial diets was evaluated. The experiment consisted of four treatments with four replicates. The first two treatments used recirculation system and the last two static system. In the first and fourth treatment, animals were fed with brine shrimp biomass (50% CP), while in the second and third treatments a commercial flake ration (42% CP) was used. At the end of cultivation (60 days), water samples were taken from all experimental units and subjected to standard plate count for determining the density of mesophilic bacteria. Final weight (g), final length (cm), specific growth rate (% day -1) and weight gain (%) were significantly different (p<0.05) among tested diets, but the culture systems did not affect fish performance. There was significant difference (p<0.05) between systems for total ammonia and nitrite. Animals fed with brine shrimp biomass acquired more intense and brighter colors than those fed only with commercial flake food. The values of standard plate count of mesophilic bacteria ranged from 7.0 × 10³ to 1.1 × 10(4) CFU.ml-1. In this study we observed that C. auratus is a species tolerant to adverse water conditions, perhaps with increased stock densities, the recirculation system could play some positive role on the zootechnical performance of cultured animals.

A eficiência de um sistema de recirculação para o cultivo de C. auratus, alimentados com dieta natural e artificial foi avaliada. O experimento consistiu de quatro tratamentos com quatro repetições. Os dois primeiros tratamentos utilizaram sistemas de recirculação e os dois últimos sistemas estáticos. No primeiro e quarto tratamento, os animais foram alimentados com biomassa de artêmia (PB 50%), enquanto nos tratamentos dois e três, com ração comercial em flocos (42% PB). Ao final do cultivo (60 dias), amostras de água foram coletadas em todas as unidades experimentais e submetidos a contagem padrão em placas para determinação da densidade de bactérias mesófilas. O peso final (g), comprimento final (cm), taxa de crescimento específico (% dia-1) e ganho de peso (%) foram significativamente diferentes (p<0,05) entre as dietas testadas, mas os sistemas de cultivo não afetaram o desempenho dos peixes. Houve diferença significativa (p<0,05) entre os sistemas para os níveis de amônia total e nitrito. Os animais alimentados com biomassa artêmia adquiriram cor e brilho mais intensos do que aqueles alimentados apenas com ração comercial em flocos. Os valores de contagem padrão em placas de bactérias mesófilas variaram de 7,0 × 10³ para 1,1 × 10(4) CFU.ml-1. Neste estudo, observou-se que C. auratus é uma espécie tolerante a condições adversas de água, talvez com maior densidade de estocagem, o sistema de recirculação poderia desempenhar papel positivo sobre o desempenho zootécnico dos animais cultivados.

The aim of this study was to determine if bone marrow mononuclear cell (BMMC) transplantation is safe for moderate to severe idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDC). Clinical trials have shown that this procedure is safe and effective for ischemic patients, but little information is available regarding non-ischemic patients. Twenty-four patients with IDC, optimized therapy, age 46 ± 11.6 years, 17 males, NYHA classes II-IV, and left ventricular ejection fraction <35% were enrolled in the study. Clinical evaluation at baseline and 6 months after stem cell therapy to assess heart function included echocardiogram, magnetic resonance imaging, cardiopulmonary test, Minnesota Quality of Life Questionnaire, and NYHA classification. After cell transplantation 1 patient showed a transient increase in enzyme levels and 2 patients presented arrhythmias that were reversed within 72 h. Four patients died during follow-up, between 6 and 12 weeks after therapy. Clinical evaluation showed improvement in most patients as reflected by statistically significant decreases in Minnesota Quality of Life Questionnaire (63 ± 17.9 baseline vs 28.8 ± 16.75 at 6 months) and in class III-IV NYHA patients (18/24 baseline vs 2/20 at 6 months). Cardiopulmonary exercise tests demonstrated increased peak oxygen consumption (12.2 ± 2.4 at baseline vs 15.8 ± 7.1 mL·kg-1·min-1 at 6 months) and walked distance (377.2 ± 85.4 vs 444.1 ± 77.9 m at 6 months) in the 6-min walk test, which was not accompanied by increased left ventricular ejection fraction. Our findings indicate that BMMC therapy in IDC patients with severe ventricular dysfunction is feasible and that larger, randomized and placebo-controlled trials are warranted.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar os períodos de interferência das plantas daninhas na cultura do quiabo (Abelmoschus esculentus) na região do Médio Vale do Rio Doce, em Minas Gerais. O experimento foi conduzido em campo, entre maio e outubro de 2007. Utilizaram-se sementes do quiabo Santa Cruz-47, semeadas no espaçamento de 0,25 x 1 m. Foram estabelecidos diferentes períodos de controle das plantas daninhas na cultura, variando entre zero e 120 dias após a emergência (DAE). Foram avaliados 12 tratamentos, correspondendo a diferentes períodos de controle das plantas daninhas na cultura: capina após a emergência a partir dos 20, 40, 60, 80 e 100 dias; capina após a emergência até os 20, 40, 60, 80 e 100 dias; além de duas testemunhas com capina, ou não capinadas, ambas por 120 dias. Determinou-se o número de frutos por planta e o rendimento (produtividade), bem como os valores em dias para período anterior à interferência (PAI), período crítico de prevenção da interferência (PCPI) e período total de prevenção da interferência (PTPI), considerando 5% de perdas. A partir das espécies encontradas na área experimental, avaliou-se também, em vasos, isoladamente ou em competição com o quiabeiro, a capacidade competitiva das principais plantas daninhas. Com base nos resultados, verificou-se que o PAI estimado foi de 25 DAE, indicando a época de início das capinas. Para o PCPI, o período observado foi de 75 dias, indicando PTPI de 100 DAE. Entre as plantas daninhas presentes, Eleusine indica apresentou maior capacidade competitiva sobre a cultura.

An experiment was carried out under field conditions in Médio Vale do Rio Doce-MG, from May to October, 2007, to establish periods of weed interference in Abelmoschus esculentus crop. 'Santa Cruz-47' seeds were sown in a 0.25 x 1.0 m spacing, and weed control times varied from 0 to 120 days after emergence (DAE). Number of fruit per plant and yield as well as values in days for Period Previous to Interference (PPI), Critical Prevention Period of Interference (CPPI) and Total Period of Interference Prevention (TPIP) were determined, considering 5% loss. Plants from the species studied were placed in the plots, isolated or in competition with A. esculentus, aiming to to evaluate the competitive capacity of the main weeds. Area, number of leaves and plant height of A. esculentus were evaluated.Yield and number of fruit presented a similar behavior. The estimated PPI was 25 days, indicating when to start weed control. The CPPI observed was 75 days, indicating 100 days for TPIP. Among the weeds evaluated, Eleusine indica showed the highest competitive capacity against the the crop.

A mangicultura é uma das principais atividades do agronegócio frutícola do Brasil, apresentando desempenho crescente nos últimos anos. As podridões pós-colheita são responsáveis por grande parte das perdas de frutas armazenadas, destacando-se sobre mangas os fungos Lasiodiplodia theobromae e Fusicoccum parvum. Este trabalho teve como objetivo comparar isolados das espécies L. theobromae e F. parvum, quanto à agressividade, tipo de inóculo, local de inoculação e estádio de amadurecimento na cv. Tommy Atkins. O teste de agressividade foi realizado com cinco isolados de L. theobromae e 10 de F. parvum, através da medição do diâmetro da lesão após sete dias da inoculação dos fitopatógenos. Os isolados L2 e L5 de L. theobromae e os isolados F6 e F10 de F. parvum foram os mais agressivos. Os mesmos foram testados em relação ao estádio de maturação (2; 2,5; 3; 4 e 5), tipo de inóculo (disco de meio BDA contendo estruturas dos fitopatógenos e suspensão de conídios - 10(5) conídios/mL) e local de inoculação (região peduncular e equatorial) na manga. De modo geral, à medida que avançava o amadurecimento, aumentava a severidade da doença para os isolados dos dois fitopatógenos, independente do local de inoculação e do tipo de inoculo. Nos estádios iniciais de maturação, menores lesões foram observadas quando os fitopatógenos foram inoculados com suspensão de conídios. Quanto ao local de inoculação, não se observou influência pronunciada deste para os isolados dos fitopatógenos estudados.

The mango crop is one of the principal activities of Brazilian agribusiness, and it has grown steadily over recent years. Postharvest rots are responsible for great losses in fruit storage, with prominence to steam-end rot, caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Fusicoccum parvum. The objective of this work was to compare isolates of the species L. theobromae and F. parvum on the aggressivity, inoculum type, inoculation place and state of ripeness in cv. Tommy Atkins. The aggressivity test was carried out with five isolates of L. theobromae and 10 isolates of F. parvum. Isolates L2 and L5 of L. theobromae and isolates F6 and F10 belonging to the species F. parvum were considered the most aggressive. These isolates were tested in relation to the state of ripeness (2; 2,5; 3; 4 and 5), inoculum type (disc of PDA containing structures of the plant pathogens and conidia suspension - 10(5) conidium/mL) and inoculation place (peduncle region and equatorial area) on the mango. In general, the more mature the fruit, the greater the severity of the disease for isolates of the two plant pathogens, independent of the place of inoculation and the type of inoculum. In the earliest states of ripeness the smallest lesions were observed when inoculated with conidium suspension. As for the inoculation place, no marked influence was observed for the isolates of the plant pathogens studied

The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of endurance training on leptin levels and adipose tissue gene expression and their association with insulin, body composition and energy intake. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups: trained (N = 18) and sedentary controls (N = 20). The trained group underwent swimming training for 9 weeks. Leptin and insulin levels, adiposity and leptin gene expression in epididymal and inguinal adipose tissue were determined after training. There were no differences in energy intake between groups. Trained rats had a decreased final body weight (-10%), relative and total body fat (-36 and -55%, respectively) and insulin levels (-55%) compared with controls (P < 0.05). Although trained animals showed 56% lower leptin levels (2.58 ± 1.05 vs 5.89 ± 2.89 ng/mL in control; P < 0.05), no difference in leptin gene expression in either fat depot was demonstrable between groups. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that lower leptin levels in trained rats were due primarily to their lower body fat mass. After adjustment for total body fat, leptin levels were still 20% (P < 0.05) lower in exercised rats. In conclusion, nine weeks of swimming training did not affect leptin gene expression, but did lead to a decrease in leptin levels that was independent of changes in body fat.