ABSTRACT Objective To describe the clinical, bronchoscopic, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects between children and adults. Methods This retrospective study compared the clinical and bronchoscopic characteristics of adults and children who underwent bronchoscopy for suspected foreign body aspiration. Data on sex, outpatient or emergency origin, bronchoscopy results, characteristics of the aspirated foreign body, and complications were analyzed. Results In total, 108 patients were included in the analysis, with foreign body aspiration diagnosed in 69% of patients (30 children and 44 adults). In 91% of patients, there was a clinical history suggestive of aspiration. The mean age of the adults was 65.89 (±19.75) years, and that of the children was 2.28 (±1.78) years. Most of the children were under 3 years of age (80%), while adults were mostly 70 years of age or older (54.5%). Emergency care was more common among children than adults. The most common foreign bodies found in both age groups were organic bodies, primarily seeds. The most frequent locations of foreign bodies were the lobar bronchi in adults and the main bronchi in children. Flexible bronchoscopy is the primary method for diagnosis and treatment. Transient hypoxemia occurred particularly frequently in children (5%). Conclusion Foreign body aspiration, particularly that involving seeds, is more common in the extremes of age. A clinical history suggestive of aspiration is crucial in determining the need for bronchoscopy, which should be performed as early as possible. Flexible bronchoscopy is an effective and safe diagnostic technique.

ABSTRACT Obstructive sleep apnea is a disorder characterized by complete or incomplete and recurrent upper airway collapse induced by sleep. Several diagnostic methods for obstructive sleep apnea are used, but only sleep endoscopy allows an endoscopic assessment of pharyngeal collapse during sedation. It is essential to carry out sleep endoscopy following a systematic institutional protocol, in preestablished stages, to ensure better reproducibility and reliability of the results found. Sleep endoscopy has few limitations and is a safe test, with a low risk of complications.

RESUMO A tomografia computadorizada com os múltiplos detectores e o avanço dos processadores melhoraram as imagens renderizadas e as reconstruções tridimensionais na prática clínica. Os cortes axiais tradicionais formam imagens não intuitivas, pois são vistas em apenas um plano. Já as reconstruções tridimensionais podem exibir detalhes anatômicos em diferentes perspectivas das estruturas e de doenças com anatomia complexa. A renderização cinematográfica é uma técnica de reconstrução tridimensional recentemente introduzida, já aprovada para uso clínico, que pode produzir imagens realistas a partir de dados tradicionais da tomografia computadorizada. O algoritmo usado é baseado em métodos de trajetória da luz e no modelo de iluminação global, os quais simulam milhares de imagens de todas as direções possíveis. Assim, a técnica molda a propagação física da luz e gera uma imagem tridimensional realista, com profundidade, sombras e mais detalhes da alteração anatômica. É uma renderização multidimensional adquirida por efeitos de iluminação complexos. O objetivo deste artigo foi mostrar o avanço da tecnologia tridimensional com a renderização cinematográfica nos dos exames de imagens da parede torácica.

ABSTRACT Computed tomography with multiple detectors and the advancement of processors improved rendered images and three-dimensional reconstructions in clinical practice. Traditional axial slices form non-intuitive images because they are seen in only one plane. The three-dimensional reconstructions can show structures details and diseases with complex anatomy in different perspectives. Cinematic rendering is a newly three-dimensional reconstruction technique, already approved for clinical use, which can produce realistic images from traditional computed tomography data. The algorithm used is based on light trajectory methods and the global lighting model, which simulate thousands of images from all possible directions. Thus, the technique shapes the physical propagation of light and generates a realistic three-dimensional image with depth, shadows and more anatomic details. It is a multidimensional rendering acquired through complex lighting effects. The aim of this article was to show the advance of three-dimensional technology with the cinematic rendering in images exams of the thoracic wall.

RESUMO A elastografia, procedimento difundido em ultrassonografia convencional, foi recentemente incorporada à ecoendoscopia. Trata-se de tecnologia inovadora e promissora, que visa aumentar o valor preditivo negativo da ultrassonografia endoscópica e das punções aspirativas com agulha fina. É útil para o direcionamento das punções em áreas suspeitas e, consequentemente, melhora o rendimento diagnóstico. Trata-se de técnica não invasiva, de fácil realização, sem custos adicionais ou complicações. As principais indicações são para análise de massas pancreáticas sólidas, linfonodos, lesões subepiteliais, lesões em lobo hepático esquerdo e em suprarrenal esquerda. Casos negativos ou inconclusivos das punções aspirativas com agulha fina podem ser submetidos à elastografia, quando há forte suspeita de malignidade. Tem alta precisão no diagnóstico diferencial de massas sólidas e em locais anatômicos de difícil acesso, como em linfonodos mediastinais e tumores pancreáticos. Baseia-se na quantificação do grau de elasticidade tecidual, com boa correlação entre o índice de elasticidade e as características histopatológicas. Relatamos quatro pacientes avaliados por ecoendoscopia e elastografia qualitativa com diagnósticos diferentes em linfonodos mediastinais: sarcoidose, linfoma, histoplasmose e neoplasia de esôfago.

ABSTRACT Elastography is a widely used procedure in conventional ultrasonography that has recently been incorporated in echoendoscopy. This is an innovative and promising technology that aims to increase the negative predictive value of endoscopic ultrasonography and fine-needle aspiration punctures. It is useful for directing punctures in suspect areas and, consequently, improves diagnostic performance. This is a non-invasive technique, easy to perform, without additional costs or complications. The main indications are the analysis of solid pancreatic masses, lymph nodes, subepithelial lesions, lesions in the left hepatic lobe and in the left adrenal. Negative or inconclusive cases of fine-needle aspiration can be submitted to elastography when there is a strong suspicion of malignancy. Elastography has a high precision for the differential diagnosis of solid masses and in difficult-to-access anatomic sites, as well as in mediastinal lymph nodes and pancreatic tumors. The procedure is based on the degree of tissue elasticity measurement, with a good correlation between the elasticity index and histopathological features. We report the case of four patients evaluated by echoendoscopy and qualitative elastography who had differential diagnoses in mediastinal lymph nodes: sarcoidosis, lymphoma, histoplasmosis and esophageal neoplasia.

RESUMO Objetivo Descrever os resultados da utilização de punção aspirativa por agulha guiada por ultrassom endobrônquico na definição do diagnóstico em casos de lesões mediastinais por diferentes causas. Métodos Estudo transversal retrospectivo de pacientes submetidos à punção aspirativa por agulha guiada por ultrassom endobrônquico em instituição privada, entre junho de 2013 e outubro de 2016. Foram incluídos todos os casos referenciados para coleta de materiais de linfonodos ou massas peritraqueais/peribrônquicas por punção aspirativa por agulha guiada por ultrassom endobrônquico, estudados com tomografia ou PET-CT. Os procedimentos foram realizados por pneumologistas intervencionistas e cirurgiões torácicos com experiência no método. Rapid on-site evaluation da punção aspirativa por agulha fina foi realizada por patologista experiente. A análise do material incluiu citologia dos esfregaços em lâminas e análise citopatológica do emblocado celular. Outras análises específicas (imunocitoquímica, pesquisas e culturas de agentes infecciosos) foram realizadas se necessárias. Resultados Foram incluídos 72 pacientes; destes, 6 foram excluídos por apresentarem lesões endobrônquicas passíveis de biópsia broncoscópica convencional ou lesões intratorácicas não acessíveis a punção aspirativa por agulha guiada por ultrassom endobrônquico. Assim, a média de idade dos 66 pacientes incluídos para análise foi 61,17 anos (±14,67 anos), com predomínio do sexo masculino (64%). A punção aspirativa por agulha guiada por ultrassom endobrônquico foi definitivo para o diagnóstico em 60 casos (91%). Três casos (4,5%) foram inconclusivos. Não houve complicações maiores relacionadas ao procedimento. Conclusão A punção aspirativa por agulha guiada por ultrassom endobrônquico teve elevado rendimento diagnóstico, com mínima morbidade, constituindo excelente opção na abordagem diagnóstica de pacientes com linfadenopatia ou lesões intratorácicas e no estadiamento de neoplasias.

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the results of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration in making diagnosis of mediastinal injuries associated to different causes. Methods A retrospective cross-sectional study of patients submitted to Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration at a private organization, between June 2013 and October 2016. All cases referred for collection of lymph nodes or peritracheal/peribronchial masses by endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration, and evaluated through tomography or PET-CT were included. Interventional pulmonologists and thoracic surgeons with experience in the method did the procedures. Rapid on-site evaluation of fine needle aspiration was performed by an experienced pathologist. Material analysis included cytological smear and cytopathological analysis of paraffin-embedded cell blocks. Other specific analyses (immunocytochemistry, tests and cultures of infectious agents) were performed whenever necessary. Results We included 72 patients; 6 were excluded for presenting endobronchial lesions in which bronchoscopic biopsy could be performed, or intrathoracic lesions that were not accessible by endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration. The mean age of 66 patients included for analysis was 61.17 years (±14.67 years), with a predominance of males (64%). Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration was definitive for diagnosis in 60 cases (91%). Three cases (4.5%) had inconclusive test results. There were no major complications related to the procedure. Conclusion Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration had a high diagnosis yield, with minimal morbidity, being an excellent option for diagnostic approach of patients with lymphadenopathy or intrathoracic lesions, and for neoplasm staging.